ABSTRACT
This paper presents a literature review on the incorporation of municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash as raw material in several markets, other than those where it is conventionally used, such as geotechnical applications and road pavement construction. The main findings of an ample selection of experimental investigations on the use of the bottom ash as precursor of alkali-activated materials, as an adsorbent material for the removal of hazardous elements from wastewater and landfill gases, as soil replacement in agricultural activities, as partial or complete substitute of raw materials for the manufacture of ceramic-based products, as landfill cover and as biogas production enhancer, were gathered, collated and analysed.
Subject(s)
Incineration , Solid Waste , Alkalies , Ceramics , Coal AshABSTRACT
The results of two studies identifying child, family, and environmental correlates of initial and ongoing mental health service use by urban minority children and their families are presented. In the first study, data from a sample of 405 adult caregivers of children revealed no predictive power of child demographic characteristics in relation to initial or ongoing service usage. Only parental ratings of child impulsive-hyperactive behavior were significantly related to ongoing involvement in services. In the second study, a new sample of 100 urban caregivers of children was interviewed. Parental discipline efficacy and attitudes about mental health services were found to relate significantly to initial attendance. Relative to ongoing service use, level of family stress, presence of another adult in the home, and parental discipline efficacy were significant. Implications for research and child mental health service organizations are highlighted.
Subject(s)
Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Child Behavior Disorders/epidemiology , Family Relations , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Social Environment , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Black or African American/psychology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/therapy , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Hispanic or Latino/psychology , Humans , Learning Disabilities/epidemiology , Learning Disabilities/therapy , Male , New York City/epidemiology , Utilization Review , White People/psychology , White People/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Accurate gestational age determination is limited in very low birthweight infants using neurological and physical assessments. As one of the markers of intrauterine development, skin maturation is assessed qualitatively by pediatricians. Based on this observation, we hypothesize that skin reflectance relates directly to gestational age. Light was delivered and collected from the skin through a topically placed optical patch. Reflected light was detected by the spectrophotometer and corrected by an adjacent laptop computer to yield the true total diffuse reflectance as a function of wavelength between 380-820 nm. The calculated reflectance at 837 nm (R837) where it is independent of melanin, was determined by extrapolation from the reflectance at 650 and 750 nm. Sixty-four neonates of different races with gestational ages of 24-42 weeks were studied at 2-151 h of age. R837 was related exponentially to gestational age (GA) by the equation R837 = Rmax(1-exp[-(GA-G0)/tau]), where Rmax is the maximal value of R837, G0 is an apparent delay time before dermal scattering increases rapidly, and tau is a time constant, r = 0.88, p < 0.001. In summary, the extrapolated skin reflectance offers a quantitative and objective assessment of gestational age which is independent of melanin and sex.
