Ring Contraction of Tropylium Ions into Benzenoid Derivatives.

We report a method to convert substituted tropylium ions into benzenoid derivatives.

Unusual Alternating Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement Behavior in Nonconjugated ω-Phenylalkyl Tropylium Salts.

The alternating physical properties, especially melting points, of α,ω-disubstituted n-alkanes and their parent n-alkanes had been known since Baeyer's report in 1877. There is, however, no general and comprehensive explanation for such a phenomenon. Herein, we report the synthesis and examination of a series of novel ω-phenyl n-alkyl tropylium tetrafluoroborates, which also display alternation in their physicochemical characters. Despite being organic salts, the compounds with odd numbers of carbons in the alkyl bridge exist as room temperature ionic liquids. In stark contrast to this, the analogues with even numbers of carbons in the linker are crystalline solids. These solid nonconjugated molecules exhibit curious photoluminescent properties, which can be attributed to their ability to form through-space charge-transfer complexes to cause crystallization-induced emission enhancement. Most notably, the compound with the highest photoluminescent quantum yield in this series showed an unusual arrangement of carbocationic dimer in the solid state. A combination of XRD analysis and ab initio calculations revealed interesting insights into these systems.

Promotion of Organic Reactions by Non-Benzenoid Carbocyclic Aromatic Ions.

The first three primary members of the non-benzenoid carbocyclic aromatic ion family, namely cyclopropenium, cyclopentadienide, and cycloheptatrienium (tropylium) ions, have planar cyclic structures with (4n+2)π electrons in fully conjugated systems. They fulfill Hückel's rule for aromaticity and hence possess extraordinary stability. Since the historic discovery of tropylium bromide in the late 19th Century, these non-benzenoid aromatic ions have attracted a lot of attention because of their unique combination of stability and reactivity. The charge on the aromatic ions makes them more prone to nucleophilic/electrophilic reactions than the neutral benzenoid counterparts. Within the last seven years, there has been a large number of investigations in utilizing aromatic ions to mediate organic reactions. This Review highlights these recent developments and discusses the potential of aromatic ions in promoting synthetically useful organic transformations.

A novel aromatic carbocation-based coupling reagent for esterification and amidation reactions.

A novel tropylium-based coupling reagent has been developed to facilitate the synthesis of a series of esters, amides, lactones and peptides under mild reaction conditions. Remarkably, this reagent can be used in catalytic amounts in conjunction with a sacrificial reagent, offering a new and efficient method for nucleophilic coupling reactions of carboxylic acids.