[An analysis of indications orthodontic for surgical treatment of Waldeyer ring hyperplasia in pediatric patients of the Otolaryngology and Stomatology department of the University Hospital of Krakow]. / Analiza wskazan ortodontycznych do leczenia operacyjnego przerostu pierscienia Waldeyera u dzieci w materiale Kliniki Otolaryngologii i Instytutu Stomatologii CMUJ w Krakowie.

INTRODUCTION: The lymphatic system of a child's throat has got a special role to play. It is the first line of contact for a developing organism with antigens in the environment. For a particular group of children Waldeyer ring hyperplasia is much bigger than it is for a usual group of patients. And that's what causes different illnesses AIM: The analysis of ortodonthic indications for surgical treatment of adenotomy and tonsillotomy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The research was conducted on a group of hospitalized children in the Otorhinolaryngologic and in Stomatology Departament of Jagiellonian University Hospital in Krakow. The were treated for pathologic hypertrophy of adenoid and palatine tonsils. The analysis of occlusion disorder was carducted and the assessment of surgical and orthodontic treatment was performed. RESULTS: In the years 2002-2006 in the Otorhinolaryngologic and in Stomatology Departament of Jagiellonian University Hospital in Krakow 24 children were being treated for pathologic hypertrophy of adenoid and/or palatine tonsils accompanied by an occlusion disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Adenotomy with or without tonsillotomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical operations on children. Throughout many years the indications for this procedure were infringed. Nowadays the operation is being performed mainly because of the rhinological and/or otological indications for the pathologic hypertrophy of adenoid and/or palatine tonsils. There is also another indication although it is less frequently used. This indication is an occlusion disorder which needs to be treated orthodontically.

Micronutrients and macronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in saliva of women: inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course of uncomplicated singleton pregnancy.

There were two aims of the present study: (1) to evaluate changes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidative status measured as the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) concentration in saliva of pregnant women during the first, second, and third trimesters of singleton uncomplicated pregnancy and (2) to assess possible relations among SOD, FRAP, and intake of macronutrients and micronutrients in daily nutritional rations (DNRs) during pregnancy. Forty pregnant women aged 27.1+/-5.4 yr (examined group) and 40 healthy women (the control group) were recruited for this study. The relationship between FRAP and SOD in saliva and the intake of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids), minerals (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn), and vitamins (A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, PP) in DNR was evaluated by clustering analysis with Ward's grouping method. During pregnancy, FRAP and SOD values were lower than in the controls, but only for FRAP were the differences statistically significant (p < 0.001). For the whole pregnancy period, cluster analysis identified two major clusters for which the differentiating variables were SOD and retinoids intake, but different patterns for each trimester of pregnancy were revealed. The following were concluded: (1) FRAP values were the lowest in the second trimester. It suggests that in this trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy, women might be not fully adapted to increased demands for antioxidative mechanisms. (2) Cluster analysis showed that there were no statistical relationships between the intake of micronutrients and macronutrients in DNRs and the SOD or FRAP level in the saliva of pregnant women.

Lung function and breathing regulation parameters during pregnancy.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in lung function and breathing regulation parameters measured in women who did not suffer from any respiratory system disorders (in comparison with body mass index values obtained before pregnancy) in any particular trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: The study was carried out on 51 pregnant women aged 26.6 +/- 4.9 years and 40 healthy women (control group). Spirometry, flow-volume loop, respiratory resistance (RRS), and respiratory pattern were evaluated using computerized spirometer "Lungtest," Poland. The examinations were performed in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. RESULTS: The statistically significant differences during pregnancy were stated in cases of tidal volume (VT) and minute ventilation (MV) (whereas breath frequency was nearly on the same level), inspiratory drive (VT/TI) and also occlusion pressure (P0.1), RRS, and peak expiratory flow (PEF). We observed a correlation between BMI at the baseline with P0.1, MV, and VT/TI. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that BMI at the baseline seems to predict the increase in MV, occlusion pressure, and inspiratory drive. The fact that RRS values increase during pregnancy and both forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and FEV1% forced vital capacity (FVC) values remain at the same level may reflect the effect of the autonomous nervous system on the respiratory tract.

[Self assessment of health and psychical fitness among medical students of the CMUJ in Cracow]. / Samoocena stanu zdrowia oraz stanu psychicznego studentów Wydzialu Lekarskiego CMUJ w Krakowie.

The examination embraced 213 students (129 women--60.6% and 84% men--39.4%) of the fourth year of Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow. The standardized questionnaire estimating social conditions, lifestyle and health status of examined students was used in our examination. The differences between male and female students were evaluated with the use chi 2 test. 54% of examined persons descended from big cities, 31% from small towns and 15.4% from the countryside. 95.6% of students were single and 4.4% married. During the studies they lived mainly in family houses (35%), in student houses (32%) or they rented a flat (23%). 36.1% of students estimated their health status as very good, 50% as good, 13.1% as not very good and 0.8% as bad. During the medical review it was stated that among chronic diseases allergies (20.2% of male students and 25.6% of female students) were on the first position as far as the frequency was concerned. Chronic bronchitis (11.9% and 8.5% respectively) and eye diseases (9.5% and 14.7%) were on the second and third position. There were not statistically important differences between male and female students in above mentioned problems. On the other hand female students more frequently complained of headaches, feeling nervous or irritable. They were also less self confident. The presented results are a part of Polish examination that estimates health status, social conditions and lifestyle of students of medicine in our country.

[Do young people feel the need for social support in our time?]. / Czy wspólczesna mlodziez odczuwa potrzebe wsparcia spolecznego?

The aim of the work was determination of the connection between young people and people important in their lives among persons of the same age and among adults by the use of the "Social Support" questionnaire that is one of the four parts of translated version of German inquiry "Woman Self Image and Social Ideal". There were 713 persons included in the examinations divided into 2 groups: I--313 pupils including 128 boys and 185 girls. They were pupils of second and third forms of secondary schools in Cracow; II--400 students, 106 male students and 294 female students, all of them were from Faculty of Medicine and from the faculty of health Protection of Collegium Medicum of Jagiellonian University. The questionnaire included 22 questions and had five-grade scale of intensity of feelings: does not concern, a little, moderately, concerns, definitely concerns. The positive result of the examination is the statement that more than the half of the examined persons--both pupils and students--has a reliable friend in every situation; feels well and relaxed with this person; may trust him/her, discuss difficult problems and get keys from one's flat during being away. On the other hand the frequency of answers showing important problems in this matter is still distressingly high. The need of better understanding and care from the family was declared by about 15% of examined persons. 19% of pupils and 22% of students wanted bigger safety and close relationship. At the same time the safety, understanding and care was experienced by less than 20% of examined persons. The fact of isolation from the group and the feeling of being an outsider declared 10% of young people. The examinations show that problems with adjusting to the requirements of an adult life, finding the place and defining one's role in the surrounding reality concerns not only a part of secondary school pupils but older than that--students of Faculty of Medicine.

[Dental age in the relation with nutrition model of school children from swimming classes of championship school]. / Wiek zebowy w relacji do sposobu zywienia uczniów z klas plywackichszkoly mistrzostwa sportowego.

The aim of this work was the comparison of calendar age with dental age in the aspect of basic nutritional ingredients intake with precise taking into consideration microelements, macroelements and vitamins. 79 schoolchildren from swimming classes of championship school in Cracow aged 10-13 were included in the examination. Among this group of pupils 24-hour recall and complex dental examination including the estimation of dental status, the hygienic status of oral cavity were conducted and the presence of dental and occlusion defects were estimated. 24-hour recall including 3 following days contained the number of products in every meal, the number of meals and the time of their consumption. The schoolchildren were divided into 3 groups on the ground of the difference between dental and calendar age. Dentition on time (no more than 5 months difference between dental and calendar age) was stated by 25 pupils--group I. Accelerated dentition of fixed teeth was observed by 36 pupils--group II and delayed dentition by 18 persons--group III. In all groups lower than safe calcium intake (80% of pupils from these groups) and iron intake (55%) was noticed. In the range of left micro- and macroelements the disturbances in nutritional status were mainly stated bypersons with delayed dentition. The shortages in Magnesium intake concerned 67% of school children and in Zinc intake--72%. In the group of schoolchildren with accelerated dentition these shortages were about 40%. In the range of vitamins intake low niacin intake (39% of schoolchildren) and riboflavin intake (25%) were stated. The differences among these groups were observed only in thiamine intake (33% from group II and 19% from group III). In the group III more often low energetic value of daily nutrient intake was stated.