Behavior-related potentials from single-trial interindividual correlation between event related potentials and behavioral performance reveals right lateralized processing of numerosity.

Accumulated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography evidence indicate that numerosity is first processed in the occipito-parietal cortex. fMRI evidence also indicates right-lateralized processing of numerosity, but there is no consistent evidence from event-related potential (ERP) studies. This study investigated the ERP of numerosity processing in the left, right, and bilateral visual fields. The single-trial ERP-behavioral correlation was applied to show how the ERP was associated with behavioral responses. The results showed a significant early behavioral-ERP correlation on the right N1 component when stimuli were presented in the left visual field rather than in the right visual field. The behavioral ERP correlation was termed BN1. There was bilateral BN1 based on the reaction time or error rate, but the right BN1 was larger than that the left BN1 when the stimulus was present in the bilateral visual field. Therefore, this study provided a new neural marker for individual differences in processing numerosity and suggested that processing numerosity was supported by the right occipito-parietal cortex.

Comprehensive Analysis of a Dendritic Cell Marker Genes Signature to Predict Prognosis and Immunotherapy Response in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

With the development of immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs), immunotherapy has recently taken center stage in cancer treatment. Dendritic cells exert complicated and important functions in antitumor immunity. This study aims to construct a novel dendritic cell marker gene signature (DCMGS) to predict the prognosis and immunotherapy response of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). DC marker genes in LUAD were identified by analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data. 6 genes (G0S2, KLF4, ALDH2, IER3, TXN, CD69) were screened as the most prognosis-related genes for constructing DCMGS on a training cohort from TCGA data set. Patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups by DCMGS risk score based on overall survival time. Then, the predictive ability of the risk model was validated in 6 independent cohorts. DCMGS was verified to be an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. Furthermore, we performed pathway enrichment analysis to explore possible biological mechanisms of the powerful predictive ability of DCMGS, and immune cell infiltration landscape and inflammatory activities were exhibited to reflect the immune profile. Notably, we bridged DCMGS with expression of immune checkpoints and TCR/BCR repertoire diversity that can inflect immunotherapy response. Finally, the predictive ability of DCMGS in immunotherapy response was also validated by 2 cohorts that had received immunotherapy. As a result, the patients with lower DCMGS risk scores showed a better prognosis and immunotherapy response. In conclusion, DCMGS was suggested to be a promising prognostic indicator for LUAD and a desirable predictor for immunotherapy response.

The Brain's Topographical Organization Shapes Dynamic Interaction Patterns That Support Flexible Behavior Based on Rules and Long-Term Knowledge.

Adaptive behavior relies both on specific rules that vary across situations and stable long-term knowledge gained from experience. The frontoparietal control network (FPCN) is implicated in the brain's ability to balance these different influences on action. Here, we investigate how the topographical organization of the cortex supports behavioral flexibility within the FPCN. Functional properties of this network might reflect its juxtaposition between the dorsal attention network (DAN) and the default mode network (DMN), two large-scale systems implicated in top-down attention and memory-guided cognition, respectively. Our study tests whether subnetworks of FPCN are topographically proximal to the DAN and the DMN, respectively, and how these topographical differences relate to functional differences: the proximity of each subnetwork is anticipated to play a pivotal role in generating distinct cognitive modes relevant to working memory and long-term memory. We show that FPCN subsystems share multiple anatomical and functional similarities with their neighboring systems (DAN and DMN) and that this topographical architecture supports distinct interaction patterns that give rise to different patterns of functional behavior. The FPCN acts as a unified system when long-term knowledge supports behavior but becomes segregated into discrete subsystems with different patterns of interaction when long-term memory is less relevant. In this way, our study suggests that the topographical organization of the FPCN and the connections it forms with distant regions of cortex are important influences on how this system supports flexible behavior.

Machine learning-based radiomics to distinguish pulmonary nodules between lung adenocarcinoma and tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Radiomics is increasingly utilized to distinguish pulmonary nodules between lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and tuberculosis (TB). However, it remains unclear whether different segmentation criteria, such as the inclusion or exclusion of the cavity region within nodules, affect the results. METHODS: A total of 525 patients from two medical centers were retrospectively enrolled. The radiomics features were extracted according to two regions of interest (ROI) segmentation criteria. Multiple logistic regression models were trained to predict the pathology: (1) The clinical model relied on clinical-radiological semantic features; (2) The radiomics models (radiomics+ and radiomics-) utilized radiomics features from different ROIs (including or excluding cavities); (3) the composite models (composite+ and composite-) incorporated both above. RESULTS: In the testing set, the radiomics+/- models and the composite+/- models still possessed efficient prediction performance (AUC ≥ 0.94), while the AUC of the clinical model was 0.881. In the validation set, the AUC of the clinical model was only 0.717, while that of the radiomics+/- models and the composite+/- models ranged from 0.801 to 0.825. The prediction performance of all the radiomics+/- and composite+/- models were significantly superior to that of the clinical model (p < 0.05). Whether the ROI segmentation included or excluded the cavity had no significant effect on these models (radiomics+ vs. radiomics-, composite+ model vs. composite-) (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study established a machine learning-based radiomics strategy for differentiating LUAD from TB lesions. The ROI segmentation including or excluding the cavity region may exert no significant effect on the predictive ability.

Evaluation of unimodal and multimodal information in health communication on GGO-related lung cancer screening: An eye-tracking study.

Aims: To find out a better propaganda and education plan for the popularization of the ground-glass opacities-related (GGO-related) lung cancer screening. Methods and Material: The control group took a lung cancer screening knowledge test directly before receiving the health education. By contrast, the experimental group took the same knowledge test after receiving health education. This study designed unimodal and multimodal materials about GGO-related lung cancer. The text and graph were considered unimodal information, while the video was multimodal information. According to the different information forms they were exposed to, the experimental group was further divided into text, graphic, and video groups. An eye-tracking system was performed to record eye-tracking data synchronously. Results: Compared with the control group, the knowledge test scores of each experimental group were remarkably improved. Furthermore, the graphic group had a significantly higher correct rate on the No. 7 question, while the video group had the lowest. In terms of saccades, the video group had significantly higher speed and amplitude of saccades than the other two groups. In terms of fixation, the interval duration, total duration of whole fixations, and a number of whole fixations of the graphic group were significantly lower than those of the other two groups, while the video group had the highest values for these variables. Conclusions: It was on the unimodal information, such as text and graphics, that people can spend less time and cost to achieve effective acquisition of GGO-related lung cancer screening knowledge.