Method for a new risk assessment of urban water quality: IFN-SPA.

Water quality is one of the most essential factors to influence human daily life and environment health. Risk assessment of water quality has critical significance to sustainable development of human society and natural systems. Set pair analysis (SPA) methods are widely used in risk assessment, especially in water resources. The essence of SPA is to classify assessment samples consider the uncertainties exist in risk assessment system based on the viewpoints of unity, difference, and opposition. The existing SPA methods are classified into two types, including (i) original SPA and (ii) comprehensive SPA. Both the original and comprehensive SPA methods have the following limitations: (i) it is need to judge whether the assessment factor belongs to type I or type II; (ii) it is need to judge whether the assessment factor is positive or negative. This method article gives a detailed description of the application of the existing SPA method. The method article is a companion paper with the original article [1]. • Description of SPA methods. • Application of SAP methods in risk assessment of water quality. • Calculate the weights of assessment factors.

Data on performance and variation index for shield tunnelling through soft deposit.

The data presented in this article pertain to field records of EPB shield machine in Metro Line No. 5 in Tianjin, China. Field performance of shield machine (cutterhead, screw machine, and shield advancing) are shown in the figures. Specifically, the database consists of the main parameters for shield tunnelling including cutterhead rotation speed, cutterhead torque, screw machine rotation speed, screw machine torque, shield thrust, and shield advance rate. In addition, the calculation process of energy consumption and variation index R2 during the tunnelling are displayed. The value of the dataset is the consideration of silt or clay soil encountered in the shield tunnelling area including the proportion of soils, grain gradation, and effects on performance and energy consumption of different parts in shield machine. These field data are applied to evaluate the construction efficiency in the article titled "Construction efficiency of shield tunnelling through soft deposit in Tianjin" [1].

Assessment and management of lake eutrophication: A case study in Lake Erhai, China.

Some wastewater sources, such as agricultural waste and runoff, and industrial sewage, can degrade water quality. This study summarises the sources and corresponding mechanisms that trigger eutrophication in lakes. Additionally, the trophic status index and water quality index (WQI) which are effective tools for evaluating the degree of eutrophication of lakes, have been discussed. This study also explores the main nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) driving transformations in the water body and sediment. Lake Erhai was used as a case study, and it was found to be in a mesotrophic state, with N and P co-limitation before 2006, and only P limitation since 2006. Finally, effective measures to maintain sustainable development in the watershed are proposed, along with a framework for an early warning system adopting the latest technologies (geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS)) for preventing eutrophication.

Data in intelligent approach for estimation of disc cutter life using hybrid metaheuristic algorithm.

This data in brief presents the monitoring data measured during shield tunnelling of Guangzhou-Shenzhen intercity railway project. The monitoring data includes shield operational parameters, geological conditions, and geometry at the site. The presented data were arbitrarily split into two subsets including the training and testing datasets. The field observations are compared to the forecasting values of the disc cutter life assessed using a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm proposed for "Prediction of disc cutter life during shield tunnelling with artificial intelligent via incorporation of genetic algorithm into GMDH-type neural network" [1]. The presented data can provide a guidance for cutter exchange in shield tunnelling.

A novel method to calculate pressure on the twin-tunnel in layered strata.

Tunnel pressure from the surrounding rocks plays a critical role for the safety of tunnel. The existing methods for calculate twin-tunnel pressure supposed that the tunnel is buried in a uniform soil layer. This work presents detailed equations of an analytical method to calculate the twin-tunnel pressure in layered strata, which can consider the effects from soil layers. The proposed method is applied to analyse the pressure of the metro twin-tunnels in Chongqing. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed analytical method, both the tunnel pressure in layered strata and single strata were calculated. The method article is a companion paper with the original article [1]. • Analyses of the soil parameters; • Determine the failure pattern A/B; • Calculate the vertical and horizontal pressure.

Data on evolutionary hybrid neural network approach to predict shield tunneling-induced ground settlements.

The dataset presented in this article pertains to records of shield tunneling-induced ground settlements in Guangzhou Metro Line No. 9. Field monitoring results obtained from both the two tunnel lines are put on display. In total, 17 principal variables affecting ground settlements are tabulated, which can be divided into two categories: geological condition parameters and shield operation parameters. Shield operation parameters are specifically provided in time series. Another value of the dataset is the consideration of karst encountered in the shield tunnel area including the karst cave height, the distance between karst cave and tunnel invert, and the karst cave treatment scheme. The dataset can be used to enrich the database of settlement caused by shield tunneling as well as to train artificial intelligence-based ground settlement prediction models. The dataset presented herein were used for the article titled "Evolutionary hybrid neural network approach to predict shield tunneling-induced ground settlements" (Zhang et al., 2020).

Experimental data of water swelling characteristics of polymer materials for tunnel sealing gasket.

This article provides comprehensive experimental data of two polymers for shield tunnel sealing gasket: i) water swelling polyurethane (WSP) and ii) a mixture (WSRP) of WSP and water swelling rubber (WSR). Water-swelling tests are conducted to investigate the microstructural changes and properties of both WSP and WSRP during water swelling. These data can be useful for the quantitative evaluation of water swelling performance of WSP and WSRP. The data presented herein was used for the article, titled "Experimental investigation of water swelling characteristics of polymer materials for tunnel sealing gasket" [1].

Data on a coupled ENN / t-SNE model for soil liquefaction evaluation.

The data presented in this paper pertain to case records of liquefaction potential surveys in earthquake prone areas. Field performances of 219 sites obtained from various regions (U.S.A, Japan, Turkey, China, Canada, etc …) are put on display. Specifically, this database consists of 253 cone penetration test (CPT) field records, among which 72 cases that did not liquefied and 181 cases that liquefied. In total, 10 principal variables are tabulated including the earthquake magnitude, maximum ground surface acceleration, depth, water depth, total overburden stress, effective overburden stress, Cone Penetration Test (CPT) tip resistance, CPT friction ratio, fines content, shear stress ratio. These data were arbitrarily split into a testing set of 53 cases and a training set of 200 cases. These field observations are compared to prediction values of liquefaction potential assessed using the evolutionary neural network proposed for "Evaluation of soil liquefaction with AI technology incorporating a coupled ENN/t-SNE model" [1].

Data in risk assessment of mega-city infrastructures related to land subsidence using improved trapezoidal FAHP.

Land subsidence caused serious damages of mage-city infrastructures. This data in brief presents a new questionnaire to establish judgment matrix during the risk assessment of land subsidence. The data source of the assessment factors is provided. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and interval fuzzy AHP (FAHP) are used to calibrate the weights of assessment factors. The new questionnaire is used to collect the viewpoints from experts. Based on the viewpoints of experts, the judgment matrix can be established using pairwise comparison. The data presented herein was used for the article, titled "Risk assessment of mega-city infrastructures related to land subsidence using improved trapezoidal FAHP" Lyu et al. (2019) [1].

Risk assessment of mega-city infrastructures related to land subsidence using improved trapezoidal FAHP.

This study presents an improved trapezoidal fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to assess the risk of mega-city infrastructures related to land subsidence. The trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are used to express the relative importance between assessment factors. A new questionnaire is proposed in this study to collect judgements from consulting experts. Both the original AHP and the trapezoidal FAHP with the new questionnaire are applied to assess the risk of infrastructures in relation to land subsidence in Shanghai. The risks assessed using the trapezoidal FAHP at locations with significant infrastructures are higher than those assessed using the original AHP. This indicates that the trapezoidal FAHP method with the new questionnaire can be used to effectively capture the high risks for significant industrial infrastructures related to land subsidence. Moreover, the obtained results were compared with the current land subsidence prevention zone, and it was observed that the existing land subsidence prevention zone in government management guidelines does not sufficiently consider the vulnerability of significant infrastructures.

Data in flood risk assessment of metro systems in a subsiding environment using the interval FAHP-FCA approach.

Floods in the metro system have caused catastrophic damages in mega-cities, especially in subsiding environment. This data in brief gives a detailed description for the calculation of judgment matrixes during decision making process for the flood risk assessment of the metro system. The data source of the assessment factors is provided. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and interval fuzzy AHP (FAHP) are used to calibrate the weights of assessment factors. The fuzzy clustering analysis (FCA) method is used to modify the weights obtained from AHP and interval FAHP. The data presented herein was used for the article, titled "Flood risk assessment of metro systems in a subsiding environment using the interval FAHP-FCA approach" Lyu et al. (2019) [1].

Flood risk assessment in metro systems of mega-cities using a GIS-based modeling approach.

Metro system is a vital component of mass transportation infrastructure, providing crucial social and economic service in urban area. Flood events may cause functional disruptions to metro systems; therefore, a better understanding of their vulnerability would enhance their resilience. A comparative study of flood risk in metro systems is presented using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the interval AHP (I-AHP) methods. The flood risk in the Guangzhou metro system is evaluated according to recorded data. Evaluated results are validated using the flood event occurred in Guangzhou on May 10, 2016 (hereinafter called "May 10th event"), which inundated several metro stations. The flood risk is assessed within a range of 500 m around the metro line. The results show that >50% of metro lines are highly exposed to flood risk, indicating that the Guangzhou metro system is vulnerable to flood events. Comparisons between results from AHP and I-AHP show that the latter yields a wider range of high flooding risk than the former.

Evaluation of Environmental Risk Due to Metro System Construction in Jinan, China.

Jinan is a famous spring city in China. Construction of underground metro system may block groundwater seepage, inducing the depletion risk of springs. This paper presents an assessment of the risk due to metro line construction to groundwater in Jinan City using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic International System (GIS). Based on the characteristics of hydrogeology and engineering geology, the assessment model is established from the perspectives of surface index and underground index. The assessment results show that the high and very high risk levels of surface index exceed 98% in the north region; and high and very high risk levels of underground index exceed 56% in urban center and southern region. The assessment result also shows that about 14% of the urban area belongs to very high risk level; regions of high risk are 20% in urban area, 9% in Changqing County and 43% in Pingyin County. In the high risk region, metro lines R1 to R3, which are under construction, and metro lines L1 to L5, which are planned, have very high and high risk. Therefore, risk control measures are proposed to protect the groundwater seepage path to spring.