A randomised, double-blind, dose-finding, phase II multicentre study of ODX in the treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and skeletal metastases.

AIMS: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of ODX, a novel, cytotoxic, bone-targeting drug candidate, in castration-resistant prostate cancer bone metastatic disease. METHODS: Patients with progressive disease were randomised to ten cycles of ODX, intravenous infusion Q2W (3, 6, and 9 mg/kg, respectively). The primary objective was to assess the relative change from baseline in bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) and serum-aminoterminal-propeptide of Type I procollagen (S-P1NP) at 12 weeks. The inclusion criteria selected were broad, and a double-blind design was used to ensure objective recruitment of patients for the assessment of efficacy. None of the patients received bone-protecting agents during the ODX treatment period. RESULTS: Fifty-five 21,20 and 14) patients were randomised to ODX (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg), respectively. The lower number of patients in arm 3 was due to too low a recruitment rate towards the end of the study. The median treatment time were 14, 13 and 14 weeks, respectively. The decrease in B-ALP at 12 weeks in study arms 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg was seen in 6/15 (40%), 8/12 (67%) and 5/12 (42%) patients, respectively, whereas the corresponding numbers for P1NP were 8/15 (53%), 8/12 (67%), and 4/12 (33%), respectively. The median decrease in B-ALP and P1NP at 12 weeks for study arms 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg were 37%, 14% and 43%, respectively, and 51%, 40% and 64%, respectively. The decrease in serum C-terminal telopeptide at 12 weeks was seen in the vast majority of patients and in about one-third of patients in bone scan index. ODX was well tolerated, and no drug-related serious adverse events occurred. There were no significant differences between study arms regarding efficacy and safety. CONCLUSIONS: ODX was well tolerated and demonstrated inhibitory effects on markers related to the vicious cycle in bone at all three doses. The reduction in metastatic burden, assessed with bone scan index, supports this finding. Studies with continued ODX treatment until disease progression are being planned (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02825628).

[Alterations in cancer cell signaling pathways].

Transitions from normal cell to neoplastic malignant cell type require multiple alterations in cell signalling pathways. Transduction and transmission of these signalling pathways are dependent on integrated molecular circuits. A paramount aspect in cancer development is the concept that the cell loses its ability to detect and respond to extracellular signals and frequently develops autocrine signals for overcoming normal physiological controls. Therefore, we analyzed the current concepts of general principles in physiological and some oncogenic cell signalling pathway patterns. We carried out a documentary review of 29 scientific items in which we identified intracellular signalling pathway systems in each cell so complex due to the high number of participants and the multiple differences among specific cell types. The knowledge and identification of general principles regarding the whole physiological cell signaling pathway patterns help us to understand the oncogenic signaling pathways. Identification of these pathways in any tumor can be used as prognosis or predictor biomarkers in the patient's outcome or as target in clinical therapeutic trials.

Alteraciones en los señalamientos intracelulares en el cáncer / Alterations in cancer cell signaling pathways

La transición de una célula normal a una célula maligna implica diferentes alteraciones de sus vías de señalización intracelular. La transducción y transmisión de estos señalamientos intracelulares depende de circuitos moleculares. Un aspecto central del cáncer es el concepto de que las células pierden su capacidad para detectar y responder de forma adecuada a los señalamientos extracelulares y que frecuentemente desarrollan señalamientos autocrinos para superar los controles normales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los principios generales de las vías de señalamiento celulares fisiológicas y sus principales alteraciones en algunos modelos de células neoplásicas, para lo cual se realiza una revisión documental de 29 artículos recientes. Las redes de señalización intracelular en cada célula son muy complejas debido al gran número de vías participantes y a las múltiples diferencias de ellas en los tipos celulares específicos. El entendimiento e identificación de los principios generales comunes en la mayoría de las vías de señalamiento intracelulares normales, facilitará la comprensión de las vías de señalamiento oncogénicas. La identificación del patrón de las vías de señalamiento oncogénicas en cada tumor, podría servir como marcador pronóstico o predictivo en la evolución clínica del paciente o como blanco en protocolos de intervensionismo terapéutico molecular.

Transitions from normal cell to neoplastic malignant cell type require multiple alterations in cell signalling pathways. Transduction and transmission of these signalling pathways are dependent on integrated molecular circuits. A paramount aspect in cancer development is the concept that the cell loses its ability to detect and respond to extracellular signals and frequently develops autocrine signals for overcoming normal physiological controls. Therefore, we analyzed the current concepts of general principles in physiological and some oncogenic cell signalling pathway patterns. We carried out a documentary review of 29 scientific items in which we identified intracellular signalling pathway systems in each cell so complex due to the high number of participants and the multiple differences among specific cell types. The knowledge and identification of general principles regarding the whole physiological cell signaling pathway patterns help us to understand the oncogenic signaling pathways. Identification of these pathways in any tumor can be used as prognosis or predictor biomarkers in the patient's outcome or as target in clinical therapeutic trials.