Cell-free biodegradable electroactive scaffold for urinary bladder regeneration.

Tissue engineering heavily relies on cell-seeded scaffolds to support the complex biological and mechanical requirements of a target organ. However, in addition to safety and efficacy, translation of tissue engineering technology will depend on manufacturability, affordability, and ease of adoption. Therefore, there is a need to develop scalable biomaterial scaffolds with sufficient bioactivity to eliminate the need for exogenous cell seeding. Herein, we describe synthesis, characterization, and implementation of an electroactive biodegradable elastomer for urinary bladder tissue engineering. To create an electrically conductive and mechanically robust scaffold to support bladder tissue regeneration, we developed a phase-compatible functionalization method wherein the hydrophobic conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was polymerized in situ within a similarly hydrophobic citrate-based elastomer poly(octamethylene-citrate-co-octanol) (POCO) film. We demonstrate the efficacy of this film as a scaffold for bladder augmentation in athymic rats, comparing PEDOT-POCO scaffolds to mesenchymal stromal cell-seeded POCO scaffolds. PEDOT-POCO recovered bladder function and anatomical structure comparably to the cell-seeded POCO scaffolds and significantly better than non-cell seeded POCO scaffolds. This manuscript reports: (1) a new phase-compatible functionalization method that confers electroactivity to a biodegradable elastic scaffold, and (2) the successful restoration of the anatomy and function of an organ using a cell-free electroactive scaffold.

Valoración de la efectividad de la estrategia para la formación ético-ambiental del estudiante universitario

En la formación ético-ambiental se requiere del desarrollo de acciones dirigidas a lograr una actitud consciente y valorativa, en función de una gestión sostenible de la vida en el planeta. El objetivo del trabajo es exponer los resultados obtenidos de la aplicación de una estrategia para la formación ético-ambiental del estudiante universitario, mediante un pre-experimento pedagógico. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y matemático-estadísticos, los cuales permitieron sistematizar la información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada, evaluar comportamientos y actitudes manifiestas por los estudiantes, así como los logros obtenidos después de aplicada la propuesta. El aporte fundamental de este artículo radica en valorar los resultados de la implementación de dicha estrategia en la práctica educativa, dentro de estos se destacan: el desarrollo de un comportamiento ético-reflexivo y una actitud para perfeccionar posiciones propias ante la multiplicidad de ámbitos de su actuación profesional, como parte de la implicación protagónica en la conservación del medio ambiente. El estudio se realizó en la carrera de Biología de la universidad de Camagüey en la etapa comprendida entre abril del 2018 y mayo de 2020.

Ethical-environmental training requires the development of actions aimed at achieving a conscious and evaluative attitude based on sustainable management of life on the planet. The objective of the work is to assess the effectiveness of the strategy for the ethical-environmental training of the university student, through a pedagogical pre-experiment. Theoretical, empirical and mathematical-statistical methods were applied, which allowed systematizing the information from the bibliography consulted, evaluating behaviors and attitudes manifested by the students, as well as the results obtained after applying the proposal. The fundamental contribution of this article lies in assessing the results of the implementation of said strategy in educational practice, within these the following stand out: the development of an ethical-reflexive behavior and an attitude to perfect their own positions before the multiplicity of areas of their professional action, as part of the protagonist involvement in the conservation of the environment. The study was carried out in the career of Biology of the university of Camagüey in the stage understood between April of the 2018 and May of 2020.

Assessment of post-infarct ventricular septal defects through 3D printing and statistical shape analysis.

Background: Post-infarct ventricular septal defect (PIVSD) is a serious complication of myocardial infarction. We evaluated 3D-printing models in PIVSD clinical assessment and the feasibility of statistical shape modeling for morphological analysis of the defects. Methods: Models (n = 15) reconstructed from computed tomography data were evaluated by clinicians (n = 8). Statistical shape modeling was performed on 3D meshes to calculate the mean morphological configuration of the defects. Results: Clinicians' evaluation highlighted the models' utility in displaying defects for interventional/surgical planning, education/training and device development. However, models lack dynamic representation. Morphological analysis was feasible and revealed oval-shaped (n = 12) and complex channel-like (n = 3) defects. Conclusion: 3D-PIVSD models can complement imaging data for teaching and procedural planning. Statistical shape modeling is feasible in this scenario.

Following heart attacks, the heart muscle becomes scarred and weaker, making it prone to tearing under high pressures. These tears are known as 'post-infarct ventricular septal defects'. Their shape varies greatly as the heart beats. The approach to fixing these can range from plugging them with a device or patching them by open heart surgery. We created 15 3D-printed models of hearts with these kinds of defects and made digital reconstructions of the tears to see the different sizes/shapes that they can have. Doctors agreed that 3D-printed models could help in planning repairs and training other doctors. The digital reconstructions of the tears showed that many were round, but some had irregular shapes which would mean devices used to fix them may not fit.

Estrategia para la formación ético-ambiental del estudiante universitario

RESUMEN La formación ético-ambiental constituye un proceso esencial para el desarrollo de conductas reflexivas y autovalorativas que repercuten favorablemente en una actitud de respeto hacia el medio ambiente. El objetivo del trabajo es describir una estrategia para la formación ético-ambiental del estudiante universitario. En su concepción se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y matemático-estadísticos. La misma se estructura en tres etapas con acciones concretas que favorecen, desde una concepción ética, la reflexión, autovaloración, prevención y solución de problemas morales relacionados con la dignidad de los seres humanos; así como su actuación hacia la sostenibilidad del entorno natural.

ABSTRACT Ethical-environmental training constitutes an essential process for the development of reflective and self-evaluating behaviors that have a favorable impact on an attitude of respect towards the environment. The objective of the work is to describe a strategy for the ethical-environmental training of the university student. In its conception, theoretical, empirical and mathematical-statistical methods were used. It is structured in three stages with concrete actions that favor, from an ethical conception, reflection, self-assessment, prevention and solution of moral problems related to the dignity of human beings; as well as its action towards the sustainability of the natural environment.

Antioxidants in Plants: A Valorization Potential Emphasizing the Need for the Conservation of Plant Biodiversity in Cuba.

Plants are phytochemical hubs containing antioxidants, essential for normal plant functioning and adaptation to environmental cues and delivering beneficial properties for human health. Therefore, knowledge on the antioxidant potential of different plant species and their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties is of utmost importance. Exploring this scientific research field provides fundamental clues on (1) plant stress responses and their adaptive evolution to harsh environmental conditions and (2) (new) natural antioxidants with a functional versatility to prevent and treat human pathologies. These natural antioxidants can be valorized via plant-derived foods and products. Cuba contains an enormously rich plant biodiversity harboring a great antioxidant potential. Besides opening new avenues for the implementation of sustainable agroecological practices in crop production, it will also contribute to new strategies to preserve plant biodiversity and simultaneously improve nature management policies in Cuba. This review provides an overview on the beneficial properties of antioxidants for plant protection and human health and is directed to the valorization of these plant antioxidants, emphasizing the need for biodiversity conservation.

Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas / The Relationship between Overload and Caregiving Competencies in Informal Caregivers of People with Chronic Diseases / Relação entre sobrecarga e competências do cuidar em cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas

Introducción. El desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas y sus posibles complicaciones conllevan la necesidad de recibir cuidados de alguna persona del entorno social o familiar, quien se convierte en cuidador informal. Al desempeñar su rol, esta persona puede experimentar situaciones o características propias del cuidador que repercuten en las competencias del cuidar y sobrecarga, aspectos que podrían afectar la díada cuidador-cuidado. Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre competencias del cuidar y sobrecarga en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. Metodología. Estudio transversal-correlacional, n= 259 cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas, usuarios de dos hospitales generales de Tamaulipas, seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico, intencional. Se aplicó una cédula de datos sociodemográficos, instrumento Zarit y CUIDAR. Para el análisis, se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados. Los cuidadores fueron mayormente mujeres, con parentesco de hija y esposa. Se detectó una correlación negativa y estadísticamente significativa (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) entre la sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar. Discusión. El perfil de los cuidadores de este estudio concuerda con la literatura internacional. La correlación entre las variables de investigación se ha documentado en escasos estudios, por lo que representa un avance de conocimiento en el ámbito de los cuidadores. Conclusión. Se evidenció una correlación que se puede interpretar de la siguiente manera: "a mayor sobrecarga, menor competencias del cuidar". Hallazgo que evidencia necesidades en conocimientos y habilidades para ejercer de forma óptima el rol de cuidador y por ende, tener la capacidad de afrontar situaciones de sobrecarga. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

Introduction: When people develop chronic diseases and their possible complications, it leads to the need to receive care from someone in social or family contexts. This person becomes an informal caregiver. By playing this role, this person can experience situations or characteristics inherent to caregivers, which impact caregiving competencies and overload. These aspects could affect the caregiver-care receiver dyad. Objective. To identify the relationship between caregiving competencies and overload in informal caregivers of people with chronic diseases. Methods. A transversal, correlational study, n= 259, on informal caregivers of people with chronic diseases, users of two general hospitals in Tamaulipas, selected through intentional non-probability sampling. A sociodemographic data form and the Zarit and CUIDAR instruments were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for the analysis. Results. Caregivers were mostly women, with kinship as daughters or wives. A negative, statistically significant correlation was detected (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) between overload and caregiving competencies. Discussion. Caregivers' profiles in this study concur with international literature. The correlation between research variables has been documented in very few studies, reason why it represents progress in knowledge in the field of caregiving. Conclusion. A correlation that can be interpreted as follows was observed: "more overload implies less caregiving competencies." This finding demonstrates the need for knowledge and skills to optimally provide care and, therefore, have the capacity to face overload situations. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

Introdução. O desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas e suas possíveis complicações acarretam a necessidade de receber cuidados de alguém no ambiente social ou familiar, que se torna cuidador informal. Ao desempenhar seu papel, essa pessoa pode experimentar situações ou características próprias dos cuidadores que tange às competências para cuidar e sobrecarga, aspectos que podem afetar a díade cuidador-cuidado. Objetivo. Identificar a relação entre as competências do cuidar e a sobrecarga em cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas. Métodos. Estudo transversal correlacional, n= 259 cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas, usuários de dois hospitais gerais de Tamaulipas, selecionados por amostragem intencional não probabilística. Foram aplicados informações sociodemográficas, escala Zarit e CUIDAR. Para a análise, aplicou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados. Os cuidadores eram em sua maioria mulheres, com o relacionamento de filha e esposa. Foi detectada correlação negativa e estatisticamente significante (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) entre a sobrecarga e as competências do cuidar. Discussão. O perfil dos cuidadores deste estudo concorda com a literatura internacional. A correlação entre as variáveis de pesquisa foi documentada em poucos estudos e, portanto, representa um avanço no conhecimento na área de cuidadores. Conclusão. Evidenciou-se uma correlação que pode ser interpretada da seguinte forma: "quanto maior a sobrecarga, menor a competência do cuidar". Achado que evidencia a necessidade de conhecimentos e habilidades para exercer de maneira ideal o papel de cuidador e, por tanto, ter a capacidade de enfrentar situações de sobrecarga. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

The Relationship between Overload and Caregiving Competencies in Informal Caregivers of People with Chronic Diseases / Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas / Relação entre sobrecarga e competências do cuidar em cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas

Introduction: When people develop chronic diseases and their possible complications, it leads to the need to receive care from someone in social or family contexts. This person becomes an informal caregiver. By playing this role, this person can experience situations or characteristics inherent to caregivers, which impact caregiving competencies and overload. These aspects could affect the caregiver-care receiver dyad. Objective. To identify the relationship between caregiving competencies and overload in informal caregivers of people with chronic diseases. Methods. A transversal, correlational study, n= 259, on informal caregivers of people with chronic diseases, users of two general hospitals in Tamaulipas, selected through intentional non-probability sampling. A sociodemographic data form and the Zarit and CUIDAR instruments were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for the analysis. Results. Caregivers were mostly women, with kinship as daughters or wives. A negative, statistically significant correlation was detected (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) between overload and caregiving competencies. Discussion. Caregivers' profiles in this study concur with international literature. The correlation between research variables has been documented in very few studies, reason why it represents progress in knowledge in the field of caregiving. Conclusion. A correlation that can be interpreted as follows was observed: "more overload implies less caregiving competencies." This finding demonstrates the need for knowledge and skills to optimally provide care and, therefore, have the capacity to face overload situations. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

Introducción. El desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas y sus posibles complicaciones conllevan la necesidad de recibir cuidados de alguna persona del entorno social o familiar, quien se convierte en cuidador informal. Al desempeñar su rol, esta persona puede experimentar situaciones o características propias del cuidador que repercuten en las competencias del cuidar y sobrecarga, aspectos que podrían afectar la díada cuidador-cuidado. Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre competencias del cuidar y sobrecarga en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. Metodología. Estudio transversal-correlacional, n= 259 cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas, usuarios de dos hospitales generales de Tamaulipas, seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico, intencional. Se aplicó una cédula de datos sociodemográficos, instrumento Zarit y CUIDAR. Para el análisis, se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados. Los cuidadores fueron mayormente mujeres, con parentesco de hija y esposa. Se detectó una correlación negativa y estadísticamente significativa (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) entre la sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar. Discusión. El perfil de los cuidadores de este estudio concuerda con la literatura internacional. La correlación entre las variables de investigación se ha documentado en escasos estudios, por lo que representa un avance de conocimiento en el ámbito de los cuidadores. Conclusión. Se evidenció una correlación que se puede interpretar de la siguiente manera: "a mayor sobrecarga, menor competencias del cuidar". Hallazgo que evidencia necesidades en conocimientos y habilidades para ejercer de forma óptima el rol de cuidador y por ende, tener la capacidad de afrontar situaciones de sobrecarga. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

Introdução. O desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas e suas possíveis complicações acarretam a necessidade de receber cuidados de alguém no ambiente social ou familiar, que se torna cuidador informal. Ao desempenhar seu papel, essa pessoa pode experimentar situações ou características próprias dos cuidadores que tange às competências para cuidar e sobrecarga, aspectos que podem afetar a díade cuidador-cuidado. Objetivo. Identificar a relação entre as competências do cuidar e a sobrecarga em cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas. Métodos. Estudo transversal correlacional, n= 259 cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas, usuários de dois hospitais gerais de Tamaulipas, selecionados por amostragem intencional não probabilística. Foram aplicados informações sociodemográficas, escala Zarit e CUIDAR. Para a análise, aplicou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados. Os cuidadores eram em sua maioria mulheres, com o relacionamento de filha e esposa. Foi detectada correlação negativa e estatisticamente significante (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) entre a sobrecarga e as competências do cuidar. Discussão. O perfil dos cuidadores deste estudo concorda com a literatura internacional. A correlação entre as variáveis de pesquisa foi documentada em poucos estudos e, portanto, representa um avanço no conhecimento na área de cuidadores. Conclusão. Evidenciou-se uma correlação que pode ser interpretada da seguinte forma: "quanto maior a sobrecarga, menor a competência do cuidar". Achado que evidencia a necessidade de conhecimentos e habilidades para exercer de maneira ideal o papel de cuidador e, por tanto, ter a capacidade de enfrentar situações de sobrecarga. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

La consulta telemática para el paciente con valvulopatías o enfermedad aórtica en tiempos de la COVID-19 / Telemedicine for patients with valvular heart disease or aortic disease in the era of COVID-19

No disponible

Aproximación a los valores del educador ambiental / Approach to environmental educator values

RESUMEN Se fundamenta la concepción teórica general de la educación axiológica en el contexto del sistema de enseñanza de postgrado para la formación de educadores ambientales. Se aplicaron los métodos del nivel teórico analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico y ascensión de lo abstracto a lo concreto, con la intención de sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de la experiencia profesional de los autores. Se defiende la idea de considerar la existencia de una dimensión ambiental de valores universales, en lugar de hacer referencia a valores estrictamente ambientales. Se enfatiza en la importancia que, para la educación, adquiere la estimulación de la actividad valorativa del sujeto, a partir de una noción precisa del sistema de virtudes y fortalezas del carácter. Se identifican cinco valores básicos a desarrollar en el educador ambiental (la sensibilidad, la tolerancia, la lealtad solidaria, la responsabilidad, la participación cooperativa y la dignidad), para asegurar, desde el punto de vista axiológico, su desempeño en la preparación de diferentes sectores sociales y consolidar la necesaria contribución de los mismos a la sostenibilidad ecológica.

ABSTRACT In this paper a general theoretical conception of axiological education is systematized in the context of the postgraduate educational system in the training of environmental educators. Methods of the theoretic level (analytical-synthetical, inductive-deductive, historic-logician and ascension from abstractness to concrete) to systematize information obtained from the bibliography and from the vocational experience of the author. The category value is analyzed aimed at using it unilaterally from the environmental perspective and it is concluded that it is much more objective, from the theoretical point of view, to assume the existence of an environmental dimension of universal values ​​rather than of strictly environmental values. It emphasizes on the importance of the stimulation of the person's valuating activity for education, from a precise notion of the system of virtues and character strengths. Five basic values are identified ​​ (sensitivity, tolerance, solidarity loyalty, responsibility, cooperative participation and dignity) to be developed in an environmental educator to ensure, from the axiological point of view, his performance in the preparation of different social sectors to strengthen their necessary contribution to ecological sustainability.

Aproximación a los valores del educador ambiental / Approach to environmental educator values

Se fundamenta la concepción teórica general de la educación axiológica en el contexto del sistema de enseñanza de postgrado para la formación de educadores ambientales. Se aplicaron los métodos del nivel teórico analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico y ascensión de lo abstracto a lo concreto, con la intención de sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de la experiencia profesional de los autores. Se defiende la idea de considerar la existencia de una dimensión ambiental de valores universales, en lugar de hacer referencia a valores estrictamente ambientales. Se enfatiza en la importancia que, para la educación, adquiere la estimulación de la actividad valorativa del sujeto, a partir de una noción precisa del sistema de virtudes y fortalezas del carácter. Se identifican cinco valores básicos a desarrollar en el educador ambiental (la sensibilidad, la tolerancia, la lealtad solidaria, la responsabilidad, la participación cooperativa y la dignidad), para asegurar, desde el punto de vista axiológico, su desempeño en la preparación de diferentes sectores sociales y consolidar la necesaria contribución de los mismos a la sostenibilidad ecológica(AU)

In this paper a general theoretical conception of axiological education is systematized in the context of the postgraduate educational system in the training of environmental educators. Methods of the theoretic level (analytical-synthetical, inductive-deductive, historic-logician and ascension from abstractness to concrete) to systematize information obtained from the bibliography and from the vocational experience of the author. The category value is analyzed aimed at using it unilaterally from the environmental perspective and it is concluded that it is much more objective, from the theoretical point of view, to assume the existence of an environmental dimension of universal values ​​rather than of strictly environmental values. It emphasizes on the importance of the stimulation of the persons valuating activity for education, from a precise notion of the system of virtues and character strengths. Five basic values are identified ​​ (sensitivity, tolerance, solidarity loyalty, responsibility, cooperative participation and dignity) to be developed in an environmental educator to ensure, from the axiological point of view, his performance in the preparation of different social sectors to strengthen their necessary contribution to ecological sustainability(AU)

La teoría biológica del conocimiento como puente de articulación entre las ciencias naturales y sociales / The biological theory of knowledge as a bridge of articulation between the natural and social sciences

Con el objetivo de fundamentar la importancia de la teoría biológica del conocimiento de Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela y sus seguidores para comprender la articulación entre los fenómenos biológicos y sociales, se aplicaron los métodos del nivel teórico analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico y ascensión de lo abstracto a lo concreto, con la intención de sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de la experiencia profesional del autor, con énfasis en la formación de masters y doctores en pedagogía. Desde esta posición teórica, se explica la aparición de las formas básicas de la cognición en el operar de sistemas autopoiéticos y la su importancia que, en la evolución hacia formas más complejas como la conciencia reflexiva, tuvo la coordinación del comportamiento para un acoplamiento estructural conjunto al entorno. Se realizan valoraciones sobre el posicionamiento de esta teoría en el contexto de la filosofía, sociología, psicología y de las ciencias de la educación contemporáneas(AU)

The importance of the biological theory of the knowledge (Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela and his followers), for understanding the existent articulation between the biological and social phenomena, are explained. Methods of the theoretic level (analytical-synthetical, inductive-deductive, historic-logician and ascension from abstractness to concrete) to systematize information obtained from the bibliography and from the vocational experience of the author, with emphasis in doctors' and masters' formation in pedagogy were used. From this theoretic position, the appearing of the elemental forms of the cognition in the operation of the autopoietic systems and the importance of the coordination of the behaviour for a join structural connection with the environment, for the evolution toward more complexes forms like the reflexive conscience are explained. Some valuations about the positioning of this theory in the contemporary context of the philosophy, sociology, psychology and the sciences of the education are presented(AU)

La teoría biológica del conocimiento como puente de articulación entre las ciencias naturales y sociales / The biological theory of knowledge as a bridge of articulation between the natural and social sciences

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de fundamentar la importancia de la teoría biológica del conocimiento de Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela y sus seguidores para comprender la articulación entre los fenómenos biológicos y sociales, se aplicaron los métodos del nivel teórico analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico y ascensión de lo abstracto a lo concreto, con la intención de sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de la experiencia profesional del autor, con énfasis en la formación de masters y doctores en pedagogía. Desde esta posición teórica, se explica la aparición de las formas básicas de la cognición en el operar de sistemas autopoiéticos y la su importancia que, en la evolución hacia formas más complejas como la conciencia reflexiva, tuvo la coordinación del comportamiento para un acoplamiento estructural conjunto al entorno. Se realizan valoraciones sobre el posicionamiento de esta teoría en el contexto de la filosofía, sociología, psicología y de las ciencias de la educación contemporáneas.

ABSTRACT The importance of the biological theory of the knowledge (Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela and his followers), for understanding the existent articulation between the biological and social phenomena, are explained. Methods of the theoretic level (analytical-synthetical, inductive-deductive, historic-logician and ascension from abstractness to concrete) to systematize information obtained from the bibliography and from the vocational experience of the author, with emphasis in doctors' and masters' formation in pedagogy were used. From this theoretic position, the appearing of the elemental forms of the cognition in the operation of the autopoietic systems and the importance of the coordination of the behaviour for a join structural connection with the environment, for the evolution toward more complexes forms like the reflexive conscience are explained. Some valuations about the positioning of this theory in the contemporary context of the philosophy, sociology, psychology and the sciences of the education are presented.

Development of Conductivity Sensors for Multi-Phase Flow Local Measurements at the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV) and University Jaume I of Castellon (UJI).

This paper describes all the procedures and methods currently used at UPV (Universitat Politécnica de Valencia) and UJI (University Jaume I) for the development and use of sensors for multi-phase flow analysis in vertical pipes. This paper also describes the methods that we use to obtain the values of the two-phase flow magnitudes from the sensor signals and the validation and cross-verification methods developed to check the consistency of the results obtained for these magnitudes with the sensors. First, we provide information about the procedures used to build the multi-sensor conductivity probes and some of the tests performed with different materials to avoid sensor degradation issues. In addition, we provide information about the characteristics of the electric circuits that feed the sensors. Then the data acquisition of the conductivity probe, the signal conditioning and the data processing including the device that have been designed to automatize all the measurement process of moving the sensors inside the channels by means of stepper electric motors controlled by computer are shown in operation. Then, we explain the methods used for bubble identification and categorization. Finally, we describe the methodology used to obtain the two-phase flow information from the sensor signals. This includes the following items: void fraction, gas velocity, Sauter mean diameter and interfacial area concentration. The last part of this paper is devoted to the conductance probes developed for the annular flow analysis, which includes the analysis of the interfacial waves produced in annular flow and that requires a different type of sensor.

Escara necrótica y linfadenopatías cervicales tras una picadura de garrapata: TIBOLA / Necrotic eschar and neck lymphadenopathy after tick bite: TIBOLA

La linfadenopatía por picadura de garrapata (TIBOLA, por sus siglas en inglés: tick-borne lymphadenopathy) es una enfermedad emergente causada por Rickettsia slovaca. Es una zoonosis transmitida por la picadura de la garrapata Dermacentor marginatus. Los pacientes afectados presentan una escara necrótica rodeada de un halo eritematoso en el cuero cabelludo, así como adenopatías regionales dolorosas. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 4 años de edad con escara necrótica y linfadenopatías cervicales dolorosas tras una picadura de garrapata (AU)

Tick-borne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA) is an emerging dise­ase caused by Rickettsia slovaca. It is a zoonoses transmitted to humans by Dermacentor marginatus tick-bite. Patients presents with a necrotic eschar surrounded by a perilesional erythematous halo on the scalp and painful regional lymphadenopathies. We present a case of a 4-years old girl with necrotic eschar on the scalp and painful cervical lymphadenopathy after tick bite (AU)

Autolesiones sin intención suicida en una muestra de niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de México / Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in a Community Sample of Older Children and Adolescents of Mexico City

Introducción: En México como en otros países los estudios no distinguen entre los intentos de suicidio (IS) delas autolesiones con (A+) y sin intención de suicidio (A-). El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las autolesiones y su prevalencia a partir de varias definiciones, además de estudiar la frecuencia de los criterios propuestos del DSM-5 para las autolesiones sin intención suicida en adolescentes de ambos sexos. Metodología: El estudio fue observacional, descriptivo, transversal, comparativo a partir de una muestra no probabilística de adolescentes de ambos sexos de escuelas secundarias oficiales que contestaron la cédula de autolesiones. Resultados: Los participantes fueron 533 adolescentes con una edad (M=13.37, DE 0.95) y un rango de 11 a 17años, 54% del sexo femenino. La prevalencia de (A-) definida con los criterios de autolesiones propuestos para el DSM-5 fue del 5.6% (N=30), con una definición amplia a partir de sólo el ítem 51(¿Te lastimas sin la intención de quitarte la vida?) fue del 17.1% (N=140), en el último mes (1-3 eventos) fue del 9.9% (N=53), en los últimos 6 meses (1-3 eventos) fue del 11.6% (N=62) y en el último año (5 eventos) fue del 12.6 % (N=67). La edad de inicio fue de 11.9 ± 1.39, (rango 6-15 años). La mayoría de los criterios del DSM-5 tuvieron mayor frecuencia en las niñas que los niños. Conclusiones: Las autolesiones con y sin intención de suicidio son muy frecuentes en la comunidad. Se discuten aspectos importantes para la toma de decisiones en el ámbito escolar y médico

Introduction: In Mexico, as in other countries, studies do not distinguish between attempted suicide and suicidal and non suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The aim of this study was to investigate self-injury and its prevalence using several definitions, in addition to studying the frequency of the proposed DSM-5 criteria for NSSI in adolescent girls and boys. Methodology: The study was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and comparative using a nonrandomized sample of adolescent girls and boys from official high schools who completed the self-injury questionnaire. Results: The participants were 533 older children and adolescents with a mean (SD) age of 13.37 (0.95) years, age range 11 to 17 years, and 54% female sex distribution. The prevalence of NSSI defined according to proposed DSM-5 criteria was 5.6% (N=30) and, according to a broad definition using only item 51 ("Do you hurt yourself without intending to end your life?"), 17.1% (N=140). Prevalence defined by the number of events in the last month (1-3 events) was 9.9% (N=53), in the last 6 months (1-3 events), 11.6% (N=62), and in the last year (5 events), 12.6% (N=67).The age at onset was 11.9 (1.39) years (range 6-15 years).Most DSM-5 criteria were more frequent in girls than boys. Conclusions: Suicidal and non suicidal self-injury are frequent in the community. Important points for decision making in schools and medical practice are discussed

Hacia un enfoque sistémico de las contradicciones en la investigación educativa / Towards a system approach to dialectical contradictions in research in education

Se fundamenta una concepción sistémica de las contradicciones a tener en cuenta en la investigación educativa, en la que se incluyen las de esencia lógico formal y las de índole dialéctica (externas e internas). Se trabajó con métodos propios del nivel teórico del conocimiento para sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de las experiencias en la formación de doctores en Pedagogía registradas por el autor. Se ofrecen pautas metodológicas básicas para valorar las contradicciones develadas al comunicar los resultados científicos(AU)

A systemic conception of the contradictions to keep in mind in the educational investigations is presented. In this general understanding the contradiction type logical - formal and of dialectical nature (external and intern) are included. Methods of the theoretical level of the knowledge (analytic - synthetic, inductive - deductive, historical - logical and the system focus) were utilized to systematize information coming from the consulted bibliography and of experiences in Ph. D. in Pedagogy tuition, registered by the author. Some basic methodological rules are offered to value the devalued contradictions when communicating the scientific results(AU)

Hacia un enfoque sistémico de las contradicciones en la investigación educativa / Towards a system approach to dialectical contradictions in research in education

Se fundamenta una concepción sistémica de las contradicciones a tener en cuenta en la investigación educativa, en la que se incluyen las de esencia lógico formal y las de índole dialéctica (externas e internas). Se trabajó con métodos propios del nivel teórico del conocimiento para sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de las experiencias en la formación de doctores en Pedagogía registradas por el autor. Se ofrecen pautas metodológicas básicas para valorar las contradicciones develadas al comunicar los resultados científicos.

A systemic conception of the contradictions to keep in mind in the educational investigations is presented. In this general understanding the contradiction type logical - formal and of dialectical nature (external and intern) are included. Methods of the theoretical level of the knowledge (analytic - synthetic, inductive - deductive, historical - logical and the system focus) were utilized to systematize information coming from the consulted bibliography and of experiences in Ph. D. in Pedagogy tuition, registered by the author. Some basic methodological rules are offered to value the devalued contradictions when communicating the scientific results.