Overview of Systematic Reviews of Health Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Children.

(1) Background: The importance of studying the health interventions used to prevent and treat overweight and obesity in school-aged children is imperative. This overview aimed to summarize systematic reviews that assess the effects of school-based, family, and mixed health interventions for preventing and treating overweight and obesity in school-aged children. (2) Methods: The Cochrane Collaboration methodology and PRISMA statement were followed. A search was conducted using terms adapted to 12 databases. Systematic reviews reporting interventions in children from six to 12 years old with an outcome related to preventing or treating obesity and overweight were included. Studies with pharmacological or surgical interventions and adolescents were excluded. (3) Results: A total of 15,226 registers were identified from databases and citation searching. Of those, ten systematic reviews published between 2013 and 2022 were included. After the overlap, 331 interventions for children between 6 and 12 years old were identified, and 61.6% involved physical activity and nutrition/diet intervention. Multicomponent intervention, combining physical activity with nutrition and behavioral change, school-based plus community-based interventions may be more effective in reducing overweight and obesity in children. (4) Conclusions: Plenty of interventions for childhood overweight and obesity aimed at prevention and treatment were identified, but there is a gap in the methodological quality preventing the establishment of a certain recommendation.

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become fragile due to low bone density and impaired bone quality. This results in fractures that lead to higher morbidity and reduced quality of life. Osteoporosis is considered a major public health concern worldwide. For this reason, preventive measurements need to be addressed throughout the life course. Exercise and a healthy diet are among the lifestyle factors that can help prevent the disease, the latter including intake of key micronutrients for bone, such as calcium and vitamin D. The evidence on whether supplementation with calcium and vitamin D improves bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal women is still inconclusive. In this age group, bone accrual is considered to be the goal of supplementation, so BMD is relevant for the future stages of life. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, alone or in combination, to increase the BMD, reduce fractures, and report the potential adverse events in healthy premenopausal women compared to placebo. SEARCH METHODS: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search was 12 April 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials in healthy premenopausal women (with or without calcium or vitamin D deficiency) comparing supplementation of calcium or vitamin D (or both) at any dose and by any route of administration versus placebo for at least three months. Vitamin D could have been administered as cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) or ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Outcomes included total hip bone mineral density (BMD), lumbar spine BMD, quality of life, new symptomatic vertebral fractures, new symptomatic non-vertebral fractures, withdrawals due to adverse events, serious adverse events, all reported adverse events and additional withdrawals for any reason. MAIN RESULTS: We included seven RCTs with 941 participants, of whom 138 were randomised to calcium supplementation, 110 to vitamin D supplementation, 271 to vitamin D plus calcium supplementation, and 422 to placebo. Mean age ranged from 18.1 to 42.1 years. Studies reported results for total hip or lumbar spine BMD (or both) and withdrawals for various reasons, but none reported fractures or withdrawals for adverse events or serious adverse events. Results for the reported outcomes are presented for the three comparisons: calcium versus placebo, vitamin D versus placebo, and calcium plus vitamin D versus placebo. In all comparisons, there was no clinical difference in outcomes, and the certainty of the evidence was moderate to low. Most studies were at risk of selection, performance, detection, and reporting biases. Calcium versus placebo Four studies compared calcium versus placebo (138 participants in the calcium group and 123 in the placebo group) with mean ages from 18.0 to 47.3 years. Calcium supplementation may have little to no effect on total hip or lumbar spine BMD after 12 months in three studies and after six months in one study (total hip BMD: mean difference (MD) -0.04 g/cm2, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.11 to 0.03; I2 = 71%; 3 studies, 174 participants; low-certainty evidence; lumbar spine BMD: MD 0 g/cm2, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.06; I2 = 71%; 4 studies, 202 participants; low-certainty evidence). Calcium alone supplementation does not reduce or increase the withdrawals in the trials (risk ratio (RR) 0.78, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.16; I2 = 0%; 4 studies, 261 participants: moderate-certainty evidence). Vitamin D versus placebo Two studies compared vitamin D versus placebo (110 participants in the vitamin D group and 79 in the placebo group), with mean ages from 18.0 to 32.7 years. These studies reported lumbar spine BMD as a mixture of MDs and percent of change and we were unable to pool the results. In the original studies, there were no differences in lumbar BMD between groups. Vitamin D alone supplementation does not reduce or increase withdrawals for any reason between groups (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.19; moderate-certainty evidence). Calcium plus vitamin D versus placebo Two studies compared calcium plus vitamin D versus placebo (271 participants in the calcium plus vitamin D group and 270 in the placebo group; 220 participants from Woo 2007 and 50 participants from Islam 2010). The mean age range was 18.0 to 36 years. These studies measured different anatomic areas, one study reported total hip BMD and the other study reported lumbar spine BMD; therefore, data were not pooled for this outcome. The individual studies found no difference between groups in percent of change on total hip BMD (-0.03, 95% CI -0.06 to 0; moderate-certainty evidence), and lumbar spine BMD (MD 0.01, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.03; moderate-certainty evidence). Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation may not reduce or increase withdrawals for any reason (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.29 to 2.35; I2 = 72%; 2 studies, 541 participants; low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support the isolated or combined use of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in healthy premenopausal women as a public health intervention to improve BMD in the total hip or lumbar spine, and therefore it is unlikely to have a benefit for the prevention of fractures (vertebral and non-vertebral). The evidence found suggests that there is no need for future studies in the general population of premenopausal women; however, studies focused on populations with a predisposition to diseases related to bone metabolism, or with low bone mass or osteoporosis diagnosed BMD would be useful.

Evidence based Latin American Guidelines of clinical practice on prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. A 2022 update : This manuscript has been produced under the auspices of the Committee of National Societies (CNS) and the Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF).

Guidelines and recommendations developed and endorsed by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) are intended to provide guidance for particular pattern of practice for physicians who usually prescribe glucocorticoid (GC) therapy, and not to dictate the care of a particular patient. Adherence to the recommendations within this guideline is voluntary and the ultimate determination regarding their application should be made by the physician in light of each patient's circumstances. Guidelines and recommendations are intended to promote a desirable outcome but cannot guarantee any specific outcome. This guideline and its recommendations are not intended to dictate payment, reimbursement or insurance decisions. Guidelines and recommendations are subjected to periodic revisions as a consequence of the evolution of medicine, technology and clinical practice. A panel of Latin American (LATAM) experts specialized in osteoporosis with recognized clinical experience in managing patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) met to produce evidence-based LATAM recommendations for the diagnosis and management of GIO. These guidelines are particularly intended to general practitioners and primary care physicians who prescribe GC treatments in LATAM to guide their daily clinical practice in terms of evaluation, prevention and treatment of GIO. These recommendations were based on systematic literature review using MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and COCHRANE Library database during the period from 2012 to 2021. Randomized clinical trials (RCT), systematic reviews of RCT, controlled observational studies, guidelines and consensus were considered. Based on the review and expert opinion the panel members voted recommendations during two successive rounds of voting by panel members. Agreements for each statement were considered if a concordance of at least 70% was achieved following Delphi methodology. Grading of recommendations was made according to the Oxford Centre for the Evidence-based Medicine (EBM) criteria. Among five GIO guidelines and consensus initially identified, two of them (American College of Rheumatology 2017 and the Brazilian Guidelines 2021) were selected for comparison considering the latter as the most current guides in the LATAM region. Based on this methodology fifty statements were issued. All of them but four (1.20, 1.21, 1.23 and 4.2) attained agreement.

Effect Of Exercise on Muscle Mass, Fat Mass, Bone Mass, Muscular Strength and Physical Performance in Community Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The demographic transition makes it necessary to establish new recommendations about the components that are most affected by aging, such as: muscle mass, fat mass, bone mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. Exercise has been identified as a factor that improves those conditions. The aim of this review is to synthetize and analyze the results of exercise interventions on muscle mass, fat mass, bone mass, strength and physical performance in community dwelling older adults (OA). A systematic search was carried out in eleven databases, using validated terms as "aged", "exercise" and others. For the meta-analysis, we differentiated by type of exercise and outcome. Twenty-nine randomized clinical trials were obtained for the review and 24 clinical trials for meta-analysis. This study identified an increase of 1.0 kg (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.3 -1.7) in total muscle mass (TMM) and 0.4 kg (95%CI 0.0,0.7) in appendicular muscle mass (AMM); a decrease of -3.7 kg (95% CI -5.8, -1.5) in total fat mass and -3.7% (95%CI -5.8, -1.5) in fat percentage after the resistance exercise intervention by 2-3 times per week. A -3.0% (95%CI -4.6, -1.3) decrease was observed in fat percentage after the aerobic exercise intervention. The quality of the evidence was ranked from high to very low; the risk of bias most common was performance bias and other bias. This study suggests that resistance exercise is the intervention that shows a positive effect on muscle fat mass, and bone mass. More research is needed for other exercise interventions.

Overview of systematic reviews of health interventions that aim to prevent and treat overweight and obesity among children.

BACKGROUND: Childhood overweight and obesity is a global public health issue. Although there is evidence of a reduced prevalence in some countries, there is still much controversy about the efficacy of health interventions that aim to prevent and treat obesity in this specific population. The objective of the present study is to develop an overview of systematic reviews (OSRs) that assesses the effects of school-based, family, and multi-component health interventions for the prevention and treatment of obesity, change in physical activity, dietary, and/or hydration behaviors, and change in metabolic risk factors in school-aged children. METHODS: This protocol was developed using the methodology proposed by Cochrane. It outlines a comprehensive search in 12 electronic databases to identify systematic reviews of health interventions, including studies that evaluate and how to prevent and/or treat overweight and/or obesity in children aged 6 to 12 years. The risk of bias of the included Systematic Reviews will be assessed with the ROBIS tool. DISCUSSION: Since the OSRs methodology's purpose is only to harmonize evidence from open access publications, ethical consent is not necessary for the present protocol. In terms of diffusion, a paper will be submitted for publication in a scientific journal to describe the main results obtained through the OSRs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The present overview of the systematic review protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (ID number 218296).

CRISPR/Cas9-Directed Gene Trap Constitutes a Selection System for Corrected BCR/ABL Leukemic Cells in CML.

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a haematological neoplasm driven by the BCR/ABL fusion oncogene. The monogenic aspect of the disease and the feasibility of ex vivo therapies in haematological disorders make CML an excellent candidate for gene therapy strategies. The ability to abolish any coding sequence by CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases offers a powerful therapeutic opportunity to CML patients. However, a definitive cure can only be achieved when only CRISPR-edited cells are selected. A gene-trapping approach combined with CRISPR technology would be an ideal approach to ensure this. Here, we developed a CRISPR-Trap strategy that efficiently inserts a donor gene trap (SA-CMV-Venus) cassette into the BCR/ABL-specific fusion point in the CML K562 human cell line. The trapping cassette interrupts the oncogene coding sequence and expresses a reporter gene that enables the selection of edited cells. Quantitative mRNA expression analyses showed significantly higher level of expression of the BCR/Venus allele coupled with a drastically lower level of BCR/ABL expression in Venus+ cell fractions. Functional in vitro experiments showed cell proliferation arrest and apoptosis in selected Venus+ cells. Finally, xenograft experiments with the selected Venus+ cells showed a large reduction in tumour growth, thereby demonstrating a therapeutic benefit in vivo. This study represents proof of concept for the therapeutic potential of a CRISPR-Trap system as a novel strategy for gene elimination in haematological neoplasms.

Short- and long-term prognostic factors associated with functional recovery in elderly patients with hip fracture: A systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to identify short- and long-term associated factors to functional recovery of elderly hip fracture patients after discharge. We identified 43 studies reporting 74 associated factors to functional recovery; most of them were biological, sociodemographic, or inherent factors to patients' baseline characteristics, including their pre-facture functional capacity. PURPOSE: This systematic review aimed to identify short- and long-term associated factors to functional recovery of elderly hip fracture patients after hospital discharge. We assessed the use of the hip fracture core-set and key-performance indicators for secondary fracture reduction. METHODS: A search was performed in seven electronic databases. Observational studies reporting predictors after usual care of elderly patients with hip fracture diagnoses receiving surgical or conservative treatment were included. Primary outcomes considered were part of the domains corresponding to functional capacity. RESULTS: Of 3873 references identified, and after the screening and selection process, 43 studies were included. Sixty-one functional measures were identified for ten functional outcomes, including BADLs, IADLs, ambulation, and mobility. Biological characteristics such as age, sex, comorbidities, cognitive status, nutritional state, and biochemical parameters are significantly associated. Determinants such as contact and size of social network and those related to institutional care quality are relevant for functional recovery at six and 12 months. Age, pre-fracture function, cognitive status, and complications continue to be associated five years after discharge. We found 74 associated factors to functional recovery of elderly hip fracture patients. Ten of the studies reported rehabilitation programs as suggested in KPI 9; none used the complete hip fracture core-set. CONCLUSION: Most of the associated factors for functional recovery of elderly hip fracture were biological, sociodemographic, or inherent factors to patients' baseline characteristics, including their pre-facture functional capacity. For the core-set and KPI's, we found an insufficient use and report. This study reports 61 different instruments to measure functional capacity. REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO (CRD42020149563).

Fragility fractures: proposal of the best practice through the fracture coordination units: the experience of Mexico.

Fragility fractures represent a health problem in Mexico and in the world. This paper reviews and puts forward the implementation of Fracture Liaison Services (FLS) as a feasible and cost-effective alternative in health institutions in our country through the identification, treatment, and follow-up of this type of fractures.

Vitamin D concentration and its association with parathyroid hormone in children and adolescents / Concentración de vitamina D y su relación con la hormona paratiroidea en niños y adolescentes

Abstract Background: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been inversely associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the adult population but not in children and adolescents. This study aimed to report VD concentration and its correlation with PTH levels in a sample of healthy Mexican children. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 275 healthy Mexican subjects aged 2 to 17 years to estimate the status of 25-(OH)-D and its correlation with PTH levels. The 25-(OH)-D levels were estimated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and PTH by radioimmunoassay. Results: Subjects were categorized as young children (2 to 5 years), school children (6 to 10 years), and adolescents (11 to 17 years). The median concentration of 25-(OH)-D in young children was 27.4 ng/ml; in school children, 25.6 ng/ml; and adolescents, 24.7 ng/ml. VD levels < 20 ng/ml were found in only 10.5% of the participants. Only 3% of the young children showed VD deficiency, in contrast to 10% of school children and 21% of adolescents (p ≤ 0.05). PTH was found within normal ranges in 95.6% of the studied population. VD levels < 20 mg/dl were found in 25.8% of children with overweight or obesity (p = 0.009). Conclusions: VD levels < 20 ng/ml were observed in 10% of the studied group, but this percentage increased with age: 21% of the adolescents showed VD levels < 20 ng/ml. No correlation with PTH levels was found. The VD values reported in this study are lower than those previously reported in Mexican children.

Resumen Introducción: La deficiencia de vitamina D se ha asociado inversamente con la concentración de hormona paratiroidea (PTH) en los adultos, pero no en los niños y adolescentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar la concentración de vitamina D y su correlación con la concentración de PTH en una muestra de niños mexicanos sanos. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal con 275 mexicanos sanos de 2 a 17 años de edad en quienes se estimaron las concentraciones de 25-(OH)-D utilizando cromatografía líquida con espectrometría de masas y de PTH por radioinmunoensayo, y su correlación. Resultados: Los participantes se categorizaron como prescolares (2 a 5 años), escolares (6 a 10 años) y adolescentes (11 a 17 años). La mediana de la concentración de 25-(OH)-D en los prescolares fue de 27.4 ng/ml, en los escolares de 25.6 ng/ml y en los adolescentes de 24.7 ng/ml. Solo en el 10.5% de los participantes se encontraron valores de vitamina D < 20 ng/ml. En contraste con el 10% de los escolares y el 21% de los adolescentes, solo el 3% de los prescolares mostraron deficiencia de vitamina D (p ≤ 0.05). La PTH se encontró dentro de los límites normales en el 95.6% de la población estudiada. Se encontraron concentraciones de vitamina D < 20 mg/dl en el 25.8% de los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad (p = 0.009). Conclusiones: Solo en el 10% de los participantes se encontraron concentraciones de vitamina D < 20 ng/ml, pero este porcentaje aumento con la edad y se hallaron valores < 20 ng/ml en el 21% de los adolescentes. La PTH se encontró dentro de los valores normales. Las concentraciones de vitamina D en este estudio resultaron menores que las previamente reportadas en niños mexicanos.

Vitamin D concentration and its association with parathyroid hormone in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been inversely associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the adult population but not in children and adolescents. This study aimed to report VD concentration and its correlation with PTH levels in a sample of healthy Mexican children. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 275 healthy Mexican subjects aged 2 to 17 years to estimate the status of 25-(OH)-D and its correlation with PTH levels. The 25-(OH)-D levels were estimated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and PTH by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Subjects were categorized as young children (2 to 5 years), school children (6 to 10 years), and adolescents (11 to 17 years). The median concentration of 25-(OH)-D in young children was 27.4 ng/ml; in school children, 25.6 ng/ml; and adolescents, 24.7 ng/ml. VD levels < 20 ng/ml were found in only 10.5% of the participants. Only 3% of the young children showed VD deficiency, in contrast to 10% of school children and 21% of adolescents (p ≤ 0.05). PTH was found within normal ranges in 95.6% ofthe studied population. VD levels < 20 mg/dl were found in 25.8% of children with overweight or obesity (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: VD levels < 20 ng/ml were observed in 10% of the studied group, but this percentage increased with age:21% of the adolescents showed VD levels < 20 ng/ml. No correlation with PTH levels was found. The VD values reported inthis study are lower than those previously reported in Mexican children.

Osteoporosis severa: fundamentos para su terapia farmacológica en México / Severe osteoporosis: Principles for pharmacological therapy in Mexico

Antecedentes: El presente artículo muestra la evidencia y recomendaciones de la eficacia y seguridad de las terapias hasta hoy aprobadas y disponibles en México para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis en su etapa severa o establecida, con la finalidad de establecer una postura terapéutica acerca de la eficacia y seguridad para esta etapa del padecimiento, de acuerdo con las cédulas descriptivas del Cuadro Básico y Catálogo de Medicamentos del Sector Salud en México. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y narrativa de la evidencia de teriparatida y denosumab, desde su perfil farmacológico, efectividad y seguridad derivado de ensayos clínicos, además de un análisis de las recomendaciones generales de las principales guías de práctica clínica nacionales e internacionales. Resultados: La evidencia establece que teriparatida y denosumab pertenecen a clases terapéuticas distintas, con mecanismos de acción biológicamente opuestos e indicaciones de uso claramente diferenciadas en sus respectivas cédulas, por lo cual no son sustituibles ni intercambiables en la terapia de osteoporosis severa. Ambas representan la mejor opción disponible hasta el momento para esta etapa del padecimiento. Son similares en su eficacia de prevención de nuevas fracturas vertebrales por fragilidad, con un RR de 0,35 (IC 95%: 0,22-0,55) para teriparatida, y de 0,32 (IC 95%: 0,26-0,41) para denosumab. La reducción absoluta del riesgo es mayor con teriparatida 9,3% (21 meses) que con denosumab 4,8% (36 meses). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados concuerdan con las recomendaciones disponibles en las principales guías de práctica clínica nacionales e internacionales, por lo que son propuestas ambas terapias como consecutivas y nunca como sustitutivas.(AU)

Background: This article presents evidence and recommendations regarding the efficacy and safety of the approved and available therapies in Mexico to treat severe or established osteoporosis with the aim of developing a position regarding therapeutics in this stage of the disease, according to the descriptive cards of the National Drug Formulary of the National General Health Council of Mexico. Methods: We performed a systematic and narrative review of the evidence of teriparatide and denosumab, from their pharmacological profile, effectiveness, and safety derived from clinical trials, as well as an analysis of the general recommendations of the national and international clinical practice guidelines. Results: The evidence establishes that teriparatide and denosumab belong to different therapeutic classes, with biologically opposed mechanisms of action and indications of use, which are clearly differentiated in their respective national codes, therefore these drugs cannot be substitutable or interchangeable in severe osteoporosis therapy. Both represent the best options currently available for this stage of the disease; being similar in their efficacy in preventing new vertebral fragility fractures, with an RR of .35 (CI 95%; .22-.55) for teriparatide, and .32 (CI 95%: .26-.41) for denosumab. The absolute risk reduction is higher with teriparatide 9.3% (21 months) compared with denosumab at 4.8% (36 months). Conclusions: Our results agree with the recommendations available in national and international clinical practice guidelines, with both therapies proposed as a sequential, but not a substitute, treatment.(AU)

Severe osteoporosis: Principles for pharmacological therapy in Mexico. / Osteoporosis severa: fundamentos para su terapia farmacológica en México.

BACKGROUND: This article presents evidence and recommendations regarding the efficacy and safety of the approved and available therapies in Mexico to treat severe or established osteoporosis with the aim of developing a position regarding therapeutics in this stage of the disease, according to the descriptive cards of the National Drug Formulary of the National General Health Council of Mexico. METHODS: We performed a systematic and narrative review of the evidence of teriparatide and denosumab, from their pharmacological profile, effectiveness, and safety derived from clinical trials, as well as an analysis of the general recommendations of the national and international clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: The evidence establishes that teriparatide and denosumab belong to different therapeutic classes, with biologically opposed mechanisms of action and indications of use, which are clearly differentiated in their respective national codes, therefore these drugs cannot be substitutable or interchangeable in severe osteoporosis therapy. Both represent the best options currently available for this stage of the disease; being similar in their efficacy in preventing new vertebral fragility fractures, with an RR of .35 (CI 95%; .22-.55) for teriparatide, and .32 (CI 95%: .26-.41) for denosumab. The absolute risk reduction is higher with teriparatide 9.3% (21 months) compared with denosumab at 4.8% (36 months). CONCLUSIONS: Our results agree with the recommendations available in national and international clinical practice guidelines, with both therapies proposed as a sequential, but not a substitute, treatment.

Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Dietary Patterns in Children Under 24 Months of Age: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Understanding early-life complementary feeding dietary patterns and their determining factors could lead to better ways of improving nutrition in early childhood. The purpose of this review was to evaluate evidence of the association between sociodemographic factors and dietary patterns (DPs) in children under 24 months. METHODS: Medline (PubMed), Cochrane Central, NICE guidelines, and Trip database were searched for observational studies that evaluated sociodemographic factors and their associations with DP. RESULTS: Seven studies were selected for the present review. High education level among mothers was inversely associated with unhealthy DPs and positively associated with healthy DPs. Higher household income was negatively associated with unhealthy DPs. Four studies showed a positive association between low household income and unhealthy DPs and three studies showed a positive association between higher household income and healthy DPs. Additionally, in younger mothers, body mass index (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and number of children were positively associated with unhealthy DPs. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides evidence of a positive association between mothers' higher education level, higher household income, higher maternal age, and healthy dietary patterns as well as a negative association between these factors and unhealthy dietary patterns. Further studies from low- and middle-income countries are needed for comparison with associations showed in this review.

Estimating the prevalence of hepatitis C among intravenous drug users in upper middle income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: This systematic review and meta-analysis characterizes the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among intravenous drug users (IDUs) in upper middle-income countries. METHODS: Five databases were searched from 1990-2016 for studies that took place in countries with a GDP per capita of $7,000 to $13,000 USD. The data extraction was performed based on information regarding prevalence, sample size, age of participants, duration of intravenous drug use (IDU), recruitment location, dates of data collection, study design, sampling scheme, type of tests used in identifying antibody reactivity to HCV, and the use of confirmatory tests. The synthesis was performed with a random effects model. The Cochrane statistical Q-test was used to evaluate the statistical heterogeneity of the results. RESULTS: The 33 studies included in the analysis correspond to a sample of seven countries and 23,342 observations. The point prevalence value estimates and confidence intervals of the random effects model were 0.729 and 0.644-0.800, respectively for all seven countries, and were greatest for China (0.633; 0.522-0.732) as compared to Brazil (0.396; 0.249-0.564). Prevalence for Montenegro (0.416; 0.237-0.621) and Malaysia (0.475; 0.177-0.792) appear to be intermediate. Mexico (0.960) and Mauritania (0.973) had only one study with the largest prevalence. A clear association was not observed between age or duration of IDU and prevalence of HCV, but the data from some groups may indicate a possible relationship. The measures of heterogeneity (Q and I2) suggest a high level of heterogeneity in studies conducted at the country level and by groups of countries. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that the pooled prevalence of HCV was high (0.729) among a group of seven upper middle income countries. However, there was significant variation in the prevalence of HCV observed in China (0.633) and Brazil (0.396).

Dietary Patterns, Bone Mineral Density, and Risk of Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence on the relation between dietary patterns, bone mineral density (BMD), and risk of fracture in different age groups. Medline and Embase were searched for articles that identified dietary patterns and related these to BMD or risk of fracture through May 2018. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) comparing the lowest and highest categories of dietary pattern were combined by using a random effects meta-analysis. In total, 31 studies were selected for review, including 18 cohorts, 1 case-control, and 12 cross-sectional studies, in the meta-analysis of Prudent/healthy and Western/unhealthy dietary pattern, BMD, and risk of fracture. There was evidence of a lower risk of fracture when intakes in the highest categories were compared with the lowest categories of Prudent/healthy dietary pattern (OR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.69, 0.95; p = 0.01). In contrast, when intakes in the highest categories were compared with the lowest categories of Western/unhealthy dietary pattern, a greater risk of fracture (OR = 1.10; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.19; p = 0.01) was observed among men. The present systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence of an inverse association between a Prudent/healthy dietary pattern and risk of low BMD and a positive relation between Western/unhealthy dietary pattern and risk of low BMD.

Vitamin D, not iron, is the main nutrient deficiency in pre-school and school-aged children in Mexico City: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: In 2012, the Mexican National Health Survey showed a moderate prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency, around 16%, in a national representative sample of children. A decreasing prevalence of anemia during the last 15 years has been observed in Mexico. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of vitamin D in children 3-8 years old in four different locations within the metropolitan area of Mexico City and to compare them to levels of iron and zinc as references of nutritional status. METHODS: One hundred and seventeen healthy children aged 3-8 years attending four hospitals in Mexico City were invited to participate. All children received medical and nutritional evaluation, and blood samples were obtained. RESULTS: Children were selected in the four hospitals between April and August 2008. More than half (51.3%) were boys; their average age was 5.5 ± 1.6 years. The mean height and weight of the children were 112.1 ± 11.2 cm and 20.2 ± 4.9 kg respectively, with a body mass index [BMI] of 15.8 ± 1.7 kg/m². The mean Z-score (BMI) was 0.007 ± 0.999. The prevalence of subjects with deficient levels of 25-OH-vitamin D (<50 nmol/l) was 24.77%. None of the children had haemoglobin levels below the anaemia threshold, and zinc determination revealed 8.26% of individuals with deficient levels (<65 µg/dL). These data confirm the findings reported in the latest National Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2012) about the sustained reduction of anaemia prevalence among preschool and schoolchildren since 1999 and the rising rates of vitamin D deficiency in the same population. Similar to other studies, we found a link between socioeconomic status and the deficiency of micronutrients, these being markers of better nutrition, and vitamin D is remarkably related to the quality of the diet. This finding has not been considered in our population before. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of a sustained decrease of anaemia in Mexican children due to general enrichment of foods and focus on vulnerable populations, while vitamin D deficiency seems to have increased. More studies are needed to obtain more information on vitamin D levels at different ages and definition of susceptible groups in order to investigate the possibility of general population measures such as enrichment, which have proven to be effective.

Vitamin D, not iron, is the main nutrient deficiency in pre-school and school-aged children in Mexico City: a cross-sectional study / La vitamina D, y no el hierro, es la principal deficiencia nutricional en niños preescolares y escolares en la ciudad de México: un estudio transversal

Introduction: In 2012, the Mexican National Health Survey (ENSANUT 2012) showed a moderate prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency, around 16%, in a national representative sample of children. A decreasing prevalence of anemia during the last 15 years has been observed in Mexico. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of vitamin D in children 3-8 years old in four different locations within the metropolitan area of Mexico City and to compare them to levels of iron and zinc as references of nutritional status. Methods: One hundred and seventeen healthy children aged 3-8 years attending four hospitals in Mexico City were invited to participate. All children received medical and nutritional evaluation, and blood samples were obtained. Results: Children were selected in four hospitals between April and August 2008. More than half (51.3%) were boys; their average age was 5.5 ± 1.6 years. The prevalence of subjects with deficient levels of 25-OH-vitamin D (< 50 nmol/L) was 24.77%. None of the children had haemoglobin levels below the anaemia threshold, and zinc determination revealed 8.26% of individuals with deficient levels (< 65 μg/dL). These data confirm the findings reported in ENSANUT about the sustained reduction of anaemia prevalence among preschool and schoolchildren and the rising rates of vitamin D deficiency in the same population. Similar to other studies, we found a link between socioeconomic status and micronutrient deficiency, these being markers of better nutrition, and vitamin D is remarkably related to the quality of the diet. This finding has not been considered in our population before. Conclusions: There is evidence of a sustained decrease of anaemia in Mexican children due to general enrichment of foods and focus on vulnerable populations, while vitamin D deficiency seems to have increased. More studies are needed to obtain more information on vitamin D levels at different ages and definition of susceptible groups in order to investigate the possibility of general population measures such as enrichment, which have proven to be effective (AU)

Introducción: en 2012 la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT) mostró una prevalencia moderada de deficiencia de vitamina D, alrededor del 16%, en una muestra de niños representativa del país. A su vez, la anemia carencial ha disminuido durante los últimos 15 años en México. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los niveles de vitamina D en niños de 3 a 8 años de edad en cuatro diferentes regiones dentro del área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México y compararlos con los niveles de hierro y zinc como referentes del estado nutricional. Métodos: ciento diecisiete niños sanos de 3 a 8 años de edad que regularmente asisten a cuatro diferentes hospitales en la Ciudad de México fueron invitados a participar. Todos los niños recibieron una evaluación médica y nutricional, y se obtuvieron muestras de sangre. Resultados: se reclutaron niños en los cuatro hospitales entre abril y agosto del 2008. Más de la mitad (51,3% fueron niños, su edad promedio fue de 5,5 ± 1,6 años. La prevalencia de sujetos con niveles deficientes de 25-OH-vitamina D (< 50 nmol/l) fue de 24,77%. Ninguno de los niños tuvo niveles de hemoglobina por debajo del umbral de la anemia y la determinación de zinc reveló que 8,26% de los individuos tenían niveles deficientes (< 65 μg/dl). Estos datos confirman los hallazgos reportados en el ENSANUT acerca de la reducción sostenida en la prevalencia de anemia en escolares y preescolares, pero también muestran que se eleva la de deficiencia de vitamina D en esta población. De forma similar a otros estudios, encontramos un vínculo entre el estatus socioeconómico y la deficiencia de micronutrimentos en tanto que estos son marcadores de mejor estado nutricional y la vitamina D se relaciona notablemente con la calidad de la dieta. Estos hallazgos no se han considerado previamente en nuestra población. Conclusiones: existen datos que sugieren una disminución progresiva de la anemia en niños mexicanos debido a una fortificación general de los alimentos y el enfoque en población vulnerable, mientras que la deficiencia de vitamina D parece haber incrementado. Se requieren más estudios para obtener más información acerca de los niveles de vitamina D en distintos grupos de edad y definir a los grupos susceptibles para investigar la posibilidad de llevar a cabo medidas de impacto en la población general como enriquecimiento de alimentos, que ha probado ser efectiva en otros nutrimentos (AU)

[GLUTAMINE AS AN AID IN THE RECOVERY OF MUSCLE STRENGTH: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE]. / GLUTAMINA COMO COADYUVANTE EN LA RECUPERACIÓN DE LA FUERZA MUSCULAR: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DE LA LITERATURA.

BACKGROUND: after a traumatic injury or post surgical orthopedic, the loss of skeletal muscle strength is common. In addition to strength training schemes and/or resistance to treatment, it has been proposed as an additional treatment, the use of some amino acids such as glutamine (Gln) in isolation or combination with other nutrients. However, the information on the effectiveness of oral Gln supplementation during exercise strength schemes and / or endurance in adults with strength deficit is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the strength of the evidence at hand about the effect of oral supplementation on muscle strength Gln set to strength training schemes and / or resistance in adult muscle strength deficit. METHODS: a systematic search was conducted in different databases, in clinical trials reported from the year 1980-2014, both in English and Spanish, about oral Gln supplementation alone or in combination with other nutrients, with a control group, in adults with strength deficits under exercise schemes of strength and / or endurance, tracking under a year and muscle power as the primary outcome. RESULTS: of 661 articles, six relevant studies were identified. The study participants in Gln isolation evaluation did not suggest changes between the groups, only an improvement in the perception of muscle weakness. Studies evaluating Gln with other nutrients, have reported results in favor of it. No meta-analysis was possible. CONCLUSIONS: nowadays there are insufficient data on the effects related to the Gln on the deficit of muscular force during exercise schemes in adults. It is required more research in this topic to respond more accurately about this fact.

Antecedentes: la pérdida de fuerza del músculo esquelético es frecuente tras una lesión traumática o en el postquirúrgico ortopédico. Además de los esquemas de ejercicio de fuerza y/o resistencia para su tratamiento, ha sido propuesto como auxiliar el uso de algunos aminoácidos como la glutamina (Gln), de manera aislada o combinada con otros nutrimentos. Sin embargo, la información sobre la eficacia de la suplementación oral con Gln durante los esquemas de ejercicio de fuerza y/o resistencia en adultos con déficit de fuerza es inconsistente. Objetivo: evaluar la solidez de la evidencia disponible del efecto de la suplementación oral con Gln sobre la fuerza muscular, junto con esquemas de ejercicio de fuerza y/o resistencia en adultos con déficit de fuerza muscular. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en diferentes bases de datos, de ensayos clínicos reportados desde el año 1980 a 2014, en idioma inglés y español, sobre suplementación oral con Gln aislada o combinada con otros nutrimentos, con grupo control, en adultos con déficit de fuerza, bajo esquemas de ejercicio de fuerza y/o resistencia, seguimiento menor a un año y fuerza muscular como desenlace primario. Resultados: de 661 artículos, se identificaron seis estudios relevantes. El estudio con más participantes que evaluó la Gln aislada no sugiere cambios entre los grupos, solo una mejoría en la percepción de la debilidad muscular. Los estudios que evaluaron la Gln con otros nutrimentos reportan resultados a favor de esta. No fue posible realizar un metanálisis. Conclusiones: actualmente no se dispone de suficientes datos de los efectos relacionados con la Gln sobre el déficit de fuerza muscular durante esquemas de ejercicio en adultos. Se requiere mayor investigación al respecto para responder con mayor solidez sobre este hecho.

Glutamina como coadyuvante en la recuperación de la fuerza muscular: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Glutamine as an aid in the recovery of muscle strength: systematic review of literature

Antecedentes: la pérdida de fuerza del músculo esquelético es frecuente tras una lesión traumática o en el postquirúrgico ortopédico. Además de los esquemas de ejercicio de fuerza y/o resistencia para su tratamiento, ha sido propuesto como auxiliar el uso de algunos aminoácidos como la glutamina (Gln), de manera aislada o combinada con otros nutrimentos. Sin embargo, la información sobre la eficacia de la suplementación oral con Gln durante los esquemas de ejercicio de fuerza y/o resistencia en adultos con déficit de fuerza es inconsistente. Objetivo: evaluar la solidez de la evidencia disponible del efecto de la suplementación oral con Gln sobre la fuerza muscular, junto con esquemas de ejercicio de fuerza y/o resistencia en adultos con déficit de fuerza muscular. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en diferentes bases de datos, de ensayos clínicos reportados desde el año 1980 a 2014, en idioma inglés y español, sobre suplementación oral con Gln aislada o combinada con otros nutrimentos, con grupo control, en adultos con déficit de fuerza, bajo esquemas de ejercicio de fuerza y/o resistencia, seguimiento menor a un año y fuerza muscular como desenlace primario. Resultados: de 661 artículos, se identificaron seis estudios relevantes. El estudio con más participantes que evaluó la Gln aislada no sugiere cambios entre los grupos, solo una mejoría en la percepción de la debilidad muscular. Los estudios que evaluaron la Gln con otros nutrimentos reportan resultados a favor de esta. No fue posible realizar un metanálisis. Conclusiones: actualmente no se dispone de suficientes datos de los efectos relacionados con la Gln sobre el déficit de fuerza muscular durante esquemas de ejercicio en adultos. Se requiere mayor investigación al respecto para responder con mayor solidez sobre este hecho (AU)

Background: after a traumatic injury or post surgical orthopedic, the loss of skeletal muscle strength is common. In addition to strength training schemes and/or resistance to treatment, it has been proposed as an additional treatment, the use of some amino acids such as glutamine (Gln) in isolation or combination with other nutrients. However, the information on the effectiveness of oral Gln supplementation during exercise strength schemes and / or endurance in adults with strength deficit is inconsistent. Objective: to evaluate the strength of the evidence at hand about the effect of oral supplementation on muscle strength Gln set to strength training schemes and / or resistance in adult muscle strength deficit. Methods: a systematic search was conducted in different databases, in clinical trials reported from the year 1980-2014, both in English and Spanish, about oral Gln supplementation alone or in combination with other nutrients, with a control group, in adults with strength deficits under exercise schemes of strength and / or endurance, tracking under a year and muscle power as the primary outcome. Results: of 661 articles, six relevant studies were identified. The study participants in Gln isolation evaluation did not suggest changes between the groups, only an improvement in the perception of muscle weakness. Studies evaluating Gln with other nutrients, have reported results in favor of it. No meta-analysis was posible. Conclusions: nowadays there are insufficient data on the effects related to the Gln on the deficit of muscular force during exercise schemes in adults. It is required more research in this topic to respond more accurately about this fact (AU)

Deficiencia de vitamina D en la edad pediátrica. Una oportunidad de prevención / Vitamin D deficiency in childhood: an opportunity for prevention

ResumenLa prevalencia de deficiencia de vitamina D en la población pediátrica ha incrementado en los últimos años y se considera que continúa subdiagnosticada y subtratada. De acuerdo con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006, en México se ha estimado una prevalencia del 16% en niños de 2 a 12 años. La vitamina D desempeña un papel fundamental en la formación y homeostasis del hueso, y consecuentemente en el crecimiento. Su deficiencia se asocia con enfermedades como raquitismo y osteomalacia, y se ha relacionado con otros padecimientos, como obesidad, síndrome metabólico, diabetes, cáncer, infecciones de vías respiratorias y problemas del sistema inmune. En la literatura se han descrito grupos específicos de riesgo para deficiencia de vitamina D en los que el suplemento pudiera ofrecer un beneficio. Actualmente aún hay controversia en definir los niveles séricos de suficiencia, así como la dosis de suplemento. En México, la ingesta diaria sugerida de vitamina D es de 5.6 µg/día (224 UI), que resulta significativamente menor a las recomendaciones en los Estados Unidos y Europa (entre 400 y 1,000 UI). Debido al aumento en la deficiencia de vitamina D en los últimos años y a la falta de consenso con respecto a los niveles de suficiencia de vitamina D (ya que los valores de corte varían de 20 a 30 ng/ml considerados por la asociación de endocrinología), el objetivo de esta revisión fue proporcionar un panorama general del problema en la población pediátrica, así como describir aquellos grupos en riesgo y analizar las recomendaciones vigentes para el suplemento de vitamina D.La deficiencia de vitamina D se ha considerado rara en México, y la falta de evidencia no ha permitido establecer las recomendaciones de ingesta diaria, de acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Sin embargo, hoy debe reconocerse como un problema de salud, meritorio de atención y acción. Sugerimos que se lleven a cabo estudios prospectivos en nuestro país, donde se establezca la relación entre la deficiencia sérica de vitamina D y la pobre mineralización ósea.

AbstractThe prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the pediatric population has increased in recent years and continues to be underdiagnosed and undertreated. According to data from the "ENSANUT 2006" (National Health and Nutrition Survey), the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Mexico was 16% in children aged 2-12 years. Vitamin D plays a critical role in the formation and bone homeostasis and consequently on growth. Its deficiency is clearly associated with diseases such as rickets and osteomalacia, and it has been linked to other diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer, respiratory infections and immune system disease. Specific risk groups have been described in the medical literature for vitamin D deficiency in which supplementation may offer a benefit. Currently, there is still controversy in defining the serum levels of proficiency and dose supplementation. In Mexico, the daily suggested intake of vitamin D is 5.6 µg (224 IU), which is significantly lower than the recommendations in the U.S. and Europe (i.e., between 400 and 1000 IU/day).An increase in vitamin D deficiency has been reported in recent years. There is no consensus regarding the sufficiency levels of vitamin D. Cut-off values vary from 20 to 30 ng/ml. Therefore, the objective of this review was to provide an overview of the problem in the pediatric population and to describe the groups at risk, as well as to analyze the current recommendations for vitamin D supplementation.Vitamin D deficiency was considered rare in Mexico according to the National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán. Lack of evidence did not help to establish the international recommended daily intake. Currently, vitamin D deficiency must be recognized as a health problem, worthy of attention and action. We suggest that prospective studies are carried out in our country where the relationship between serum vitamin D deficiency and poor bone mineralization will be established.