The influence of thermal pressure gradients and ionization (im)balance on the ambipolar diffusion and charge-neutral drifts.

Solar partially ionized plasma is frequently modelled using single-fluid (1F) or two-fluid (2F) approaches. In the 1F case, charge-neutral interactions are often described through ambipolar diffusion, while the 2F model fully considers charge-neutral drifts. Here, we expand the definition of the ambipolar diffusion coefficient to include inelastic collisions (ion/rec) in two cases: a VAL3C one-dimensional model and a 2F simulation of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) in a solar prominence thread based on [Lukin et al. 2024 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 382, 20230417. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2023.0417)]. On one side, we evaluate the relative importance of the inelastic contribution, compared to elastic and charge-exchange collisions. On the other side, we compare the contributions of ion/rec, thermal pressure, viscosity and magnetic forces to the charge-neutral drift velocity of the turbulent flow of the RTI. Our analysis reveals that the contribution of inelastic collisions to the ambipolar diffusion coefficient is negligible across the chromosphere, allowing the classical definition of this coefficient to be safely used in 1F modelling. However, in the transition region, the contribution of inelastic collisions can become as significant as that of elastic collisions. Furthermore, we ascertain that the thermal pressure force predominantly influences the charge-neutral drifts in the RTI model, surpassing the impact of the magnetic force. This article is part of the theme issue 'Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways'.

Mancha3D Code: Multipurpose Advanced Nonideal MHD Code for High-Resolution Simulations in Astrophysics.

The Mancha3D code is a versatile tool for numerical simulations of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes in solar/stellar atmospheres. The code includes nonideal physics derived from plasma partial ionization, a realistic equation of state and radiative transfer, which allows performing high-quality realistic simulations of magnetoconvection, as well as idealized simulations of particular processes, such as wave propagation, instabilities or energetic events. The paper summarizes the equations and methods used in the Mancha3D (Multifluid (-purpose -physics -dimensional) Advanced Non-ideal MHD Code for High resolution simulations in Astrophysics 3D) code. It also describes its numerical stability and parallel performance and efficiency. The code is based on a finite difference discretization and a memory-saving Runge-Kutta (RK) scheme. It handles nonideal effects through super-time-stepping and Hall diffusion schemes, and takes into account thermal conduction by solving an additional hyperbolic equation for the heat flux. The code is easily configurable to perform different kinds of simulations. Several examples of the code usage are given. It is demonstrated that splitting variables into equilibrium and perturbation parts is essential for simulations of wave propagation in a static background. A perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition built into the code greatly facilitates a nonreflective open boundary implementation. Spatial filtering is an important numerical remedy to eliminate grid-size perturbations enhancing the code stability. Parallel performance analysis reveals that the code is strongly memory bound, which is a natural consequence of the numerical techniques used, such as split variables and PML boundary conditions. Both strong and weak scalings show adequate performance up to several thousands of processors (CPUs).

Impact of menstrual cycle on smoking cessation: A review / El impacto del ciclo menstrual en el abandono de tabaco: Una revisión

Abstract Background Information on the way menstrual cycle phases can influence the achievement of tobacco abstinence is contradictory. Objective A scope review was conducted to determine the effect of the menstrual cycle on tobacco abstinence, considering the phases of the cycle, hormone levels, and premenstrual syndrome. Method A literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Ten articles comparing the phases of the menstrual cycle or analyzing the association between premenstrual syndrome and a withdrawal condition (length of abstinence or withdrawal symptoms) were included. Results Two main results were identified: 1) there is no difference in withdrawal symptoms and craving between menstrual cycle phases and 2) abstinence rates in the studies were higher during the luteal phase. Discussion and conclusion The advisability of suggesting that women wishing to quit smoking should begin to do so at the start of the luteal phrase is discussed. However, smoking cessation interventions must consider all the symptoms experienced during the luteal phase.

Resumen Antecedentes La información sobre cómo las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual pueden influir en el logro de la abstinencia de tabaco es contradictoria. Objetivo Se realizó una revisión de alcance con el fin identificar la evidencia relacionada al efecto del ciclo menstrual en la abstinencia de tabaco, considerando las variables fases del ciclo, niveles hormonales y síndrome premenstrual. Método Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE y PsycINFO. Se incluyeron diez artículos que realizaban comparaciones entre las fases del ciclo menstrual o bien análisis entre el síndrome premenstrual y una condición de abstinencia (tiempo de abstinencia o síntomas de abstinencia). Resultados Se identificaron dos resultados principales 1) no hay diferencia en los síntomas de abstinencia y el deseo por fumar entre las fases del ciclo menstrual y 2) las tasas de abstinencia de los estudios fueron mayores durante la fase lútea. Discusión y conclusión Se discute si en la fase lútea se puede sugerir el inicio de la abstinencia en mujeres que buscan dejar de fumar, sin embargo, las intervenciones para dejar de fumar deben tomar en cuenta todos los síntomas que se experimentan en la fase lútea.

Prevalence of postpartum major depression and depressive symptoms in Spanish women: A longitudinal study up to 1 year postpartum.

OBJECTIVE: Depression is a prevalent mental disorder in the postpartum period, with consequences for both the mother and her offspring. However, longitudinal studies determining the moments of greatest vulnerability and severity of depression during the postpartum period are scarce. The aims of this research were to determine the prevalence and trajectories of probable depression and major depression during the first year postpartum. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. SETTING: Interviews were conducted personally at three times: 2 months, 6 months and 1 year postpartum. PARTICIPANTS: 561 postpartum women. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS: Depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Descriptive and comparative analyses have been carried out. The prevalence of probable depression at 2 months, 6 months and 1 year postpartum, using a cut-off point ≥ 10, was 30.3%, 26.0% and 25.3%, respectively; and that of major depression using SCID was 10.3%, 10.9% and 14.8, respectively. The prevalence of probable depression was highest at 2 months postpartum and that of major depression at 1 year postpartum. Probable depression followed a downward trajectory and major depression followed an upward trajectory. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The clinical relevance of this research is that it has made it possible to demonstrate that depression is very prevalent in the first year postpartum and that, far from subsiding, the prevalence remains very high even at 1 year postpartum. Our findings highlight the importance of taking mental health care into account throughout at least the first year postpartum.

Couple's Relationship during the Transition to Parenthood and Toddler's Emotional and Behavioral Problems.

The literature has mainly focused on the impact of the negative aspects of the couple's relationship on the toddler's internalizing and externalizing problems. This study explored the impact of the positive and negative dimensions of the couple's relationship during the transition to parenthood on toddlers' psychological adjustment, considering the concurrent impact of the couple's relationship at 30 months postpartum. The sample comprised 115 mothers and fathers (N = 230) recruited during the 1st trimester of pregnancy. The mothers and fathers individually completed a measure of the couple's relationship (Relationship Questionnaire) during the first trimester of pregnancy, at 3 and 30 months postpartum, and the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 at 30 months postpartum. Multiple linear regressions, cluster analyses, and univariate and multivariate analyses of variance were conducted. The positive dimension at the 1st trimester of pregnancy and the negative dimension of the couple's relationship at 3 months postpartum were the strongest predictors of the toddler's internalizing problems, while the negative dimension at 3 months postpartum and the positive dimension of the couple's relationship at 30 months postpartum were the strongest predictors of the toddler's externalizing problems. Two patterns of the couple's relationship (adjusted vs. non-adjusted) during the transition to parenthood were identified. Higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems were found in toddlers from couples with a non-adjusted couple's relationship. Findings suggested the impact of both positive and negative dimensions of the couple's relationship during the transition to parenthood on the toddler's emotional and behavioral problems. Promoting the couple's relationship adjustment during the transition to parenthood can help to prevent toddlers' emotional and behavioral problems.

Effects of weathered polyethylene microplastic ingestion on sexual maturation, fecundity and egg quality in maturing broodstock Atlantic cod Gadus morhua.

Microplastics (MPs) have become a global issue as they are omnipresent in the ocean. Fish ingesting MPs through feed could be affected in their physiological function, e.g., disrupted enzyme production and function, reduction of feeding and reproductive failure. This study assessed the effects of feed containing naturally weathered MPs from the Oslofjord (Norway) on the reproductive physiology of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Farmed cod broodstock were fed either control (C-diet) or feeds containing 1% microplastic (MP-diet) starting nine months prior to spawning, from June until May. No major differences were found between diet groups in overall biometrics or gonad histology. Sex steroid levels (testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and 17ß-estradiol) resulted in expected profiles increasing over time without any significant differences between treatments. Gene expression levels of the steroidogenic enzyme 20ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20ß-hsd) and vitellogenin1 (vtg1) showed significant differences between dietary treatments with lower expression in the control group. This can be a direct effect of MPs, but endocrine disrupting effects of potentially leachable plastic additives cannot be completely ruled out. Thus, these enzymes could be indicators of exposure to contaminants that disrupt sexual maturation by affecting the production of primarily maturation-inducing steroid. Although the concentration of MPs employed in this study may not be high enough to elicit any observable short-term biological effects, the observed gene expression suggests that long-term consequences should be considered caused by an expected increase of MPs in marine environments.

Prevalence of Antenatal Anxiety in European Women: A Literature Review.

The presence of anxiety during pregnancy is associated with adverse consequences for both mothers and their babies. The aim of this study was to review the prevalence of anxiety in European pregnant women in order to find out which countries have published the most studies in respect to the presence of anxiety during pregnancy, which countries are the most and least prevalent in terms of anxiety within pregnant women, and which are the most common tools used to assess anxiety during this stage. As such, a literature review was conducted regarding the studies that were published in the last twenty years in the PsycInfo, Medline, and SCOPUS databases. Thirty-eight studies were selected for the purposes of this review. The prevalence of anxiety in pregnancy and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) varies considerably between studies. The European countries that have carried out the most research on this issue are Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The most widely used assessment instrument is the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The lowest prevalence rate of anxiety, using the STAI-E, was found in Poland, 7.7%, and the highest was found in Italy, 36.5%. The prevalence of GAD ranges from 0.3% to 10.8%. This indicates that anxiety in pregnant women is a very relevant mental health problem. It is therefore important to detect and intervene early in order to promote the well-being of both mothers and children.

Tobacco consumption from the 1st trimester of pregnancy to 7 months postpartum: Effects of previous tobacco consumption, and depression and anxiety symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: Previous tobacco consumption, and depression and anxiety symptoms are major predictors of women's tobacco consumption during pregnancy and the postpartum period. However, the joint effect of these predictors is still unexplored. This study aimed to analyse the effects of previous tobacco consumption, and depression and anxiety symptoms on women's tobacco consumption status and quantity from the 1st trimester of pregnancy to 7 months postpartum. METHOD: A sample of 803 Spanish women was assessed at the 1st and the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and at 2 and 7 months postpartum. Previous tobacco consumption, and depression and anxiety symptoms were self-reported. Pregnancy and postpartum tobacco consumption were confirmed with biochemical tests. RESULTS: Women with more previous tobacco consumption or more anxiety symptoms presented a steeper decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked per week from the 1st trimester of pregnancy to the childbirth, although smoking more cigarettes than women with less previous tobacco consumption or less anxiety symptoms. Women with more depression symptoms showed a higher tendency to relapse smoking during the first 2 months postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: Previous tobacco consumption and anxiety symptoms were associated with higher smoking quantity during pregnancy, while depression symptoms were associated with consumption relapse during postpartum period.

Repercusiones del consumo de tabaco activo y/o pasivo en el embarazo y postparto / Effects of active and/or passive smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period

Introducción: Fumar puede provocar efectos adversos durante el embarazo y el postparto. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar diversas repercusiones que puede acarrear el consumo de tabaco materno activo y/o pasivo en el hogar, en el embarazo, parto, recién nacido y en la lactancia materna, así como el efecto del abandono del tabaco en el primer trimestre del embarazo. Método: Estudio longitudinal prospectivo realizado con una muestra de 800 mujeres embarazadas. Se realizaron cuatro evaluaciones: primer y tercer trimestre de embarazo y dos y 6/8 meses postparto. Se recogió información sociodemográfica, obstétrica, relacionada con la salud y con el consumo de tabaco, y se validó bioquímicamente el autoinforme de abstinencia. Resultados: Ser fumadora activa y pasiva predice sufrir complicaciones en el embarazo (OR 2,50; IC 1,42-4,35) y el parto (OR 3,10; IC 1,75-5,51) y tener la intención de no amamantar (OR 2,44; IC 1,35-4,42). Ser fumadora activa predice presentar complicaciones en el parto (OR 5,58; IC 2,64-7,77), el bebé (OR 3,77; IC 1,53-9,36) y no practicar lactancia materna a los dos (OR 25,73; IC 11,95-55,40) y 6/8 meses postparto (OR 6,61; IC 3,21-13,58). Ser fumadora pasiva reduce la intención de amamantar (OR 1,81; IC 1,11-2,95) y la lactancia a los dos meses postparto (OR 1,94; IC 1,11-3,37). Las mujeres que dejan de fumar presentan una menor probabilidad de sufrir complicaciones en el embarazo y el parto, mayor probabilidad de asistir a las clases preparto y de lactancia, y mayor peso de los recién nacidos. Conclusiones: El consumo de tabaco tanto activo como pasivo conlleva importantes repercusiones tanto en el embarazo como en el postparto. Dejar de fumar al inicio del embarazo revierte estos efectos. (AU)

Introduction: Tobacco smoking may cause adverse effects during pregnancy and postpartum. The aim of this study was to evaluate several repercussions of active and/or passive smoking by the mother at home, during pregnancy, at delivery, as well as for the new born baby and breastfeeding, including the effect of quitting smoking in the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was carried out with a sample of 800 pregnant women. Four evaluations were made: first and third trimester of pregnancy, and 2 and 6/8 months postpartum. Sociodemographic, obstetric, health and tobacco consumption information was collected, with biochemical tests being performed to confirm the self-reported abstinence. Results: Being an active and passive smoker predicted suffering complications in pregnancy (OR 2.50; 95% CI; 1.42-4.35) and delivery (OR 3.10; 95% CI; 1.75-5.51), and also intend not to breastfeed (OR 2.44; 95% CI; 1.35-4.42). Being an active smoker predicted complications at childbirth (OR 5.58; 95% CI; 2.64-7.77), for the baby (OR 3.77; 95% CI; 1.53-9.36) and not breastfeeding at 2 (OR 25.73; 95% CI; 11.95-55.40), and 6/8 months postpartum (OR 6.61; 95% CI; 3.21-13.58). Being a passive smoker reduces the intention to breastfeed (OR 1.81; 95% CI; 1.11-2.95), and the practice of breastfeeding at 2 months postpartum (OR 1.94; 95% CI; 1.11-3.37). Women who quit smoking are less likely to suffer complications in pregnancy and childbirth, and are more likely to attend antenatal and breastfeeding classes, and to have babies with higher birth weight. Conclusions: Active and passive tobacco consumption has significant implications during pregnancy and postpartum period. Smoking cessation at the beginning of pregnancy reverses much of these effects. (AU)

Effects of active and/or passive smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

INTRODUCTION: Tobacco smoking may cause adverse effects during pregnancy and postpartum. The aim of this study was to evaluate several repercussions of active and/or passive smoking by the mother at home, during pregnancy, at delivery, as well as for the newborn baby and breastfeeding, including the effect of quitting smoking in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was carried out with a sample of 800 pregnant women. Four evaluations were made: first and third trimester of pregnancy, and 2 and 6/8 months postpartum. Sociodemographic, obstetric, health and tobacco consumption details were collected, with biochemical tests being performed to confirm the self-reported abstinence. RESULTS: Being an active and passive smoker predicted suffering complications in pregnancy (OR 2.50; 95% CI; 1.42-4.35) and delivery (OR 3.10; 95% CI; 1.75-5.51), and also tended not to breastfeed (OR 2.44; 95% CI; 1.35-4.42). Being an active smoker predicted complications at childbirth (OR 5.58; 95% CI; 2.64-7.77), for the baby (OR 3.77; 95% CI; 1.53-9.36) and not breastfeeding at 2 (OR 25.73; 95% CI; 11.95-55.40), and 6/8 months postpartum (OR 6.61; 95% CI; 3.21-13.58). Being a passive smoker reduces the intend to breastfeed (OR 1.81; 95% CI; 1.11-2.95), and the practice of breastfeeding at 2 months postpartum (OR 1.94; 95% CI; 1.11-3.37). Women who quit smoking are less likely to suffer complications in pregnancy and childbirth, and are more likely to attend antenatal and breastfeeding classes, and to have babies with higher birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: Active and passive tobacco consumption has significant implications during pregnancy and postpartum period. Smoking cessation at the beginning of pregnancy reverses much of these effects.

Risk factors for antenatal depression: A review.

Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder in pregnancy, and yet it is less studied than postpartum depression despite the consequences it may have on both the pregnant woman and her offspring. Therefore, it would be important to know which risk factors may favour the appearance of antenatal depression in order to carry out appropriate prevention interventions. The aim of the present review was to identify the main risk factors of antenatal depression. We searched in databases PubMed and PsycINFO for articles published about the factors associated with antenatal depression from January 2010 through December 2020. The literature review identified three main groups of antenatal depression risk factors: sociodemographic, obstetric, and psychological. First, among the sociodemographic variables, the low level of studies and the economic income clearly stood out from the rest. Then, not having planned the pregnancy was the main obstetric variable, and finally, the main psychological risk factors were having a history of psychological disorders and/or depression as well as presenting anxiety, stress, and/or low social support during pregnancy. This review shows that the antenatal depression is affected by multiple factors. Most can be identified at the beginning of the pregnancy, and some are risk factors potentially modifiable through appropriate interventions, such as psychological factors. For this reason, it is important to carry out a good screening for depression during pregnancy and consequently, be able to prevent its appearance or treat it if necessary.

Prevalence of Depression during Pregnancy in Spanish Women: Trajectory and Risk Factors in Each Trimester.

The aims of this research were to determine the trajectories of probable depression and major depression during pregnancy and to identify the associated and predictor variables (sociodemographic, pregnancy-related, and psychological) for both conditions in each trimester of pregnancy. A longitudinal study was carried out with 569 pregnant Spanish women who were assessed in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a clinical interview. Measures of anxiety and stress were also included. The prevalence of probable depression in the first, second, and third trimesters was 23.4%, 17.0%, and 21.4%, respectively, and that of major depression was 5.1%, 4.0%, and 4.7%. Thus, the prevalence of both conditions was the highest in the first and third trimesters. The trajectories of probable depression and major depression followed the same pattern throughout pregnancy. All of the psychological variables studied were associated with both conditions in all three trimesters, with perceived stress being a predictor at all times. The association between the other variables and both conditions of depression was similar. Two exceptions stand out: having had previous miscarriages, which was only associated with probable depression and was also a predictor, in the first trimester; and complications during pregnancy, which was only associated with probable and major depression in the third trimester. These findings should be taken into account in routine pregnancy follow-ups, and necessary interventions should be started in the first trimester.

La prevención de la conducta suicida en adolescentes en el ámbito escolar: una revisión sistemática / The prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents in the school: a systematic review

Resumen Antecedentes: El suicido representa un grave problema de salud pública en el mundo, siendo actualmente la segunda causa de muerte en jóvenes con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 29 años. Objetivo: El propósito de la presente revisión es conocer los programas que existen en el ámbito escolar para prevenir el comportamiento suicida, con el fin de determinar qué tipo de programas y qué estrategias son efectivas para disminuirlo. Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los estudios publicados entre 2010 y 2018 en las bases de datos PsycINFO, Medline y SCOPUS. Resultados: En los 16 artículos incluidos en esta revisión, se analizan 13 programas diferentes aplicados en el ámbito escolar. Se hallaron 3 tipos de programas de prevención del suicidio: universales, selectivos e indicados. Conclusiones: La prevención universal es el tipo de programa más aplicado y efectivo en este ámbito. Las estrategias de intervención que componen los programas son la educación, el entrenamiento de guardianes y de pares. También el entrenamiento de habilidades, de afrontamiento, de resolución de problemas y de comunicación, protegen del suicido a los estudiantes.

Abstract Background: Suicide represents a serious public health problem in the world and is currently the second cause of death in young people between the ages of 15 and 29. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to know the programs that exist in the school to prevent suicidal behavior, in order to decide what kind of programs and which strategies are the most effective to reduce it. Method: A bibliographic review of the studies published between 2010 and 2018 in the PsycINFO, Medline and SCOPUS databases was carried out. Results: In the 16 articles included in this review, 13 different programs applied in the school are analyzed. Three types of suicide prevention programs were found: universal, selective and indicated. Conclusions: It is observed that universal prevention is the most applied and effective type of program in this field. The intervention strategies that integrate the programs are education, peer and guardian training. Also, coping, problem-solving and communication skills training protect students from suicide.

Spanish Brief Version of the Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire: PRAQ-20 / Versión española abreviada del cuestionario de ansiedad relacionada con el embarazo

The aim of this study is to obtain a Spanish brief version of the Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire and analyse its psychometric properties. A longitudinal study was carried out on a sample of 569 Spanish pregnant women with normal risk status. Participants were assessed in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy by using a socio-demographic and obstetric-gynaecological questionnaire, the PRAQ-55, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. PRAQ-55 items with factorial loads > .50 were selected resulting in a final scale of 20 items. A cut-off point ≥ 67 (85 th percentile) was used to identify women with high pregnancy-specific anxiety. The findings revealed that PRAQ-20 can be considered a useful screening tool in clinical practice to assess pregnancy-related anxiety in both nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women

El objetivo de este estudio es obtener una versión breve en español del Cuestionario de Ansiedad Relacionada con el Embarazo y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en una muestra de 569 mujeres embarazadas españolas con un embarazo de riesgo normal. Se evaluó a las participantes en el primer, segundo y tercer trimestre de embarazo utilizando un cuestionario sociodemográfico y obstétrico-ginecológico, el PRAQ-55, la Escala de Depresión Postparto de Edimburgo y el Inventario de Ansiedad de Estado-Rasgo. Se seleccionaron los ítems de la PRAQ-55 con cargas factoriales > .50, lo que dio como resultado una escala final de 20 ítems. Se utilizó como punto de corte 67 (percentil 85) para identificar a aquellas mujeres con elevada ansiedad específica del embarazo. Los resultados mostraron que el PRAQ-20 puede considerarse una herramienta de cribado útil en la práctica clínica para evaluar la ansiedad relacionada con el embarazo tanto en mujeres embarazadas nulíparas como multíparas

Depressive symptoms and automatic negative thoughts as predictors of suicidal ideation in Mexican adolescents / Síntomas depresivos y pensamientos automáticos negativos como predictores de la ideación suicida en adolescentes mexicanos

Abstract Introduction Since little is known about the factors associated with suicidal ideation in adolescents, identifying them is important for developing suitable preventive strategies. Objective To analyze the variables associated with the presence of suicidal ideation, as well as the predictive power of depressive symptoms and negative automatic thoughts. Method A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 409 students between the ages of 15 and 19 randomly selected in a public school in the State of Mexico. An ad hoc questionnaire that gathered information on sociodemographic and psychological variables and substance use, the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies (CESD-R), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-30), and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) were administered. Results From the total of the sample, 14.9% presented suicidal ideation. A positive, significant association was observed between the latter and gender, having divorced parents, professing Catholicism, using tobacco and drugs, and having experienced violence and anguish in the last semester, presenting depressive symptoms, negative automatic thoughts and having attempted suicide. Being a woman (OR = 2.55 [1.02, 6.38]), using drugs (OR = 3.44 [1.23, 9.57]), having probable depression (OR = 4.37 [1.68, 11.36]), experiencing negative thoughts (OR = 6.03 [2.40, 15.10]), and having attempted suicide (OR = 22.66 [1.58, 325.29]) predicted the appearance of suicidal ideas. Discussion and conclusion Risk factors for suicidal ideation in adolescents have been identified and they must be taken into account in preventive programs.

Resumen Introducción Se sabe poco de los factores que se asocian a la ideación suicida en adolescentes e identificarlos es importante para desarrollar estrategias preventivas adecuadas. Objetivo Analizar las variables que se asocian a la presencia de ideación suicida y conocer el poder predictivo de los síntomas depresivos y los pensamientos automáticos negativos. Método Se realizó un estudio transversal prospectivo con 409 estudiantes de entre 15 y 19 años seleccionados aleatoriamente en una escuela pública del Estado de México. Se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc que recogía información sobre variables sociodemográficas, psicológicas y consumo de sustancias. Para ello se usaron la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CESD-R), el Cuestionario de Pensamientos Automáticos (ATQ-30) y la Escala de Ideación Suicida de Beck (ISB). Resultados Un 14.9% de la muestra presentaba ideación suicida. Se observó una asociación positiva y significativa entre la misma y el sexo, tener padres divorciados, profesar la religión católica, consumir tabaco y drogas, así como haber sufrido violencia y angustia en el último semestre, haber presentado síntomas depresivos, pensamientos automáticos negativos e intentos de suicidio. Ser mujer (OR = 2.55 [1.02, 6.38]), consumir drogas (OR = 3.44 [1.23, 9.57]), presentar probable depresión (OR = 4.37 [1.68, 11.36]), tener pensamientos negativos (OR = 6.03 [2.40, 15.10]) y haber intentado suicidarse (OR = 22.66 [1.58, 325.29]) predicen la aparición de ideas suicidas. Discusión y conclusión En adolescentes se han identificado factores de riesgo para presentar ideación suicida, los cuales deben tenerse en cuenta en los programas preventivos.

Factors Associated with Smoking Relapse in the Early Postpartum Period: A Prospective Longitudinal Study in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: A high proportion of women who quit smoking during pregnancy relapse during the postpartum period. However, research on smoking relapse in the early postpartum period is scarce. The aims of this study were to estimate rates of smoking relapse at 2 months postpartum and to analyze the factors (sociodemographic, psychological and pregnancy- and tobacco-related variables) involved in relapse and maintenance of abstinence. METHODS: Eight hundred and fifty-three pregnant women in Spain were interviewed in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and 2 months postpartum. Assessment included administration of an ad hoc questionnaire, to obtain socio-demographic and obstetric data and determine tobacco consumption status, the State Anxiety Inventory and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Biochemical tests were used to confirm smoking abstinence at each assessment. The study sample consisted of 125 women who smoked before becoming pregnant and who had spontaneously quit smoking during pregnancy. RESULTS: At 2 months postpartum, 17.6% of the sample had relapsed. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the women significantly most likely to relapse in the early postpartum period were those who quit smoking later than the first month of pregnancy (OR = 18.51), those with high levels of anxiety (OR = 6.15) and those who smoked more cigarettes before pregnancy (OR = 4.91). DISCUSSION: The moment of smoking cessation during pregnancy, the level of consumption prior to pregnancy and anxiety levels should be considered in interventions aimed at maintaining smoking abstinence in pregnant women and preventing postpartum relapse.

Effects of Tobacco Consumption and Anxiety or Depression during Pregnancy on Maternal and Neonatal Health.

This study analyzed the possible interaction effects between tobacco consumption and anxiety or depression during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal health. We recruited a sample of 807 pregnant Spanish women from public healthcare services. Women completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables, health status and tobacco consumption (continuous, quitting or no consumption) in the first and third trimester of pregnancy and at 2 months postpartum, and self-reported measures of anxiety and depression in the first trimester. Abstinence of tobacco consumption was verified through biochemical measurements. Interaction effects between tobacco consumption and anxiety were found for delivery (p < 0.001), neonatal health complications (p = 0.026) and gestational age at birth (p = 0.029). Interaction effects between tobacco consumption and depression were found for pregnancy (p = 0.032), delivery complications (p < 0.001) and weeks of gestation at birth (p = 0.031). This study suggests that there are different kinds of interaction effects between tobacco consumption and anxiety or depression. Smokers with high anxiety presented more delivery complications compared to quitters and non-smokers with high anxiety. There is a cumulative effect of anxiety on the effects of tobacco consumption on maternal health. The results highlighted the beneficial impact of quitting smoking during pregnancy to reduce the risk of suffering anxiety, depression and health complications.

[Effects of active and/or passive smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period]. / Repercusiones del consumo de tabaco activo y/o pasivo en el embarazo y postparto.

INTRODUCTION: Tobacco smoking may cause adverse effects during pregnancy and postpartum. The aim of this study was to evaluate several repercussions of active and/or passive smoking by the mother at home, during pregnancy, at delivery, as well as for the new born baby and breastfeeding, including the effect of quitting smoking in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was carried out with a sample of 800 pregnant women. Four evaluations were made: first and third trimester of pregnancy, and 2 and 6/8 months postpartum. Sociodemographic, obstetric, health and tobacco consumption information was collected, with biochemical tests being performed to confirm the self-reported abstinence. RESULTS: Being an active and passive smoker predicted suffering complications in pregnancy (OR 2.50; 95% CI; 1.42-4.35) and delivery (OR 3.10; 95% CI; 1.75-5.51), and also intend not to breastfeed (OR 2.44; 95% CI; 1.35-4.42). Being an active smoker predicted complications at childbirth (OR 5.58; 95% CI; 2.64-7.77), for the baby (OR 3.77; 95% CI; 1.53-9.36) and not breastfeeding at 2 (OR 25.73; 95% CI; 11.95-55.40), and 6/8 months postpartum (OR 6.61; 95% CI; 3.21-13.58). Being a passive smoker reduces the intention to breastfeed (OR 1.81; 95% CI; 1.11-2.95), and the practice of breastfeeding at 2 months postpartum (OR 1.94; 95% CI; 1.11-3.37). Women who quit smoking are less likely to suffer complications in pregnancy and childbirth, and are more likely to attend antenatal and breastfeeding classes, and to have babies with higher birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: Active and passive tobacco consumption has significant implications during pregnancy and postpartum period. Smoking cessation at the beginning of pregnancy reverses much of these effects.

Continued tobacco consumption during pregnancy and women's depression and anxiety symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyse depression and anxiety symptoms changes from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy in non-smokers versus quitters versus continuous smokers, and the contribution of depression and anxiety symptoms to continued tobacco consumption during pregnancy. METHODS: The sample comprises 850 Spanish pregnant women (595 non-smokers, 123 quitters, and 132 continuous smokers), assessed at the first and the third trimester of pregnancy with a questionnaire concerning socio-demographic, obstetric, and tobacco consumption information, and measures of depression and anxiety. RESULTS: Continuous smokers during pregnancy showed more depression and anxiety symptoms than both non-smokers and quitters and no changes from the first trimester to the third trimester of pregnancy, while both non-smokers and quitters revealed a decrease in depression and anxiety symptoms. More anxiety symptoms at the first trimester (OR 1.03) and depression symptoms at the third trimester (OR 1.14) were associated with continued smoking during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety and depression symptoms need to be considered to screening for women at risk of smoking during pregnancy. Future prenatal smoking cessation interventions must take into account these variables.

Comparative study of esterase activities in different tissues of marine fish species Trachurus trachurus, Merluccius merluccius and Trisopterus luscus.

Pesticides are one of the most frequently anthropogenic xenobiotics detected in water. Among these, the organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are very widely used in agriculture due to their broad spectrum of activity and their low price, but they also have high potent effects as neurotoxic compounds in non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate biomarkers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), propionylcholinesterase (PChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) in the representative Atlantic fish species Trachurus trachurus, Merluccius merluccius and Trisopterus luscus from "Rías Gallegas", a traditional Spanish fishing area. These esterase activities were evaluated in the brain, muscle and liver to determine the most adequate tissue to measure such enzymatic activities. The sensitivity of AChE and CbE activities from different tissues the widely used organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CP), and its toxic metabolite (CP-oxon) was also tested. AChE activity was predominant in all tissues of the analysed species (particularly in brain constituting from 78.33%, 89.83% and 88.43% of total ChEs in Trachurus trachurus, Merluccius merluccius and Trisopterus luscus, respectively). Under in vitro exposure, esterases were shown to be highly sensitive to CP and especially to CP-oxon. Moreover, a similar effect observed on AChE and CbE activities could suggest that CbE activity might contribute efficiently against the toxic effects of CP, especially in muscle and the liver. The presence of BChE, PChE and upper CbE activities in muscle and the liver and their OP-sensibilities can be used to study their function in the pesticide biochemical detoxification pathways with a prominent role as a safeguarding mechanism against pesticide toxicity.