Ecological momentary assessment of digital food and beverage marketing exposure and impact in young adults: A feasibility study.

Unhealthy food marketing is contributing to the obesity epidemic, but real-time insights into the mechanisms of this relationship are under-studied. Digital marketing is growing and following food and beverage (F&B) brands on social media is common, but measurement of exposure and impact of such marketing presents novel challenges. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of collecting data on exposure and impact of digital F&B marketing (DFM) using a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methodology. We hypothesized that DFM-induced food cravings would vary based on whether (or not) participants engaged with F&B brands online. Participants were Singapore residents (n = 95, 21-40 years), recruited via telephone from an existing cohort. Participants were asked to upload screenshots of all sightings of online F&B marketing messages for seven days, and answer in-app contextual questions about sightings including whether any cravings were induced. Participants provided a total of 1310 uploads (median 9 per participant, Q1-Q3: 4-21) of F&B marketing messages, 27% of which were provided on Day 1, significantly more than on other days (P < 0.001). Followers of food/beverage brands on social media encountered 25.6 percentage points (95% CI 11.4, 39.7) more marketing messages that induced cravings than participants who were not followers. University education was also associated with more (18.1 percentage points; 95% CI 3.1, 33.1) encounters with marketing messages that induced cravings. It was practical and acceptable to participants to gather insights into digital F&B marketing exposure and impact using EMA in young adults, although a shorter study period is recommended in future studies. Followers of food and beverage brands on social media appear to be more prone to experience cravings after exposure to digital F&B marketing.

Large-scale chemoproteomics expedites ligand discovery and predicts ligand behavior in cells.

Chemical modulation of proteins enables a mechanistic understanding of biology and represents the foundation of most therapeutics. However, despite decades of research, 80% of the human proteome lacks functional ligands. Chemical proteomics has advanced fragment-based ligand discovery toward cellular systems, but throughput limitations have stymied the scalable identification of fragment-protein interactions. We report proteome-wide maps of protein-binding propensity for 407 structurally diverse small-molecule fragments. We verified that identified interactions can be advanced to active chemical probes of E3 ubiquitin ligases, transporters, and kinases. Integrating machine learning binary classifiers further enabled interpretable predictions of fragment behavior in cells. The resulting resource of fragment-protein interactions and predictive models will help to elucidate principles of molecular recognition and expedite ligand discovery efforts for hitherto undrugged proteins.

Influence of Au, Pt, and C Seed Layers on Lithium Nucleation Dynamics for Anode-Free Solid-State Batteries.

In the concept of anode-free lithium-ion batteries, cells are manufactured with a bare anode current collector where the lithium metal anode is electrochemically formed from the lithium-containing cathode during the first charge cycle. While this concept has many attractive aspects from a manufacturing and energy density standpoint, stable plating and stripping remain challenging. We have investigated gold, platinum, and amorphous carbon as seed layers placed between the copper current collector and the lithium phosphorus oxynitride thin-film solid electrolyte. These layers guide lithium nucleation and improve the plating and stripping dynamics. All seed layers facilitate reversible lithium plating and stripping even at high current densities up to 8 mA cm-2. Of particular note is the amorphous carbon seed layer, which allowed a significant reduction in plating potential from 300 mV to as low as 50 mV. These results underscore the critical role of seed layers in improving the efficiency of anode-free solid-state batteries and open the door to simplified manufacturing of anode-free battery designs.

Effect of serum creatinine difference between the Jaffe and the enzymatic method on kidney disease detection and staging.

Background: Serum creatinine (SCr), mainly determined by the Jaffe or an enzymatic method, is the central marker to assess kidney function. Deviations between these two methods may affect the diagnosis and staging of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: The results of the first parallel SCr measurement (Jaffe and enzymatic method) of adult in- and outpatients in the same serum sample at the University Hospital Essen (Essen, Germany) between 2020-2022 were retrospectively evaluated. A Bland-Altman plot with 95% limits of agreement (LoAs) was used to assess the difference between the Jaffe and the enzymatic SCr (eSCr) method. We used the 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for determination of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. Results: A total of 41 144 parallel SCr measurements were evaluated. On average, Jaffe SCr was 0.07 mg/dl higher than eSCr (LoA -0.12; 0.25 mg/dl). In 19% of all cases there was a different CKD stage when comparing eGFR between both SCr methods, of which 98% resulted in a more severe CKD stage determined with Jaffe SCr. In 1.6% of all cases Jaffe SCr was ≥0.3 mg/dl higher than eSCr. Conclusion: The present study showed that methods of SCr measurement may affect both the diagnosis and staging of AKI and CKD. This must be taken into account when interpreting measurements of renal function in everyday clinical practice, but also when planning and comparing studies on renal diseases. One should therefore stay with one method for SCr measurement, preferably with the enzymatic method.

MetaTransformer: deep metagenomic sequencing read classification using self-attention models.

Deep learning has emerged as a paradigm that revolutionizes numerous domains of scientific research. Transformers have been utilized in language modeling outperforming previous approaches. Therefore, the utilization of deep learning as a tool for analyzing the genomic sequences is promising, yielding convincing results in fields such as motif identification and variant calling. DeepMicrobes, a machine learning-based classifier, has recently been introduced for taxonomic prediction at species and genus level. However, it relies on complex models based on bidirectional long short-term memory cells resulting in slow runtimes and excessive memory requirements, hampering its effective usability. We present MetaTransformer, a self-attention-based deep learning metagenomic analysis tool. Our transformer-encoder-based models enable efficient parallelization while outperforming DeepMicrobes in terms of species and genus classification abilities. Furthermore, we investigate approaches to reduce memory consumption and boost performance using different embedding schemes. As a result, we are able to achieve 2× to 5× speedup for inference compared to DeepMicrobes while keeping a significantly smaller memory footprint. MetaTransformer can be trained in 9 hours for genus and 16 hours for species prediction. Our results demonstrate performance improvements due to self-attention models and the impact of embedding schemes in deep learning on metagenomic sequencing data.

Flash-profilometry: fullfield lensless acquisition of spectral holograms for coherence scanning profilometry.

Flash-profilometry is a novel measurement approach based on the fullfield lensless acquisition of spectral holograms. It is based on spectral sampling of the mutual coherence function and the subsequent calculation of its propagation along the optical axis several times the depth-of-field. Numerical propagation of the entire coherence function, rather than solely the complex amplitude, allows to digitally reproduce a complete scanning white-light interferometric (WLI) measurement. Hence, the corresponding 3D surface profiling system presented here achieves precision in the low nanometer range along an axial measurement range of several hundred micrometers. Due to the lensless setup, it is compact, immune against dispersion effects and lightweight. Additionally, because of the spectral sampling approach, it is faster than conventional coherence scanning WLI and robust against mechanical distortions, such as vibrations and rigid body movements. Flash-profilometry is therefore suitable for a wide range of applications, such as surface metrology, optical inspection, and material science and appears to be particularly suitable for a direct integration into production environments.

The physical activity at work (PAW) study: a cluster randomised trial of a multicomponent short-break intervention to reduce sitting time and increase physical activity among office workers in Thailand.

Background: Sedentary behaviour increases the risks of non-communicable diseases. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of the Physical Activity at Work multicomponent intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in Thai office workers. Methods: Offices under the Ministry of Public Health Thailand, were randomly allocated to the intervention and control group in a 1:1 ratio, stratified by office size. The intervention included individual (pedometer and lottery-based financial incentives), social (group movement breaks), environmental (posters), and organisational (leader encouragement) components. At baseline and 6-month follow-up, participants wore ActiGraphTM on the waist for ten days. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in sedentary time at 6-month, analysed using a linear mixed-effects model. Other outcomes were physical activity, biomarkers, productivity, and musculoskeletal health. Trial registration: The PAW study was registered at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (ID TCTR20200604007) on 02 June 2020. Findings: 282 office workers were recruited and randomly allocated to the control group (142 participants, nine offices) and the intervention group (140 participants, nine offices). The mean age was 38.6 years (SD = 10.4), and 81% were women. There was no evidence of intervention effects on sedentary time during waking hours (-26.8; 95% CI = -69.2 to 15.7 min), physical activity levels, or biomarkers between groups at 6-month. In the adjusted analysis, increases in time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (5.45; 95% CI = -0.15 to 11.1 min) and step count (718; 95% CI = -45 to 1481 steps) during waking hours were observed, although there was no evidence of a difference between groups. Interpretation: The intervention did not significantly reduce sedentary time in Thai office workers. Suboptimal intervention uptake due to Covid-19 pandemic restrictions and loss of statistical power associated with recruitment constraints may explain this result. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the processes of the trial. Funding: The Thai Health Promotion Foundation and the International Decision Support Initiative (iDSI).

RabbitQCPlus 2.0: More efficient and versatile quality control for sequencing data.

Assessing the quality of sequencing data plays a crucial role in downstream data analysis. However, existing tools often achieve sub-optimal efficiency, especially when dealing with compressed files or performing complicated quality control operations such as over-representation analysis and error correction. We present RabbitQCPlus, an ultra-efficient quality control tool for modern multi-core systems. RabbitQCPlus uses vectorization, memory copy reduction, parallel (de)compression, and optimized data structures to achieve substantial performance gains. It is 1.1 to 5.4 times faster when performing basic quality control operations compared to state-of-the-art applications yet requires fewer compute resources. Moreover, RabbitQCPlus is at least 4 times faster than other applications when processing gzip-compressed FASTQ files and 1.3 times faster with the error correction module turned on. Furthermore, it takes less than 4 minutes to process 280 GB of plain FASTQ sequencing data, while other applications take at least 22 minutes on a 48-core server when enabling the per-read over-representation analysis. C++ sources are available at https://github.com/RabbitBio/RabbitQCPlus.

A metabolic map of the DNA damage response identifies PRDX1 in the control of nuclear ROS scavenging and aspartate availability.

While cellular metabolism impacts the DNA damage response, a systematic understanding of the metabolic requirements that are crucial for DNA damage repair has yet to be achieved. Here, we investigate the metabolic enzymes and processes that are essential for the resolution of DNA damage. By integrating functional genomics with chromatin proteomics and metabolomics, we provide a detailed description of the interplay between cellular metabolism and the DNA damage response. Further analysis identified that Peroxiredoxin 1, PRDX1, contributes to the DNA damage repair. During the DNA damage response, PRDX1 translocates to the nucleus where it reduces DNA damage-induced nuclear reactive oxygen species. Moreover, PRDX1 loss lowers aspartate availability, which is required for the DNA damage-induced upregulation of de novo nucleotide synthesis. In the absence of PRDX1, cells accumulate replication stress and DNA damage, leading to proliferation defects that are exacerbated in the presence of etoposide, thus revealing a role for PRDX1 as a DNA damage surveillance factor.

Monolithically-stacked thin-film solid-state batteries.

The power capability of Li-ion batteries has become increasingly limiting for the electrification of transport on land and in the air. The specific power of Li-ion batteries is restricted to a few thousand W kg-1 due to the required cathode thickness of a few tens of micrometers. We present a design of monolithically-stacked thin-film cells that has the potential to increase the power ten-fold. We demonstrate an experimental proof-of-concept consisting of two monolithically stacked thin-film cells. Each cell consists of a silicon anode, a solid-oxide electrolyte, and a lithium cobalt oxide cathode. The battery can be cycled for more than 300 cycles between 6 and 8 V. Using a thermo-electric model, we predict that stacked thin-film batteries can achieve specific energies >250 Wh kg-1 at C-rates above 60, resulting in a specific power of tens of kW kg-1 needed for high-end applications such as drones, robots, and electric vertical take-off and landing aircrafts.

Major proliferation of transposable elements shaped the genome of the soybean rust pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi.

With >7000 species the order of rust fungi has a disproportionately large impact on agriculture, horticulture, forestry and foreign ecosystems. The infectious spores are typically dikaryotic, a feature unique to fungi in which two haploid nuclei reside in the same cell. A key example is Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust disease, one of the world's most economically damaging agricultural diseases. Despite P. pachyrhizi's impact, the exceptional size and complexity of its genome prevented generation of an accurate genome assembly. Here, we sequence three independent P. pachyrhizi genomes and uncover a genome up to 1.25 Gb comprising two haplotypes with a transposable element (TE) content of ~93%. We study the incursion and dominant impact of these TEs on the genome and show how they have a key impact on various processes such as host range adaptation, stress responses and genetic plasticity.

Value of 68Ga-labeled bombesin antagonist (RM2) in the detection of primary prostate cancer comparing with [18F]fluoromethylcholine PET-CT and multiparametric MRI-a phase I/II study.

OBJECTIVES: The bombesin derivative RM2 is a GRPr antagonist with strong binding affinity to prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, the impact of [68Ga]Ga-RM2 positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) for the detection of primary PCa was compared with that of [18F]FCH PET-CT and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). METHODS: This phase I/II study was conducted in 30 biopsy-positive PCa subjects. The patients were stratified into high (10 patients), intermediate (10 patients), and low risk (10 patients) for extraglandular metastases as defined by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria (NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, 2016). The prostate gland was classified in 12 anatomic segments for data analysis of the imaging modalities as well as histopathologic findings. The segment with the highest radiotracer uptake was defined as the "index lesion." All cases were scheduled to undergo prostatectomy with pelvic lymph node (LN) dissection in intermediate- and high-risk patients. Intraprostatic and pelvic nodal [68Ga]Ga-RM2 and [18F]FCH PET-CT findings were correlated with mpMRI and histopathologic results. RESULTS: Of the 312 analyzed regions, 120 regions (4 to 8 lesions per patient) showed abnormal findings in the prostate gland. In a region-based analysis, overall sensitivity and specificity of [68Ga]Ga-RM2 PET-CT in the detection of primary tumor were 74% and 90%, respectively, while it was 60% and 80% for [18F]FCH PET-CT and 72% and 89% for mpMRI. Although the overall sensitivity of [68Ga]Ga-RM2 PET-CT was higher compared to that of [18F]FCH PET-CT and mpMRI, the statistical analysis showed only significant difference between [68Ga]Ga-RM2 PET-CT and [18F]FCH PET-CT in the intermediate-risk group (p = 0.01) and [68Ga]Ga-RM2 PET-CT and mpMRT in the high-risk group (p = 0.03). In the lesion-based analysis, there was no significant difference between SUVmax of [68Ga]Ga-RM2 and [18F]FCH PET-CT in the intraprostatic malignant lesions ([68Ga]Ga-RM2: mean SUVmax: 5.98 ± 4.13, median: 4.75; [18F]FCH: mean SUVmax: 6.08 ± 2.74, median: 5.5; p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: [68Ga]Ga-RM2 showed promising PET tracer for the detection of intraprostatic PCa in a cohort of patients with different risk stratifications. However, significant differences were only found between [68Ga]Ga-RM2 PET-CT and [18F]FCH PET-CT in the intermediate-risk group and [68Ga]Ga-RM2 PET-CT and mpMRT in the high-risk group. In addition, GRP-R-based imaging seems to play a complementary role to choline-based imaging for full characterization of PCa extent and biopsy guidance in low- and intermediate-metastatic-risk PCa patients and has the potential to discriminate them from those at higher risks. KEY POINTS: • [68Ga]Ga-RM2 is a promising PET tracer with a high detection rate for intraprostatic PCa especially in intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients. • GRPr-based imaging seems to play a complementary role to choline-based or PSMA-based PET/CT imaging in selected low- and intermediate-risk PCa patients for better characterization and eventually biopsy guidance of prostate cancer disease.

Results from the Singapore 2022 report card on physical activity for children and adolescents.

Background: While it has been established that physical activity (PA) is key to promote overall health and well-being, insufficient physical activity among children and adolescents is a global problem, including Singapore. It is important to understand the local PA landscape among children and adolescents to decrease surveillance gaps and identify areas for improvement in promoting PA. The present article provides an overview of the development of the 2022 Active Healthy Kids Singapore Report Card and the results, as well as underscore limitations and gaps in the available evidence related to PA among children and adolescents in Singapore. Methods: Following the Global Matrix 4.0, the available data between July 2010 to July 2020 was synthesized for all 10 indicators by the work group and reviewed by a panel of experts. Data sources included published scientific articles, government and non-government reports, national surveys, and unpublished data from on-going research studies. Where possible, grades were informed by nationally representative surveys or large-scale longitudinal studies. Results: The grades assigned were: Overall Physical Activity (C-), Organized Sport and Physical Activity (B-), Active Play (C-), Active Transportation (C), Sedentary Behaviours (C-), Physical Fitness (Incomplete), Family and Peers (C-), School (Incomplete), Community and Environment (A+), Government (B). Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive evaluation of PA among children and adolescents in Singapore. It provides baseline grades valuable for future comparison. It also illustrates gaps in the existing evidence which can inform future surveillance, facilitate international comparisons and enable global efforts in promoting physical activity.

Imaging GRPr Expression in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer with [68Ga]Ga-RM2-A Head-to-Head Pilot Comparison with [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11.

BACKGROUND: The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) is highly overexpressed in several solid tumors, including treatment-naïve and recurrent prostate cancer. [68Ga]Ga-RM2 is a well-established radiotracer for PET imaging of GRPr, and [177Lu]Lu-RM2 has been proposed as a therapeutic alternative for patients with heterogeneous and/or low expression of PSMA. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of GRPr and PSMA in a group of patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) by means of PET imaging. METHODS: Seventeen mCRPC patients referred for radio-ligand therapy (RLT) were enrolled and underwent [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and [68Ga]Ga-RM2 PET/CT imaging, 8.8 ± 8.6 days apart, to compare the biodistribution of each tracer. Uptake in healthy organs and tumor lesions was assessed by SUV values, and tumor-to-background ratios were analyzed. RESULTS: [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 showed significantly higher uptake in tumor lesions in bone, lymph nodes, prostate, and soft tissues and detected 23% more lesions compared to [68Ga]Ga-RM2. In 4/17 patients (23.5%), the biodistribution of both tracers was comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that in our cohort of mCRPC patients, PSMA expression was higher compared to GRPr. Nevertheless, RLT with [177Lu]Lu-RM2 may be an alternative treatment option for selected patients or patients in earlier disease stages, such as biochemical recurrence.

A randomised controlled trial of a digital intervention (Renewed) to support symptom management, wellbeing and quality of life in cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Many cancer survivors following primary treatment have prolonged poor quality of life. AIM: To determine the effectiveness of a bespoke digital intervention to support cancer survivors. DESIGN: Pragmatic parallel open randomised trial. SETTING: UK general practices. METHODS: People having finished primary treatment (<= 10 years previously) for colo-rectal, breast or prostate cancers, with European-Organization-for-Research-and-Treatment-of-Cancer QLQ-C30 score <85, were randomised by online software to: 1)detailed 'generic' digital NHS support ('LiveWell';n=906), 2) a bespoke complex digital intervention ('Renewed';n=903) addressing symptom management, physical activity, diet, weight loss, distress, or 3) 'Renewed-with-support' (n=903): 'Renewed' with additional brief email and telephone support. RESULTS: Mixed linear regression provided estimates of the differences between each intervention group and generic advice: at 6 months (primary time point: n's respectively 806;749;705) all groups improved, with no significant between-group differences for EORTC QLQ-C30, but global health improved more in both intervention groups. By 12 months there were: small improvements in EORTC QLQ-C30 for Renewed-with-support (versus generic advice: 1.42, 95% CIs 0.33-2.51); both groups improved global health (12 months: renewed: 3.06, 1.39-4.74; renewed-with-support: 2.78, 1.08-4.48), dyspnoea, constipation, and enablement, and lower NHS costs (generic advice £265: in comparison respectively £141 (153-128) and £77 (90-65) lower); and for Renewed-with-support improvement in several other symptom subscales. No harms were identified. CONCLUSION: Cancer survivors quality of life improved with detailed generic online support. Robustly developed bespoke digital support provides limited additional short term benefit, but additional longer term improvement in global health enablement and symptom management, with substantially lower NHS costs.

Functional pixels: a pathway towards true holographic displays using today's display technology.

Today's 3D dynamic holographic display techniques suffer from severe limitations due to an available number of pixels that is several orders of magnitude lower than required by conventional approaches. We introduce a solution to this problem by introducing the concept of functional pixels. This concept is based on pixels that individually spatially modulate the amplitude and phase of incident light with a polynomial function, rather than just a constant phase or amplitude. We show that even in the simple case of a linear modulation of the phase, the pixel count can be drastically reduced up to 3 orders of magnitude while preserving most of the image details. This scheme can be easily implemented with already existing technology, such as micro mirror arrays that provide tip, tilt and piston movement. Even though the individual pixels need to be technologically more advanced, the comparably small number of such pixels required to form a display may pave the way towards true holographic dynamic 3D displays.

Correlates, motivating factors, and barriers of engaging in regular self-reflection among public health students in higher education-A mixed methods approach.

Despite the wide implementation of self-reflection in higher education, the body of literature has predominantly focused on students from the clinical health sciences rather than public health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlates as well as to explore the motivating factors and barriers of engaging in regular self-reflection among public health students in higher education. We used a mixed methods approach (explanatory sequential design), comprising a cross-sectional survey (quantitative phase) followed by in-depth interviews (qualitative phase). We evaluated the association between reflection frequency as well as the perceptions and facilitators in reflection using the modified Breslow-Cox proportional hazards regression model. Prevalence ratio (PR) was generated. Thematic data analysis was carried out to analyse the qualitative data. Quantitative findings revealed being a regular reflector was positively associated with being more motivated to learn when one applied self-reflection (adjusted PR 1.60, 95% CI 1.17-2.20), the perception of being more prepared for a public health career in the future (adjusted PR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.60), as well as being given enough opportunities to carry out self-reflection in the public health modules (adjusted PR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05-1.45). Qualitative findings revealed most students started their self-reflection mainly due to extrinsic factors such as institutional support, social support, teacher influence and environmental influence. Of these, the most prominent was teacher influence, indicating that they are key agents in promoting self-reflection. Students expressed that it would be important to cultivate intrinsic motivation to sustain their practice of self-reflection along the learning journey such as for the development of career-related professional skills. Other than intrinsic motivation, environmental influences were also important to promote continual reflection among students such as the availability of ample opportunities. Prominent barriers to address included external student factors such as the imbalanced power relationship between teacher and student, and internal student factors such as the perception that self-reflection was too cumbersome and time consuming.

Comparison of individual and common wavelength-operation for 785 nm Y-branch DBR ridge waveguide diode lasers with adjustable spectral distance.

An experimental comparison between individual and common wavelength-operation of a Y-branch distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) ridge waveguide (RW) laser at 785 nm with an electrically adjustable spectral distance is presented. The dual-wavelength Y-branch laser combines two laser cavities via a Y-section to a common output section. DBR gratings with different grating periods are associated with the two cavities, which set the emission wavelengths of the two branches. Implemented resistive heater elements allow separate wavelength tuning of the two branches, which can be operated individually for alternating emission wavelengths in applications such as differential absorption spectroscopy or shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy. Common wavelength operation simultaneously generates two emission lines suitable for the generation of THz radiation using difference frequency mixing. Hereby, the devices could potentially be used as single-chip light sources for a combination of Raman and THz applications. For the wavelength-operation comparison presented, the devices were operated up to optical output powers of about 105 and 185 mW in individual and common wavelength-operation mode, respectively. In individual operation mode, the devices show spectral single-mode emission over the whole operation range. In common operation mode, the spectral emission is predominantly single mode up to an optical output power of 65 mW. In both operation modes, mode hops typical for DBR lasers occur. At an optical output power of 50 mW, tuning of the spectral distance between the two wavelengths using the implemented resistor heaters is demonstrated. In both modes of wavelength operation, a flexible frequency difference between 0 and 0.8 THz (0 and 1.6 nm) with predominantly single-mode spectral emission is obtained.