ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is one of the most prominent types of cancers, in which therapeutic resistance is a major clinical concern. Specific subtypes, such as claudin-low and metaplastic breast carcinoma (MpBC), have been associated with high nongenetic plasticity, which can facilitate resistance. The similarities and differences between these orthogonal subtypes, identified by molecular and histopathological analyses, respectively, remain insufficiently characterized. Furthermore, adequate methods to identify high-plasticity tumors to better anticipate resistance are lacking. Here, we analyzed 11 triple-negative breast tumors, including 3 claudin-low and 4 MpBC, via high-resolution spatial transcriptomics. We combined pathological annotations and deconvolution approaches to precisely identify tumor spots, on which we performed signature enrichment, differential expression, and copy number analyses. We used The Cancer Genome Atlas and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia public databases for external validation of expression markers. By focusing our spatial transcriptomic analyses on tumor cells in MpBC samples, we bypassed the negative impact of stromal contamination and identified specific markers that are neither expressed in other breast cancer subtypes nor expressed in stromal cells. Three markers (BMPER, POPDC3, and SH3RF3) were validated in external expression databases encompassing bulk tumor material and stroma-free cell lines. We unveiled that existing bulk expression signatures of high-plasticity breast cancers are relevant in mesenchymal transdifferentiated compartments but can be hindered by abundant stromal cells in tumor samples, negatively impacting their clinical applicability. Spatial transcriptomic analyses constitute powerful tools to identify specific expression markers and could thus enhance diagnosis and clinical care of rare high-plasticity breast cancers.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Gene Expression Profiling , Breast/metabolism , Transcriptome , Claudins/metabolism , Prognosis , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolismABSTRACT
Colours and emotions are associated in languages and traditions. Some of us may convey sadness by saying feeling blue or by wearing black clothes at funerals. The first example is a conceptual experience of colour and the second example is an immediate perceptual experience of colour. To investigate whether one or the other type of experience more strongly drives colour-emotion associations, we tested 64 congenitally red-green colour-blind men and 66 non-colour-blind men. All participants associated 12 colours, presented as terms or patches, with 20 emotion concepts, and rated intensities of the associated emotions. We found that colour-blind and non-colour-blind men associated similar emotions with colours, irrespective of whether colours were conveyed via terms (r = .82) or patches (r = .80). The colour-emotion associations and the emotion intensities were not modulated by participants' severity of colour blindness. Hinting at some additional, although minor, role of actual colour perception, the consistencies in associations for colour terms and patches were higher in non-colour-blind than colour-blind men. Together, these results suggest that colour-emotion associations in adults do not require immediate perceptual colour experiences, as conceptual experiences are sufficient.
ABSTRACT
As radiografias panorâmicas têm sido utilizadas objetivando o diagnóstico completo em Odontologia. Apesar de não terem função de verificação de aspectos relacionados à crista óssea, muitas vezes são utilizadas como complemento de diagnóstico periodontal. Para tanto, medições do percentual de osso alveolar presente/perdido têm sido feitas através do uso da régua de Schei. O presente estudo objetivou verificar a capacidade de detecção de condições relacionadas à crista óssea alveolar em radiografias panorâmicas. Radiografias panorâmicas de 583 pacientes (37,7% do sexo masculino e 62,1% do sexo feminino) foram avaliadas, em relação à possibilidade utilização de medições vinculadas ao osso de suporte. Medições de uma hemi-arcada de cada radiografia foram realizadas, descrevendo o percentual de superfícies mesiais e distais passíveis de avaliação. Na amostra avaliada, um percentual de 9,9% de edêntulos foi avaliado. Observou-se que para todos os dentes, o percentual de superfícies avaliáveis variou de 22,8 a 96,5%. Os dentes anteriores foram aqueles que apresentaram o maior percentual de possibilidade de avaliação da situação da crista óssea alveolar. Tendo em vista a metodologia usada neste estudo, conclui-se que as radiografias panorâmicas apresentam um percentual extremamente variável de possibilidade de avaliação da situação da crista óssea alveolar, sendo que a avaliação da crista óssea dos dentes anteriores é mais facilitada nesse tipo de radiografia. Questiona-se, portanto, a utilização de radiografias panorâmicas com finalidade de diagnóstico auxiliar relacionado à crista óssea alveolar.
Orthopantomograms have been used aiming at a complete diagnosis in dentistry. Although they do not have as primary funcion to verify aspects related to the bone crest, many times they are used as a diagnostic complement in periodontics. For that purpose, measurements of the alveolar bone percent that is present/lost are made by means of the Schei ruler. The present study aimed at verifying the capacity of detection of conditions related to the bone crest in orthopantomograms. Radiographs from 583 patients (37.7% males and 62.3% females) were evaluated, in relation to the possibility of using supporting bone measurements. In each radiograph, one hemi-arch was measured, describing the percentage of mesial and distal surfaces that could be evaluated. In the sample studied, a percentage of 9.9% of edentulous subjects were present. It was observed that for ali teeth, the percentage of possiblyevaluated surfaces varied from 22.8 to 96.5%. Anterior teeth were the ones that presented the highest percentage of possiblyevaluated bone crests. Taking into consideration the methodology of this study, it may be cOpalcluded that orthopantomograms' present an extremely variable percentage of possibility of bone crest evaluation, being the anterior teeth the easiest to perform Thus, it may be questioned the use of orthopantomograms as an adjunct diagnostic tool for alveolar bone crest.
