Enamel caries lesion depth obtained by optical coherence tomography and transverse microradiography: a comparative study.

INTRODUCTION: Visual imaging of sub-surface caries lesions is of vital interest in dentistry, which can be obtained by invasive radiography-technique as well as by available non-destructive imaging approaches. Thus, as a first step towards the development of a new innovative approach, the Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was applied to detect the lesion depth in comparison to the established reference technique (transverse microradiography, TMR). METHODS: Bovine enamel specimens were demineralized for 5 days, following previous studies by Braga et al., [2021] and [2022]. For OCT, the resulting artificial lesions were scanned three-dimensionally (SD-OCT), and semiautomated measured (CarLQuant). For TMR, specimens were sectioned and the lesion depth was manually determined (Inspektor Research System). RESULTS: The range of lesion depth detected with OCT was 24.0 to 174.0 µm (mouthrinses study, Braga et al., [2021]), 18.0 to 178.0 µm (toothpastes study) and with TMR 59.2 to 198.0 µm (mouthrinses study), 33.2 to 133.4 µm (toothpastes study, Braga et al., [2022]). We found a strong correlation between both methods in terms of lesion depth (Spearman rankwith outlier p<0.001, Rho=0.75, Spearman rankwithout outlier p=0.001, Rho=0.79). The two methods produce similar results (Passing Bablok regression, 1.16). As deeper is the lesion, the smallest is the difference between both methods as indicated by Bland-Altman-plots. CONCLUSION: Especially in the case of deep lesions, the values obtained by both methods are in agreement, and OCT can potentially substitute TMR to detect and assess lesion depth with the benefit of being non-destructive.

Toothpaste containing TiF4 and chitosan against erosive tooth wear in situ.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the protective effect of an experimental TiF4/Chitosan toothpaste with a commercial toothpaste on the prevention of erosive tooth wear (ETW) in situ. METHODS: Fifteen subjects took part in this crossover and double-blind study, in which they wore a palatal appliance containing 4 bovine enamel and 4 dentin in 3 phases (5 days each). Half of the samples were subjected to erosive challenges (90 s in 0.1 % citric acid, pH 2.5, 4 times/day), and the other half to erosive plus abrasive challenges (15 s plus 45 s of contact, 2 times/day). The phases corresponded to the application of the different toothpastes: 1) TiF4 (1400 ppm F-) plus Chitosan, 2) Elmex®, Erosion Protection (1400 ppm F-, Chitosan), and 3) Placebo (negative control). Tooth wear was measured using contact profilometry (µm) and submitted to two-way RM ANOVA/Tukey test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: No significant differences were detected between the experimental and commercial toothpastes, regardless of the challenge on both tissues. Both significantly reduce ETW compared to negative control (p < 0.0006). Tooth wear was increased by brushing only on eroded enamel (p < 0.01), but not on dentin (p = 0.6085). TiF4/Chitosan [erosion 2.98 ± 1.12 µm vs. erosion and abrasion 3.12 ± 1.33 µm] and Elmex® toothpastes [erosion 2.35 ± 0.93 µm vs. erosion and abrasion 2.98 ± 1.0 µm] minimized the impact of brushing compared to placebo on enamel [erosion 4.62 ± 1.48 µm vs. erosion and abrasion 5.15 ± 1.50 µm]. CONCLUSIONS: TiF4 plus chitosan toothpastes showed to be effective in minimizing the ETW as the commercial toothpaste is in situ. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The experimental toothpaste has similar effect against ETW compared to the commercial toothpaste. Considering the increased ETW prevalence worldwide, this result supports clinical trials and a possible application of this experimental anti-erosive toothpaste in the future.

The relationship between sleep- and circadian rhythm-related parameters with dietary practices and food intake of sedentary adults: a cross-sectional study.

We aimed to explore the link between sleep-related parameters and dietary practices. This cross-sectional exploratory study includes sedentary individuals between 20 and 59 years of age. We applied exigent inclusion and exclusion criteria, such as weight stability and without humor- or sleep-related diseases. Also, shift workers were not included. We evaluated sleep quality (by Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; PSQI), sleepiness (by Epworth Sleepiness Scale), chronotype (by Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire; MEQ), and social jetlag from sleep dairy. Moreover, Food Practices Measurement Scale was used to assess dietary practices. Food intake estimates (i. e., energy, eating window, and late-night dinner eating) were derived from two 24-h food recalls (R24h). For analysis, dietary practices and energy intake from R24h were considered dependent variables, while PSQI, ESS, MEQ, STJ, EW, and LNDE were considered independent variables. Our sample comprises 42 adults (21 women and 21 men; 35.4 (12.5) y; 25.6 (5.21) kg/m2 BMI; 26.5 (7.97) % body fat). We verified that persons with poor sleep quality showed lower dietary practice scores (MD - 6.68; p = 0.021). Besides, in regression analysis, chronotype (ß = 0.266; p = 0.039) was positively associated with dietary practices, and eating window was positively associated with energy intake (ß = 267 kcal; p = 0.023). In contrast to our hypothesis, other sleep- and circadian-related variables were not associated with dietary practices or energy intake. In summary, we conclude that morning chronotype appears to be related to better dietary practices from the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population guide and that higher eating window was positively associated with energy intake.

Salivary proteomic profile of response to different resistance training protocols: A case report.

Resistance training (RT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) or high intensity (HI) are effective to increase muscle mass. To understand this effect, techniques known as "omics" are used to identify possible biomarkers. This study analyzed the salivary proteomic profile of healthy individuals trained before and after two RT protocols both designed with eight exercises for upper- and lower-limbs, one performed at low percentage of one-maximum repetition (%1RM) with BFR technique, and other at high %1RM (HI) without BRF technique. Four healthy males between 18 and 28 years participated in the study. Stimulated saliva was collected before (BBFR/BHI) and immediately after (ABFR/AHI) the two RT protocols. All protein-related processing was performed using label-free proteomic. The difference in expression between groups was expressed as p < .05 for downregulated proteins and 1-p > .95 for upregulated proteins. There was difference in salivary flow between ABFR and BBFR (p = .005). For HI, 87 proteins were found after the practice and 119 before. Three hemoglobin isoforms were increased in AHI compared with BHI. In the BFR comparison, 105 proteins were identified after (ABFR) and 70 before (BBFR). Among those increased ABFR, we highlight five hemoglobin isoforms and Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein. Between ABFR and AHI, 17 isoforms of histones, Transaldolase, Transketolase, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and Antileukoproteinase were decreased ABFR. For HI, there was an increase in proteins related to oxidative stress and metabolism of the musculoskeletal system, compared with BFR. HI seems to induce higher anabolic signaling to muscle mass increase and antiatherosclerotic effects.

Xylitol associated or not with fluoride: Is the action the same on de- and remineralization?

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of xylitol combined or not with fluoride (F) on reduction of demineralization and increase of remineralization of shallow and deep artificial enamel lesions. METHODS: Bovine enamel samples were allocated to the following solutions groups: no xylitol (negative control), 5% xylitol, 10% xylitol, 20% xylitol, 500 ppm F (as NaF), 5% xylitol+F, 10% xylitol+F or 20% xylitol+F (n = 12-15). For the demin study, a pH-cycling model (demineralization-6 h, pH 4.7/remineralization 18 h, pH 7.0) was employed for 7 days. Treatments were applied 2 × 1 min. In the remin study, specimens were pre-demineralized for 2, 5 or 10 days. Afterwards, a pH-cycling protocol was conducted (2 h demineralizing and 22 h remineralizing solution/day for 8 days) and the same treatments were done. The response variables were percentage surface hardness loss (%SHL) and transverse microradiography. Data were analyzed by RM ANOVA/Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn (p < 0.05) RESULTS: F and Xylitol combined with F reduced the %SHL (23-30%) compared to the negative control (61.5%). The integrated mineral loss and the lesion depth were not reduced by any treatment. Surface hardness recovery was seen only for shallow lesions in case of 20% xylitol+F compared to negative control. No lesion depth recovery, but significant mineral recovery was seen for F (2-days and 10-days lesion). CONCLUSIONS: All concentrations of xylitol+F reduced enamel surface demineralization, while only 20% xylitol+F improved surface remineralization of shallow lesions in vitro. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that while F or any concentration of xylitol + F reduces surface demineralization, only 20% xylitol+F improves surface remineralization of shallow lesions in vitro. Therefore, xylitol may be added into oral products, combined to F, to control dental caries.

Influence of abrasive dentifrices on polymeric reconstructive material properties after simulated toothbrushing.

To assess the influence of dentifrices with different abrasiveness levels on the properties of dental reconstructive materials. Forty-eight cylinders were obtained from four polymeric materials, being two CAD/CAM acrylic resins (Ivotion-Dent and Ivotion-Base), one injected acrylic resin (IvoBase-Hydrid) and one light-cured resin composite (Empress Direct). Specimens were allocated to four subgroups for toothbrushing simulation according to the dentifrice relative dentin abrasivity (RDA) and silica content: (i) RDA 0 = 0%; (ii) RDA 50 = 3%; (iii) RDA 100 = 10%; and (iv) RDA 120 = 25%. Specimens were then subjected to toothbrushing. Surface analyses [surface roughness Ra (SR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] along with hardness and optical properties [translucency parameter (TP) and contrast ratio (CR)] were evaluated before and after toothbrushing. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Tukey test. A significant increase in SR was observed after toothbrushing with higher RDA toothpastes for Ivotion-Dent (100 and 120) and IvoBase-Hybrid (120). Ivotion-Base and Empress Direct presented no significant differences in SR when analyzed as a function of timepoint and RDA levels. Hardness was not influenced by toothbrushing with different RDA dentifrices, except for Empress Direct with RDA 0 toothpaste, where a decrease in the hardness was observed. TP of Ivotion-Dent and Empress Direct significantly decreased after toothbrushing with higher RDA dentifrices and CR of Ivotion-Dent, Empress Direct and IvoBase-Hybrid significantly increased with higher RDA dentifrices. The levels of dentifrice abrasiveness affected differently the SR, hardness and optical properties of polymeric reconstructive materials after toothbrushing.

Simultaneous irradiation of 660 and 808 nm on gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts induces different patterns of oxidative/antioxidative activities: What is the role of the cell type and irradiation parameters?

The aim of this study was to investigate whether simultaneous irradiation at 660 and 808 nm generates different patterns of oxidative/antioxidative activities compared to consecutive irradiation. Primary cultures of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts were exposed to a diose laser (660 ± 2 nm and 808 ± 2 nm, 100 mW, 0.09 cm2 spot area) using double irradiation with the two wavelengths (consecutive or simultaneous) for 6, 10, and 20 s. The two irradiation regimens did not increase cell viability in any of the experimental conditions. Lipid peroxidation was increased after consecutive irradiation in epithelial cells, which was not detected after simultaneous irradiation. After 20s of the simultaneous mode, ROS levels increased, but antioxidative balance decreased. In the fibroblasts, the two double irradiations induced ROS reduction, increase in lipid peroxidation, and improvement of antioxidative balance, mainly after the 20 s irradiation time. In conclusion, simultaneous and consecutive irradiation induced distinct oxidative stress modulation in oral epithelial cells and fibroblasts. The imbalance in the oxidative system observed after longer exposures, allied with the absence of a significant increase in the viability of the two cell types, suggests a contraindication for longer simultaneous irradiation in clinical situations that demand cellular stimulation.

Proteomic analysis of stimulated saliva in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with and without erosive tooth wear: Observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the difference in the proteomic profile of stimulated saliva in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with (GE) and without (GNE) erosive tooth wear (ETW), regarding both human and bacterial proteins. METHODS: Stimulated saliva (SS) was collected from 16 patients (8/group). Samples were centrifuged at 4.500 g for 15 min under refrigeration to remove all debris. The supernatant from each saliva sample was taken and frozen at -80 °C. After extracting the proteins, they were submitted to reverse phase liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS/MS). Label-free proteomic quantification was performed using Protein Lynx Global Service (PLGS) software (p < 0.05) for human and bacterial proteins. RESULTS: In total, 67 human proteins were common for GNE and GE groups. GNE group presented, compared to GE group, increase in proteins that confer antimicrobial and acid resistant properties, such as cystatins, histatin and immunoglobulins. However, GNE group had a marked decrease in subunits of hemoglobin (α, ß and delta). Regarding bacterial proteins, for SS, 7 and 10 unique proteins were identified in the GE and GNE groups, respectively. They are related to protein synthesis and energy metabolism and interact with human proteins typically found in saliva and supramolecular complexes of the acquired pellicle. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the stimulation of the salivary flow increases acid resistant and antimicrobial proteins in saliva, which might protect against ETW. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This pioneer study showed important differences in the human and bacterial proteome of SS in patients with GERD with or without ETW.

Acquired enamel pellicle protects gastroesophageal reflux disease patients against erosive tooth wear.

The objective of this study was to compare the protein profile of the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) formed in vivo in patients with or without gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and with or without erosive tooth wear (ETW). Twenty-four volunteers were divided into 3 groups: 1) GERD and ETW; 2) GERD without ETW; and 3) control (without GERD). The AEP formed 120 min after prophylaxis was collected from the lingual/palatal surfaces. The samples were subjected to mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS/MS) and label-free quantification by Protein Lynx Global Service software. A total of 213 proteins were identified, or 119, 92 and 106 from each group, respectively. Group 2 showed a high number of phosphorylated and calcium-binding proteins. Twenty-three proteins were found in all the groups, including 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta and 1-phosphatidylinositol. Several intracellular proteins that join saliva after the exfoliation of oral mucosa cells might have the potential to bind hydroxyapatite, or participate in forming supramolecular aggregates that bind to precursor proteins in the AEP. Proteins might play a central role in protecting the dental surface against acid dissolution.

Effect of experimental toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and propolis, with and without fluoride, on the microcosm biofilm and enamel demineralization.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial and anticaries effects of toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nanoHAP - 5 or 10%), xylitol (2 or 3%) and propolis (1 or 2%), associated or not with 1500 ppm fluoride (F). An in vitro model was used with microcosm biofilm produced from a pool of human saliva and McBain saliva (1:50) in the first 8 h of culture on 162 bovine enamel specimens. At the end of the experimental period, analyses of metabolic activity, colony forming units (CFU) and transverse microradiography (TMR) were performed. This study showed a possible decrease in demineralization and increase in remineralization by the commercial toothpaste (1500 ppm F) and for the experimental toothpaste containing the highest concentration of all agents, combined with F. In addition, a reduction in antimicrobial activity possibly caused by propolis and xylitol, mainly in relation to cariogenic bacteria, was observed.

Metabolic effect of low fluoride levels in the islets of NOD mice: integrative morphological, immunohistochemical, and proteomic analyses.

OBJECTIVES: Fluoride (F) has been widely used to control dental caries, and studies suggest beneficial effects against diabetes when a low dose of F is added to the drinking water (10 mgF/L). This study evaluated metabolic changes in pancreatic islets of NOD mice exposed to low doses of F and the main pathways altered by the treatment. METHODOLOGY: In total, 42 female NOD mice were randomly divided into two groups, considering the concentration of F administered in the drinking water for 14 weeks: 0 or 10 mgF/L. After the experimental period, the pancreas was collected for morphological and immunohistochemical analysis, and the islets for proteomic analysis. RESULTS: In the morphological and immunohistochemical analysis, no significant differences were found in the percentage of cells labelled for insulin, glucagon, and acetylated histone H3, although the treated group had higher percentages than the control group. Moreover, no significant differences were found for the mean percentages of pancreatic areas occupied by islets and for the pancreatic inflammatory infiltrate between the control and treated groups. Proteomic analysis showed large increases in histones H3 and, to a lesser extent, in histone acetyltransferases, concomitant with a decrease in enzymes involved in the formation of acetyl-CoA, besides many changes in proteins involved in several metabolic pathways, especially energy metabolism. The conjunction analysis of these data showed an attempt by the organism to maintain protein synthesis in the islets, even with the dramatic changes in energy metabolism. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests epigenetic alterations in the islets of NOD mice exposed to F levels comparable to those found in public supply water consumed by humans.

Effect of anaerobic or/and microaerophilic atmosphere on microcosm biofilm formation and tooth demineralization.

OBJECTIVE: Microcosm biofilms can reproduce the complexity of a dental biofilm. However, different forms of cultivation have been used. The impact of the culture atmosphere on the development of microcosm biofilms and their potential to cause tooth demineralization has not yet been deeply studied. This study analyzes the effects of three experimental cultivation models (microaerophile vs. anaerobiosis vs. experimental mixed) on the colony-forming units (CFU) of the cariogenic microorganisms and tooth demineralization. METHODOLOGY: 90 bovine enamel and 90 dentin specimens were distributed into different atmospheres: 1) microaerophilia (5 days, 5% CO2); 2) anaerobiosis (5 days, jar); 3) mixed (2 days microaerophilia and 3 days anaerobiosis), which were treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control - CHX) or Phosphate-Buffered Saline (negative control - PBS) (n=15). Human saliva and McBain's saliva containing 0.2% sucrose were used for microcosm biofilm formation, for 5 days. From the second day to the end of the experiment, the specimens were treated with CHX or PBS (1x1 min/day). Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted, and tooth demineralization was analyzed using transverse microradiography (TMR). Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's or Sidak's test (p<0.05). RESULTS: CHX was able to reduce total microorganism's CFU compared to PBS (differences of 0.3-1.48 log10 CFU/mL), except for anaerobiosis and microaerophilia in enamel and dentin biofilm, respectively. In the case of dentin, no effect of CHX on Lactobacillus spp. was observed. CHX significantly reduced enamel demineralization compared to PBS (78% and 22% reductions for enamel and dentin, respectively). Enamel mineral loss did not differ when compared with the other atmospheres; however, the enamel lesion depth was greater under anaerobiosis. Dentin mineral loss was lower under anaerobiosis when compared with the other atmospheres. CONCLUSION: The type of atmosphere has, in general, little influence on the cariogenic ability of the microcosm biofilm.

Purification and Biological Properties of Raniseptins-3 and -6, Two Antimicrobial Peptides from Boana raniceps (Cope, 1862) Skin Secretion.

The number of multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms has been growing in recent years, most of which is due to the inappropriate use of the commercial antibiotics that are currently available. The dissemination of antimicrobial resistance represents a serious global public health problem. Thus, it is necessary to search for and develop new drugs that can act as antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides are a promising alternative for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Anurans' skin glands are a rich source of broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds and hylids, a large and diverse family of tree frogs, are known as an important source of antimicrobial peptides. In the present study, two novel antimicrobial peptides, named Raniseptins-3 and -6, were isolated from Boana raniceps skin secretion and their structural and biological properties were evaluated. Raniseptins-3 and -6 are cationic, rich in hydrophobic residues, and adopt an α-helix conformation in the presence of SDS (35 mM). Both peptides are active against Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive pathogens, with low hemolytic activity at therapeutic concentrations. No activity was observed for yeasts, but the peptides are highly cytotoxic against B16F10 murine melanoma cells and NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. None of the tested compounds showed improvement trends in the MTT and LDH parameters of MHV-3 infected cells at the concentrations tested.

The in vitro Effect of Dentifrices With Activated Charcoal on Eroded Teeth.

AIM: The objective of this research was to compare the abrasive potential of dentifrices containing activated charcoal with those of a conventional dentifrice on the development of erosive tooth wear (ETW) in vitro. METHODS: Enamel and dentin samples were divided into toothpastes (n = 12): group (G)1-Colgate Triple Action (1450 ppm F) (positive control); G2-Colgate Natural Extracts (1450 ppm F); G3-Colgate Luminous White Activated Carbon (1450 ppm F); G4-Oral-B Whitening Therapy Charcoal (1100 ppm F); G5-Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clean (1100 ppm F); G6-Curaprox Black Is White (950 ppm F); and G7-erosion only (no abrasion, negative control). All samples were submitted to erosive pH cycles and G1 to G6 to abrasive challenges (15 seconds) using toothpastes' slurries plus 45 seconds of treatment for 7 days. The final profile was overlaid to the baseline one for the ETW calculation (µm). The data were subjected to analysis of variance/Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn tests (P < .05). RESULTS: Oral-B 3D White (13.0 ± 1.0, 9.37 [1.36] µm), Oral-B Whitening Therapy (15.1 ± 1.2, 8.58 [1.71] µm), and Colgate Luminous White (13.6 ± 1.0, 7.46 [0.94] µm) toothpastes promoted the greatest enamel and dentin wear. On the other hand, Colgate Triple Action (12.2 ± 1.2, 5.30 [1.26] µm), Colgate Natural Extracts (10.8 ± 1.1, 4.16 [1.11] µm), and Curaprox Black Is White (11.5 ± 1.5, 4.06 [0.92] µm) toothpastes promoted lower wear values, similar to erosion only (4.16 [0.94] µm) in the case of dentin but not enamel (7.1 ± 0.8 µm). CONCLUSIONS: Toothpastes containing charcoal combined with pyrophosphate may have a high abrasive effect on eroded tooth surfaces. Many patients influenced by digital marketing use toothpastes containing activated charcoal with the aim of bleaching their teeth. However, care should be taken when using these products, as they may have a high abrasive effect.

Acquired enamel pellicle protects gastroesophageal reflux disease patients against erosive tooth wear

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the protein profile of the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) formed in vivo in patients with or without gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and with or without erosive tooth wear (ETW). Twenty-four volunteers were divided into 3 groups: 1) GERD and ETW; 2) GERD without ETW; and 3) control (without GERD). The AEP formed 120 min after prophylaxis was collected from the lingual/palatal surfaces. The samples were subjected to mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS/MS) and label-free quantification by Protein Lynx Global Service software. A total of 213 proteins were identified, or 119, 92 and 106 from each group, respectively. Group 2 showed a high number of phosphorylated and calcium-binding proteins. Twenty-three proteins were found in all the groups, including 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta and 1-phosphatidylinositol. Several intracellular proteins that join saliva after the exfoliation of oral mucosa cells might have the potential to bind hydroxyapatite, or participate in forming supramolecular aggregates that bind to precursor proteins in the AEP. Proteins might play a central role in protecting the dental surface against acid dissolution.

Metabolic effect of low fluoride levels in the islets of NOD mice: integrative morphological, immunohistochemical, and proteomic analyses

Abstract Fluoride (F) has been widely used to control dental caries, and studies suggest beneficial effects against diabetes when a low dose of F is added to the drinking water (10 mgF/L). Objectives This study evaluated metabolic changes in pancreatic islets of NOD mice exposed to low doses of F and the main pathways altered by the treatment. Methodology In total, 42 female NOD mice were randomly divided into two groups, considering the concentration of F administered in the drinking water for 14 weeks: 0 or 10 mgF/L. After the experimental period, the pancreas was collected for morphological and immunohistochemical analysis, and the islets for proteomic analysis. Results In the morphological and immunohistochemical analysis, no significant differences were found in the percentage of cells labelled for insulin, glucagon, and acetylated histone H3, although the treated group had higher percentages than the control group. Moreover, no significant differences were found for the mean percentages of pancreatic areas occupied by islets and for the pancreatic inflammatory infiltrate between the control and treated groups. Proteomic analysis showed large increases in histones H3 and, to a lesser extent, in histone acetyltransferases, concomitant with a decrease in enzymes involved in the formation of acetyl-CoA, besides many changes in proteins involved in several metabolic pathways, especially energy metabolism. The conjunction analysis of these data showed an attempt by the organism to maintain protein synthesis in the islets, even with the dramatic changes in energy metabolism. Conclusion Our data suggests epigenetic alterations in the islets of NOD mice exposed to F levels comparable to those found in public supply water consumed by humans.

Effect of anaerobic or/and microaerophilic atmosphere on microcosm biofilm formation and tooth demineralization

Abstract Microcosm biofilms can reproduce the complexity of a dental biofilm. However, different forms of cultivation have been used. The impact of the culture atmosphere on the development of microcosm biofilms and their potential to cause tooth demineralization has not yet been deeply studied. Objective This study analyzes the effects of three experimental cultivation models (microaerophile vs. anaerobiosis vs. experimental mixed) on the colony-forming units (CFU) of the cariogenic microorganisms and tooth demineralization. Methodology 90 bovine enamel and 90 dentin specimens were distributed into different atmospheres: 1) microaerophilia (5 days, 5% CO2); 2) anaerobiosis (5 days, jar); 3) mixed (2 days microaerophilia and 3 days anaerobiosis), which were treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control - CHX) or Phosphate-Buffered Saline (negative control - PBS) (n=15). Human saliva and McBain's saliva containing 0.2% sucrose were used for microcosm biofilm formation, for 5 days. From the second day to the end of the experiment, the specimens were treated with CHX or PBS (1x1 min/day). Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted, and tooth demineralization was analyzed using transverse microradiography (TMR). Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's or Sidak's test (p<0.05). Results CHX was able to reduce total microorganism's CFU compared to PBS (differences of 0.3-1.48 log10 CFU/mL), except for anaerobiosis and microaerophilia in enamel and dentin biofilm, respectively. In the case of dentin, no effect of CHX on Lactobacillus spp. was observed. CHX significantly reduced enamel demineralization compared to PBS (78% and 22% reductions for enamel and dentin, respectively). Enamel mineral loss did not differ when compared with the other atmospheres; however, the enamel lesion depth was greater under anaerobiosis. Dentin mineral loss was lower under anaerobiosis when compared with the other atmospheres. Conclusion The type of atmosphere has, in general, little influence on the cariogenic ability of the microcosm biofilm.

Prevalence of dietary supplement consumption among CrossFit practitioners.

Purpose: We aimed to verify the prevalence of dietary supplements among CrossFit practitioners (CFPs), considering gender and training status. Still, we aimed to determine the type, reasons, and associated factors of dietary supplement utilization among CFPs. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive study with the snowball sampling method. Data were collected through online questionnaires using the Google Forms® tool. We included CFPs aged 18-64 years, from Aug 1, 2020, to Sept 31, 2020. The questionnaire contained questions to assess the prevalence, type, and reasons for supplement use; also, we assessed information about sociodemographic variables and the prevalence of the main chronic morbidities. To analyze aspects of eating behavior and sleep-related parameters, we applied the three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ)-R21 and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI), respectively. Results: We assessed one hundred twelve (n = 112; 57 men; 55 women) CFPs (28.9 ± 7.64 years old; body mass index (BMI), 25.5 ± 4.83 kg/m2). Eighty-seven (50 men; 37 women; 28.2 ± 6.66 years old; BMI, 25.4 ± 4.55 kg/m2) reported using dietary supplements. Whey protein was the most used supplement (n = 70), followed by creatine (n = 54). Cognitive restraint (a dimension of eating behavior) score was higher in supplement users than in non-users (51.7 ± 18.6 vs. 42.6 ± 20.5; p = 0.040). Sleep-related parameters did not differ between supplement users and non-users. The most associated factors to supplement use were sex (being man; OR, 7.99; p = 0.007), sleep quality (poor; OR, 5.27; p = 0.045), CrossFit level (as prescribed (RX); OR, 4.51; p = 0.031), and cognitive restraint (OR, 1.03; p = 0.029). Conclusion: The CFPs, especially RX and Elite ones, showed a higher prevalence of supplement utilization. Anabolic-related supplements (i.e., whey protein and creatine) were the most used; moreover, several CFPs used supplements not supported by scientific evidence. Cognitive restraint score was higher in supplement users than in non-users. RX level, being men, and poor sleep quality were associated with supplement utilization. These data draw attention to the necessity of nutritional education for CrossFit coaches and athletes. Broader studies are necessary to confirm our findings.

Effect of fluoride group on dental erosion associated or not with abrasion in human enamel: A systematic review with network metanalysis.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of monovalent and polyvalent fluoride group compared to the non-fluoride group on the prevention of enamel erosion associated or not with abrasion in in situ studies. DESIGN: This review was registered in the PROSPERO (CRD42017071118) and followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic and comprehensive search was performed using PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, BBO, LILACS, SCIELO, and grey literature IBICT-BDTD. All in situ and ex vivo studies of erosion and erosion/abrasion tooth wear were included, with no language or date restrictions. RESULTS: 730 studies were obtained and after exclusion of duplicates, 311 were included for title and abstract reading. Two independent authors (kappa= 0.98) systematically conducted the selection phase. Considering the eligibility criteria and after full-text reading, 19 studies were included in qualitative and quantitative analysis. CONCLUSION: Network metanalysis showed that polyvalent fluoride group, especially Sn-compounded, prevented enamel wear by erosion and erosion/abrasion compared to the non-fluoride group and monovalent fluoride group. Both low and high concentration monovalent fluoride group were not able to prevent erosion wear associated or not with abrasion. Sensitivity analysis of the network metanalysis was performed with the low risk of bias studies and the results were confirmed. There is robust evidence that stannous-compounded fluoridated and titanium tetrafluoride agents are effective in preventing erosion and erosion/abrasion compared to the non-fluoride group and other interventions.

Effect of a Toothpaste Containing Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-Ionomer Filler on the Remineralization of Artificial Carious Enamel Lesions in situ.

This study evaluated the remineralizing effect of a toothpaste containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler on demineralized enamel in situ. For this, 180 bovine enamel samples were demineralized by using a microcosm biofilm model for 3 days. Thereafter, the samples were randomly signed to 15 healthy volunteers and to 3 cross-over in situ phases corresponding to the following treatments: (1) toothpaste containing 1,500 ppm F as NaMFP (positive control, Colgate®Cavity Protection), (2) toothpaste containing 5% S-PRG filler (Shofu®), and (3) placebo toothpaste (negative control prepared by Shofu®). Four demineralized enamel blocks were fixed into each palatal appliance per phase. The volunteers wore the appliances for 5 days and were trained to brush their teeth 2 times for 2 min a day, while one drop of the toothpaste's slurry (1:3) was dripped on each sample for the same period. The surface hardness and TMR analyses were done and analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey and t test (p < 0.05). S-PRG filler and Colgate® toothpastes were equally able to improve 2-2.5× enamel remineralization by the analysis of % surface hardness recovery. However, S-PRG toothpaste was the only one able to significantly improve ΔΔZ (the integrated mineral loss recovery: 1,489 ± 503 %vol.µm) compared to placebo (1,050 ± 467 %vol.µm), while Colgate® did not differ from placebo. No differences were seen between the groups with respect to ΔLD. S-PRG filler and Colgate® toothpastes show similar potential to remineralize the lesion surface. However, S-PRG toothpaste is better to recover mineral loss at the subsurface area.