Estudo sazonal do óleo essencial das folhas de Casearia sylvestris Sw. (guaçatonga) do PARNATijuca / Seasonal study of essential oil from leaves of Casearia sylvestris Sw. (guaçatonga) from Tijuca National Park

Introdução: A espécie Casearia sylvestris Sw. é utilizada pela população como planta medicinal, e está inserida na lista da "Relação Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao Sistema Único de Saúde". Objetivo: Avaliar o estudo sazonal da espécie C. sylvestris no Parque Nacional da Tijuca. Métodos: Os óleos essenciais de todas as estações foram extraídos por hidrodestilação em aparelho modificado de Clevenger por duas horas, e as análises foram feitas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas e cromatografia gasosa com detector de chama. Resultados: Verificou-se que os componentes majoritários deste óleo (germacreno B, γ-elemeno e ß-elemeno) não apresentaram alterações em sua composição no período de um ano. Portanto, estudos sazonais são primordiais para a espécie C. sylvestris, tendo em vista que a mesma está presente na lista de Relação Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Existe uma carência de informações sobre estudos sazonais para averiguar variações de componentes ativos que possam comprometer a utilização desta espécie como planta medicinal no país, assim como matéria-prima de produtos biotecnológicos. Conclusão: O óleo essencial de folhas de C. sylvestris coletadas no Rio de janeiro difere do perfil químico de outros indivíduos coletados em outros Estados do Brasil, além do que não houve variações na composição do óleo para os componentes majoritários.

Introduction: The species Casearia sylvestris Sw. is used by the population as a medicinal plant. This species is included in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the Unified Health System. Objective: Evaluate the seasonal study of the species C. sylvestris at Tijuca National Park. Methods: Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation in a modified Clevenger device for two hours in all seasons. Analysis was conducted by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame detector. Results: The composition of the most abundant compounds in the oil (germacrene B, γ-elemene and ß-elemene) was not found to change throughout the one-year period. Therefore, seasonal studies about the species C. sylvestris are essential, included as it is in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the Unified Health System. No information is available about studies of this sort to detect variations in active components which may compromise the use of this species as a medicinal plant in the country, as well as raw material for biotechnological products. Conclusion: The chemical profile of the essential oil from C. sylvestris collected in Rio de Janeiro differs from that of other specimens collected from other states in Brazil, and no variations were found in the composition of the oil as to the most abundant compounds.

Antifungal activities of the essential oil and its fractions rich in sesquiterpenes from leaves of Casearia sylvestris Sw.

Casearia genus (Salicaceae) is found in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world and comprises about 160-200 species. It is a medicinal plant used in South America, also known as "guaçatonga", "erva-de-tiú", "cafezinho-do-mato". In Brazil, there are about 48 species and 12 are registered in the State of Rio de Janeiro, including Casearia sylvestris Sw. There are many studies related to the chemical profile and cytotoxic activities of extracts from these plants, although few studies about the antifungal potential of the essential oil have been reported. In this work, we have studied the antifungal properties of the essential oil of C. sylvestris leaves, as well as of their fractions, against four yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisae, Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei) for the first time. The chemical analysis of the essential oil revealed a very diversified (n = 21 compounds) volatile fraction composed mainly of non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes (72.1%). These sesquiterpenes included α-humulene (17.8%) and α-copaene (8.5%) and the oxygenated sesquiterpene spathulenol (11.8%) were also identified. Monoterpenes were not identified. The fractions are mainly composed of oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and the most active fraction is rich in the sesquiterpene 14-hydroxy -9-epi-ß-caryophyllene. This fraction was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of three yeast strains.

Antifungal activities of the essential oil and its fractions rich in sesquiterpenes from leaves of Casearia sylvestris Sw

ABSTRACT Casearia genus (Salicaceae) is found in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world and comprises about 160-200 species. It is a medicinal plant used in South America, also known as "guaçatonga", "erva-de-tiú", "cafezinho-do-mato". In Brazil, there are about 48 species and 12 are registered in the State of Rio de Janeiro, including Casearia sylvestris Sw. There are many studies related to the chemical profile and cytotoxic activities of extracts from these plants, although few studies about the antifungal potential of the essential oil have been reported. In this work, we have studied the antifungal properties of the essential oil of C. sylvestris leaves, as well as of their fractions, against four yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisae, Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei) for the first time. The chemical analysis of the essential oil revealed a very diversified (n = 21 compounds) volatile fraction composed mainly of non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes (72.1%). These sesquiterpenes included α-humulene (17.8%) and α-copaene (8.5%) and the oxygenated sesquiterpene spathulenol (11.8%) were also identified. Monoterpenes were not identified. The fractions are mainly composed of oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and the most active fraction is rich in the sesquiterpene 14-hydroxy -9-epi-β-caryophyllene. This fraction was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of three yeast strains.

Cytotoxic effects of the essential oil from leaves of Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae) and its nanoemulsion on A549 tumor cell line / Efectos citotóxicos del aceite esencial de las hojas de Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae) y su nanoemulsión sobre líneas celulares tumorales A549

Extracts from leaves of C. sylvestris have cytotoxic effect in different tumor cell lines, possibly due to clerodane type diterpenes (casearins). On the other hand, there are few studies related to the antitumor activity of the essential oils from this species. This work evaluated for the first time the cytotoxicity effects of the pure essential oil and its nanoemulsion against A549 tumor cell line (human lung carcinoma). The essential oil was obtained from fresh leaves by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. Cytotoxicity evaluation was performed using the WST-1 test. The chemical analysis of the essential oil revealed a volatile fraction composed mainly of non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes (72.1%). The essential oil and its nanoemulsion exhibited cytotoxic activity against A549 tumor cells with EC50 of 4.0 µg/mL and EC50 of 1.0 µg/mL, respectively. Both samples displayed a dose dependent pattern (r = -0.79, p = 0.03) as determined by linear regression test.

Los extractos de las hojas de Casearia sylvestris tienen efectos citotóxicos en diferentes líneas celulares tumorales, posiblemente debido a los diterpenos tipo clerodane (casearinas). Por otra parte, hay muy pocos estudios relacionados con la actividad antitumoral del aceite esencial de estas especies. Este trabajo evalúa por primera vez el efecto citotóxico del aceite esencial puro y su nanoemulsión contra la línea de células tumorales A549 (carcinoma humano de pulmón). El aceite esencial fue obtenido de hojas frescas por hidrodestilación en un aparato tipo Clevenger y analizado por GC/MS y GC/FID. La evaluación de citotoxicidad fue realizada usando la prueba WST-1. El análisis químico del aceite esencial reveló una fracción volátil compuesta principalmente por sesquiterpenos no oxigenados (72,1%). El aceite esencial y su nanoemulsiónexhibió actividad citotóxica contra las células tumorales A549 con una EC50 de 4,0 µg/mL y una EC50 de 1,0 µg/mL, respectivamente. Ambas muestras exhibieron un patrón dosis-dependiente (r = -0,79, p = 0,03) determinado por análisis de regresión lineal.

Anatomical aspects, chemical analysis and cytotoxic effect of the essential oil from leaves of Casearia arborea (Salicaceae) / Aspectos anatómicos, análisis químico y efecto citotóxico del aceite esencial de Casearia arborea (Salicaceae)

The genus Casearia (Salicaceae) is found in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world and comprises about 200 species. In Brazil, there are about 48 species and 12 are registered in the State of Rio de Janeiro; including Casearia arborea (Rich.) Urb. Essential oil was obtained from the fresh leaves by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The cytotoxic effect was determined by WST-1 assay. Chemical analysis of the essential oil revealed a very diversified (n = 37 compounds) volatile fraction composed mainly of non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes (90.2%). These sesquiterpenes included byciclogermacrene (18.7%), germacrene D (12.1%) and α-humulene (11.5%). In addition, the essential oil demonstrated cytotoxic effects against A549 tumor cells in the concentration of 4 µg/mL (EC50) (p < 0.05).

El género Casearia (Salicáceas) se encuentra en las regiones tropicales y sub-tropicales del planeta y comprende alrededor de 200 especies. En Brasil existen 48 especies, 12 de las cuales fueron registradas en el Estado de Río de Janeiro incluyendo Casearia arborea (Rich.) Urb. El aceite esencial fue extraído de hojas frescas por hidrodestilación y analizado por GC-MS y GC-FID. El efecto citotóxico fue determinado por ensayo WST-1. Las cavidades secretorias fueron ocasionalmente encontradas tanto en la lámina foliar como en el pecíolo. El análisis químico del aceite esencial reveló una muy diversa fracción volátil (n = 37 compuestos) formada principalmente por sesquiterpenos no oxigenados (90,2%). Estos sesquiterpenos incluyen biciclogermacreno (18,7%), germacreno D (12,1%) y α-humuleno (11,5%). Además, el aceite esencial demostró efectos citotóxicos contra las células tumorales A549 en una concentración de 4µg/mL (EC50) (p < 0.05).