Eco-morphological attributes and feeding habits in coexisting characins.

The head morphology and feeding habits of pairs of characin species (family Characidae) that coexist in four different coastal rainforest streams were analysed. Coexisting species differed in size, but were very similar in eco-morphological attributes. Gut analyses revealed differences in feeding preferences for each coexisting species, indicating resource partitioning. A pattern of organization in species pairs that was repeated in the four studied streams was noticed. The pattern consisted of one slightly larger species with a feeding preference for items of allochthonous origin and another smaller species with a preference for autochthonous items. The hypothesis that small morphological differences enable the current coexistence of those species pairs was proposed. Furthermore, the results show ecological equivalence among different species in the studied streams.

Grazing behaviour of a non-herbivorous characin: revisiting plasticity.

Feeding behaviour and diet of Bryconamericus microcephalus differed between canopy conditions. At the open canopy site, a behavioural modification, grazing on algae, was observed. This was also reflected in gut content analysis and suggests behavioural plasticity in response to resource availability.

Plasticity in the diet of Astyanax taeniatus in a coastal stream from south-east Brazil / Plasticidade trófica em Astyanax taeniatus de um riacho costeiro do Sudeste do Brasil

In this work we aimed to characterise the diet of Astyanax taeniatus (Jenyns 1842) (Characiformes, Characidae) along the Mato Grosso stream and we hypothesised that the diet of this species would vary according to spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic differences. Specimens were collected every second month at three sites with different physical attributes. The feeding habits of 651 specimens were analysed using the Alimentary Index (IAi). Analysis of the diet showed an effect of spatial, temporal and ontogenetic factors. Vegetal allochthonous items were more important in the diet of Astyanax taeniatus in upstream sites while animal autochthonous items were more important downstream. Ontogenetic differences in the diet were significant only in upstream sites, where adults consumed a greater amount of vegetal matter than juveniles. These results reinforce the idea that Astyanax species are opportunistic and show trophic plasticity.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar a dieta de Astyanax taeniatus (Jenyns 1842) (Characiformes, Characidae) ao longo do Rio Mato Grosso, com a hipótese de que a espécie apresente variações espaciais, sazonais e ontogenéticas. Os exemplares foram coletados bimestralmente em três localidades, que diferiram pelas variáveis físicas. As preferências alimentares foram analisadas a partir de 651 exemplares, utilizando-se o Índice Alimentar (IAi). Foram avaliadas diferenças espaciais, sazonais e ontogenéticas a partir dos dados de dieta. Os itens de origem vegetal e alóctone foram mais importantes na dieta da espécie para as localidades com maior altitude, enquanto os itens animais e autóctones, na localidade baixa. Na dieta de jovens e adultos, houve diferença significativa na contribuição de itens de origem vegetal e animal somente na localidade mais alta, onde os adultos consumiram maior quantidade de matéria vegetal. Os resultados reforçam a ideia de que as espécies de Astyanax possuem hábito alimentar onívoro e oportunista, evidenciando sua alta plasticidade alimentar ao longo do riacho.

Niche enlargement as a consequence of co-existence: a case study.

Spatio-temporal changes in the diet, niche breadth and niche overlap of two species of Characidium from three different sites along a Neotropical coastal stream were studied during a dry and rainy season. Seasonal changes were restricted to the occurrence of plant items in the stomach contents. The relative importance of food items in the diet of both species varied across sites, but Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Simuliidae, Trichoptera and Coleoptera larvae were always the main prey items. Contrary to the expected pattern, values of the niche breadth were higher at the site where Characidium species co-existed and niche overlapped at this site indicated 52% (p = 0.52) of feeding overlap.

Niche enlargement as a consequence of co-existence: a case study / Ampliação do nicho como consequência da co-existência: um estudo de caso

Spatio-temporal changes in the diet, niche breadth and niche overlap of two species of Characidium from three different sites along a Neotropical coastal stream were studied during a dry and rainy season. Seasonal changes were restricted to the occurrence of plant items in the stomach contents. The relative importance of food items in the diet of both species varied across sites, but Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Simuliidae, Trichoptera and Coleoptera larvae were always the main prey items. Contrary to the expected pattern, values of the niche breadth were higher at the site where Characidium species co-existed and niche overlapped at this site indicated 52% (p = 0.52) of feeding overlap.

Variações espaço-temporal na dieta, na amplitude e na sobreposição de nicho foram estudadas para duas espécies de Characidium de três localidades distintas de um riacho costeiro da região Neotropical, considerando-se as estações seca e chuvosa. As alterações sazonais na dieta foram restritas à presença/ausência de itens vegetais nos conteúdos estomacais. A importância relativa dos itens alimentares, de ambas as espécies, variou entre as localidades de estudo; porém, as larvas de Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Simuliidae, Trichoptera e Coleoptera foram sempre as presas mais consumidas. Em oposição ao padrão esperado, os valores de amplitude de nicho foram maiores na localidade em que as duas espécies de Characidium ocorreram em sintopia e a sobreposição de nicho, nessa localidade, indicou 52% (p = 0,52) de sobreposição alimentar.

Plasticity in the diet of Astyanax taeniatus in a coastal stream from south-east Brazil.

In this work we aimed to characterise the diet of Astyanax taeniatus (Jenyns 1842) (Characiformes, Characidae) along the Mato Grosso stream and we hypothesised that the diet of this species would vary according to spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic differences. Specimens were collected every second month at three sites with different physical attributes. The feeding habits of 651 specimens were analysed using the Alimentary Index (IA(i)). Analysis of the diet showed an effect of spatial, temporal and ontogenetic factors. Vegetal allochthonous items were more important in the diet of Astyanax taeniatus in upstream sites while animal autochthonous items were more important downstream. Ontogenetic differences in the diet were significant only in upstream sites, where adults consumed a greater amount of vegetal matter than juveniles. These results reinforce the idea that Astyanax species are opportunistic and show trophic plasticity.

Plasticity in the diet of Astyanax taeniatus in a coastal stream from south-east Brazil

In this work we aimed to characterise the diet of Astyanax taeniatus (Jenyns 1842) (Characiformes, Characidae) along the Mato Grosso stream and we hypothesised that the diet of this species would vary according to spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic differences. Specimens were collected every second month at three sites with different physical attributes. The feeding habits of 651 specimens were analysed using the Alimentary Index (IAi). Analysis of the diet showed an effect of spatial, temporal and ontogenetic factors. Vegetal allochthonous items were more important in the diet of Astyanax taeniatus in upstream sites while animal autochthonous items were more important downstream. Ontogenetic differences in the diet were significant only in upstream sites, where adults consumed a greater amount of vegetal matter than juveniles. These results reinforce the idea that Astyanax species are opportunistic and show trophic plasticity.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar a dieta de Astyanax taeniatus (Jenyns 1842) (Characiformes, Characidae) ao longo do Rio Mato Grosso, com a hipótese de que a espécie apresente variações espaciais, sazonais e ontogenéticas. Os exemplares foram coletados bimestralmente em três localidades, que diferiram pelas variáveis físicas. As preferências alimentares foram analisadas a partir de 651 exemplares, utilizando-se o Índice Alimentar (IAi). Foram avaliadas diferenças espaciais, sazonais e ontogenéticas a partir dos dados de dieta. Os itens de origem vegetal e alóctone foram mais importantes na dieta da espécie para as localidades com maior altitude, enquanto os itens animais e autóctones, na localidade baixa. Na dieta de jovens e adultos, houve diferença significativa na contribuição de itens de origem vegetal e animal somente na localidade mais alta, onde os adultos consumiram maior quantidade de matéria vegetal. Os resultados reforçam a ideia de que as espécies de Astyanax possuem hábito alimentar onívoro e oportunista, evidenciando sua alta plasticidade alimentar ao longo do riacho.

Niche enlargement as a consequence of co-existence: a case study

Spatio-temporal changes in the diet, niche breadth and niche overlap of two species of Characidium from three different sites along a Neotropical coastal stream were studied during a dry and rainy season. Seasonal changes were restricted to the occurrence of plant items in the stomach contents. The relative importance of food items in the diet of both species varied across sites, but Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Simuliidae, Trichoptera and Coleoptera larvae were always the main prey items. Contrary to the expected pattern, values of the niche breadth were higher at the site where Characidium species co-existed and niche overlapped at this site indicated 52% (p = 0.52) of feeding overlap.

Variações espaço-temporal na dieta, na amplitude e na sobreposição de nicho foram estudadas para duas espécies de Characidium de três localidades distintas de um riacho costeiro da região Neotropical, considerando-se as estações seca e chuvosa. As alterações sazonais na dieta foram restritas à presença/ausência de itens vegetais nos conteúdos estomacais. A importância relativa dos itens alimentares, de ambas as espécies, variou entre as localidades de estudo; porém, as larvas de Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Simuliidae, Trichoptera e Coleoptera foram sempre as presas mais consumidas. Em oposição ao padrão esperado, os valores de amplitude de nicho foram maiores na localidade em que as duas espécies de Characidium ocorreram em sintopia e a sobreposição de nicho, nessa localidade, indicou 52% (p = 0,52) de sobreposição alimentar.

Diet and feeding daily rhythm of Pimelodella lateristriga (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes) in a coastal stream from Serra do Mar - RJ.

The present study was carried out in Mato Grosso fluvial system, a costal drainage from Serra do Mar. We analysed the diet and the feeding daily rhythm of Pimelodella lateristriga from samples carried out during 24 hours over a 4 hour fishing interval, in June, July and September, 2006 as well as in January and February, 2007. Diet was described from the Feeding Index (IAi) and feeding daily rhythm was verified through the Gut Fullness Index (GFI). Pimelodella lateristriga diet was composed of 37 items, being aquatic insects the most important ones. IAi analysis revealed that Diptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera amounted to 90% of the diet. Autochthonous invertebrates were the most important consumed items. Pimelodella lateristriga concentrated its feeding activities in the nocturnal period (10:00 PM to 2:00 AM) with marked significant differences (F = 16.11; gl = 5; p < 0.05) between each diurnal and nocturnal periods. Between 6:00 AM and 6:00 PM, foraging activity was gradually reduced. We concluded that P. lateristriga has an insectivorous diet and a nocturnal feeding habit with greater activity between 10:00 PM to 2:00 AM.

Diet and feeding daily rhythm of Pimelodella lateristriga (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes) in a coastal stream from Serra do Mar - RJ / Dieta e ritmo diário da alimentação de Pimelodella lateristriga (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes) de um riacho costeiro da Serra do Mar - RJ

The present study was carried out in Mato Grosso fluvial system, a costal drainage from Serra do Mar. We analysed the diet and the feeding daily rhythm of Pimelodella lateristriga from samples carried out during 24 hours over a 4 hour fishing interval, in June, July and September, 2006 as well as in January and February, 2007. Diet was described from the Feeding Index (IAi) and feeding daily rhythm was verified through the Gut Fullness Index (GFI). Pimelodella lateristriga diet was composed of 37 items, being aquatic insects the most important ones. IAi analysis revealed that Diptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera amounted to 90 percent of the diet. Autochthonous invertebrates were the most important consumed items. Pimelodella lateristriga concentrated its feeding activities in the nocturnal period (10:00 PM to 2:00 AM) with marked significant differences (F = 16.11; gl = 5; p < 0.05) between each diurnal and nocturnal periods. Between 6:00 AM and 6:00 PM, foraging activity was gradually reduced. We concluded that P. lateristriga has an insectivorous diet and a nocturnal feeding habit with greater activity between 10:00 PM to 2:00 AM.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no sistema fluvial do rio Mato Grosso que compõe uma drenagem costeira da Serra do Mar. Foi analisado o hábito alimentar e o ritmo alimentar diário de Pimelodella lateristriga a partir de amostras obtidas em coletas de 24 horas, com intervalos de 4 horas, em junho-julho-setembro/2006 e janeiro- fevereiro/2007. A dieta foi avaliada a partir do Índice Alimentar (IAi) e o ritmo alimentar diário, com base no Índice de Repleção Estomacal (GFI) dos peixes. A dieta de P. lateristriga foi composta por 37 itens, sendo os insetos aquáticos os mais abundantes. O IAi revelou que Diptera, Trichoptera e Ephemeroptera somaram 90 por cento da dieta, sendo, portanto, os invertebrados autóctones os itens mais consumidos. Pimelodella lateristriga concentrou sua atividade alimentar no período noturno (10:00 até 14:00 horas) com diferenças significativas (F = 16,11; gl = 5; p < 0,05) entre os horários diurnos e noturnos. Entre os horários 6 am e 6 pm a atividade de forrageamento foi gradualmente reduzida. Concluímos que P. lateristriga possui dieta insetívora e ritmo alimentar noturno com pico de atividade entre 10:00 até 14:00 horas.

Feeding ecology of Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) in a costal stream from Southeast Brazil.

In the present study we aimed to compare the feeding ecology of Hypostomus punctatus from a coastal stream from Southeast Brazil with data previously published for the same study site before environmental changes. Feeding preferences were assessed through a sample of 138 specimens (67 from the dry and 71 from the rainy season) using the Index of Alimentary Importance (IAi). We registered five different food items (detritus, plant fragments, Diatoms, Chloroficeae and Cianobacteries) composing the species diet. Detritus was the most abundant one both during the rainy and dry seasons (IAirainny = 90.34 and IAidry = 96.30). No significant differences were registered for the volume of food items consumed during the rainy and dry seasons. The Frequency of Occurrence analysis showed that four (detritus, plant fragments, Diatoms and Chloroficeae) among the five all other consumed ones, were always frequent. Comparing our own results with those available for the study site, we suggest that the feeding habit of H. punctatus has changed according to environmental changes and that the species diet is strongly dependent upon environmental conditions.

Feeding ecology of Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) in a costal stream from Southeast Brazil / Ecologia trófica de Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) de um riacho costeiro do sudeste do Brasil

In the present study we aimed to compare the feeding ecology of Hypostomus punctatus from a coastal stream from Southeast Brazil with data previously published for the same study site before environmental changes. Feeding preferences were assessed through a sample of 138 specimens (67 from the dry and 71 from the rainy season) using the Index of Alimentary Importance (IAi). We registered five different food items (detritus, plant fragments, Diatoms, Chloroficeae and Cianobacteries) composing the species diet. Detritus was the most abundant one both during the rainy and dry seasons (IAirainny = 90.34 and IAidry = 96.30). No significant differences were registered for the volume of food items consumed during the rainy and dry seasons. The Frequency of Occurrence analysis showed that four (detritus, plant fragments, Diatoms and Chloroficeae) among the five all other consumed ones, were always frequent. Comparing our own results with those available for the study site, we suggest that the feeding habit of H. punctatus has changed according to environmental changes and that the species diet is strongly dependent upon environmental conditions.(AU)

No presente estudo, tivemos como objetivo comparar a ecologia trófica de Hypostomus punctatus de um riacho costeiro do sudeste do Brasil com dados previamente publicados para a mesma localidade deste estudo, antes que tenha sofrido alterações ambientais. As preferências alimentares foram analisadas através da análise de 138 exemplares (67 da estação seca e 71 da estação chuvosa), utilizando-se o Índice de Importância Alimentar (IAi). Registramos cinco diferentes itens alimentares (detrito, fragmentos vegetais, Diatomáceas, Clorofíceas e Cianobactérias), compondo a dieta da espécie. Detrito foi o item mais abundante, tanto durante a estação chuvosa como durante a seca (IAichuva = 90,34 e IAiseca = 96,30). Não foram registradas diferenças significativas entre o volume consumido de cada um dos itens na estação seca e chuvosa. A análise da frequência de ocorrência mostrou que quatro (detrito, fragmento vegetal, Diatomáceas e Clorofíceas) entre os cinco itens consumidos foram sempre frequentes. Comparando nossos resultados com aqueles previamente publicados, sugerimos que o hábito alimentar de H. punctatus mudou de acordo com as alterações ambientais e que sua dieta é fortemente dependente das condições ambientais.(AU)

Feeding ecology of Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) in a costal stream from Southeast Brazil / Ecologia trófica de Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) de um riacho costeiro do sudeste do Brasil

In the present study we aimed to compare the feeding ecology of Hypostomus punctatus from a coastal stream from Southeast Brazil with data previously published for the same study site before environmental changes. Feeding preferences were assessed through a sample of 138 specimens (67 from the dry and 71 from the rainy season) using the Index of Alimentary Importance (IAi). We registered five different food items (detritus, plant fragments, Diatoms, Chloroficeae and Cianobacteries) composing the species diet. Detritus was the most abundant one both during the rainy and dry seasons (IAirainny = 90.34 and IAidry = 96.30). No significant differences were registered for the volume of food items consumed during the rainy and dry seasons. The Frequency of Occurrence analysis showed that four (detritus, plant fragments, Diatoms and Chloroficeae) among the five all other consumed ones, were always frequent. Comparing our own results with those available for the study site, we suggest that the feeding habit of H. punctatus has changed according to environmental changes and that the species diet is strongly dependent upon environmental conditions.

No presente estudo, tivemos como objetivo comparar a ecologia trófica de Hypostomus punctatus de um riacho costeiro do sudeste do Brasil com dados previamente publicados para a mesma localidade deste estudo, antes que tenha sofrido alterações ambientais. As preferências alimentares foram analisadas através da análise de 138 exemplares (67 da estação seca e 71 da estação chuvosa), utilizando-se o Índice de Importância Alimentar (IAi). Registramos cinco diferentes itens alimentares (detrito, fragmentos vegetais, Diatomáceas, Clorofíceas e Cianobactérias), compondo a dieta da espécie. Detrito foi o item mais abundante, tanto durante a estação chuvosa como durante a seca (IAichuva = 90,34 e IAiseca = 96,30). Não foram registradas diferenças significativas entre o volume consumido de cada um dos itens na estação seca e chuvosa. A análise da frequência de ocorrência mostrou que quatro (detrito, fragmento vegetal, Diatomáceas e Clorofíceas) entre os cinco itens consumidos foram sempre frequentes. Comparando nossos resultados com aqueles previamente publicados, sugerimos que o hábito alimentar de H. punctatus mudou de acordo com as alterações ambientais e que sua dieta é fortemente dependente das condições ambientais.

Diet and feeding daily rhythm of Pimelodella lateristriga (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes) in a coastal stream from Serra do Mar - RJ

The present study was carried out in Mato Grosso fluvial system, a costal drainage from Serra do Mar. We analysed the diet and the feeding daily rhythm of Pimelodella lateristriga from samples carried out during 24 hours over a 4 hour fishing interval, in June, July and September, 2006 as well as in January and February, 2007. Diet was described from the Feeding Index (IAi) and feeding daily rhythm was verified through the Gut Fullness Index (GFI). Pimelodella lateristriga diet was composed of 37 items, being aquatic insects the most important ones. IAi analysis revealed that Diptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera amounted to 90% of the diet. Autochthonous invertebrates were the most important consumed items. Pimelodella lateristriga concentrated its feeding activities in the nocturnal period (10:00 PM to 2:00 AM) with marked significant differences (F = 16.11; gl = 5; p 0.05) between each diurnal and nocturnal periods. Between 6:00 AM and 6:00 PM, foraging activity was gradually reduced. We concluded that P. lateristriga has an insectivorous diet and a nocturnal feeding habit with greater activity between 10:00 PM to 2:00 AM.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no sistema fluvial do rio Mato Grosso que compõe uma drenagem costeira da Serra do Mar. Foi analisado o hábito alimentar e o ritmo alimentar diário de Pimelodella lateristriga a partir de amostras obtidas em coletas de 24 horas, com intervalos de 4 horas, em junho-julho-setembro/2006 e janeiro- fevereiro/2007. A dieta foi avaliada a partir do Índice Alimentar (IAi) e o ritmo alimentar diário, com base no Índice de Repleção Estomacal (GFI) dos peixes. A dieta de P. lateristriga foi composta por 37 itens, sendo os insetos aquáticos os mais abundantes. O IAi revelou que Diptera, Trichoptera e Ephemeroptera somaram 90% da dieta, sendo, portanto, os invertebrados autóctones os itens mais consumidos. Pimelodella lateristriga concentrou sua atividade alimentar no período noturno (10:00 até 14:00 horas) com diferenças significativas (F = 16,11; gl = 5; p 0,05) entre os horários diurnos e noturnos. Entre os horários 6 am e 6 pm a atividade de forrageamento foi gradualmente reduzida. Concluímos que P. lateristriga possui dieta insetívora e ritmo alimentar noturno com pico de atividade entre 10:00 até 14:00 horas.

Daily feeding activity of Bryconamericus microcephalus (Characiformes, Characidae) from Córrego Andorinha, Ilha Grande - RJ.

The present study was conducted at the Córrego Andorinha on the eastern slope of Ilha Grande and aimed to determine the alimentary daily rhythm of Bryconamericus microcephalus. Fishes were sampled at a 4 hours interval over a 24 hours period during winter 2002 and summer 2003. Gut fullness was determined according to a numerical scale ranging from 0 (empty gut) to 3 (full gut). No differences were registered for the daily ration estimates between seasons. It is concluded that B. microcephalus is a diurnal feeding species, as the high values of gut fullness occurred between 11:00 AM and 3:00 PM.

Daily feeding activity of Bryconamericus microcephalus (Characiformes, Characidae) from Córrego Andorinha, Ilha Grande, RJ / Ritmo diário da alimentação de Bryconamericus microcephalus do córrego Andorinha, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro

The present study was conducted at the Córrego Andorinha on the eastern slope of Ilha Grande and aimed to determine the alimentary daily rhythm of Bryconamericus microcephalus. Fishes were sampled at a 4 hours interval over a 24 hours period during winter 2002 and summer 2003. Gut fullness was determined according to a numerical scale ranging from 0 (empty gut) to 3 (full gut). No differences were registered for the daily ration estimates between seasons. It is concluded that B. microcephalus is a diurnal feeding species, as the high values of gut fullness occurred between 11:00 AM and 3:00 PM.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no Córrego Andorinha, localizado na vertente continental da Ilha Grande e teve como objetivo avaliar o ritmo diário da alimentação de Bryconamericus microcephalus. Os peixes foram amostrados ao longo de 24 horas a intervalos de 4 horas, no inverno de 2002 e no verão de 2003. O grau de repleção estomacal foi determinado de acordo com uma escala numérica que variou de 0 (estômago vazio) a 3 (estômago cheio). Não foram registradas diferenças para o ritmo diário de alimentação, quando consideradas as duas estações estudadas. Concluímos que B. microcephalus tem hábito alimentar diurno com os maiores valores de graus de repleção entre 11:00 e 15:00 horas.

Daily feeding activity of Bryconamericus microcephalus (Characiformes, Characidae) from Córrego Andorinha, Ilha Grande - RJ

The present study was conducted at the Córrego Andorinha on the eastern slope of Ilha Grande and aimed to determine the alimentary daily rhythm of Bryconamericus microcephalus. Fishes were sampled at a 4 hours interval over a 24 hours period during winter 2002 and summer 2003. Gut fullness was determined according to a numerical scale ranging from 0 (empty gut) to 3 (full gut). No differences were registered for the daily ration estimates between seasons. It is concluded that B. microcephalus is a diurnal feeding species, as the high values of gut fullness occurred between 11:00 AM and 3:00 PM.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no Córrego Andorinha, localizado na vertente continental da Ilha Grande e teve como objetivo avaliar o ritmo diário da alimentação de Bryconamericus microcephalus. Os peixes foram amostrados ao longo de 24 horas a intervalos de 4 horas, no inverno de 2002 e no verão de 2003. O grau de repleção estomacal foi determinado de acordo com uma escala numérica que variou de 0 (estômago vazio) a 3 (estômago cheio). Não foram registradas diferenças para o ritmo diário de alimentação, quando consideradas as duas estações estudadas. Concluímos que B. microcephalus tem hábito alimentar diurno com os maiores valores de graus de repleção entre 11:00 e 15:00 horas.

Patterns of investment of the reproductive strategy of two stream-dwelling Characidae

The reproductive strategy of two congeneric species (Astyanax janeiroensis - AJ and Astyanax hastatus - AH) was assessed, in order to address the costs imposed by different investment patterns, on four major life history characters: migratory behaviour, breeding time, fecundity and egg size. Altitudinal segregation of young and adult individuals plus data from the literature indicated that AJ is a migratory species, whereas AH is non migratory. Breeding season (BS) analysis revealed that AH was reproductively active year-round (12 months), whereas AJ breeds during 9 months. Brood costs (Ovarian Investment) were almost the same for both species (AJ - 364 oocytes / g and egg volume = 0.52 mm³; AH -702 oocytes / g and egg volume = 0.27 mm³). Reproductive costs (RC), considered as product of gamete production (OI) and gamete output (BS), were 1,703.7 for AJ and 2,274.0 for AH; thus RC is 25 percent higher in AH. It is concluded that the costs with OI (egg size and egg numbers) are equal for both species but as breeding season is larger for AH the overall strategy is 25 percent more expensive in AH. Thus, it is hypothesized that this 25 percent should be considered as the extra costs that AJ uses during migration and is compensated by its shorter breeding time (9 months versus 12 months of AH).

A estratégia reprodutiva de duas espécies congenéricas (Astyanax janeiroensis - AJ e Astyanax hastatus - AH) foi analisada a fim de se determinar os custos energéticos impostos por diferentes padrões de investimento em quatro dos principais caracteres da história de vida de peixes: comportamento migratório, estação reprodutiva, fecundidade e tamanho dos ovócitos. A segregação espacial dos indivíduos jovens e adultos associada a informações da literatura indicaram que AJ é uma espécie migratória enquanto AH não migra. A análise sobre a estação reprodutiva (ER) revelou que AH se reproduz ao longo de todo o ciclo anual (12 meses) enquanto AJ se reproduz durante 9 meses. Os custos com a desova (Investimento Ovariano - IO) foram similares nas duas espécies (AJ - 364 ovócitos/g e volume dos ovócitos = 0,52 mm³; AH - 702 ovócitos/g e volume dos ovócitos = 0,27 mm³). O custo da reprodução (CR), considerado como o produto da produção de gametas (IO) e o tempo de liberação dos gametas (ER), foram 1.703,7 para AJ e 2.274,0 para AH; assim CR é 25 por cento superior em AH. Concluímos assim, que os custos com IO (tamanho e número de ovócitos) são iguais para as duas espécies, mas como a estação reprodutiva é maior para AH, a estratégia como um todo é mais custosa para AH. Dessa forma, sugerimos que os 25 por cento excedentes podem ser considerados como os custos extras que AJ necessita para a migração e são compensados pelo menor tempo da estação reprodutiva (9 meses em AJ versus 12 meses em AH).

Patterns of investment of the reproductive strategy of two stream-dwelling Characidae.

The reproductive strategy of two congeneric species (Astyanax janeiroensis--AJ and Astyanax hastatus--AH) was assessed, in order to address the costs imposed by different investment patterns, on four major life history characters: migratory behaviour, breeding time, fecundity and egg size. Altitudinal segregation of young and adult individuals plus data from the literature indicated that AJ is a migratory species, whereas AH is non migratory. Breeding season (BS) analysis revealed that AH was reproductively active year-round (12 months), whereas AJ breeds during 9 months. Brood costs (Ovarian Investment) were almost the same for both species (AJ--364 oocytes/g and egg volume = 0.52 mm(3); AH--702 oocytes/g and egg volume = 0.27 mm(3)). Reproductive costs (RC), considered as product of gamete production (OI) and gamete output (BS), were 1,703.7 for AJ and 2,274.0 for AH; thus RC is 25% higher in AH. It is concluded that the costs with OI (egg size and egg numbers) are equal for both species but as breeding season is larger for AH the overall strategy is 25% more expensive in AH. Thus, it is hypothesized that this 25% should be considered as the extra costs that AJ uses during migration and is compensated by its shorter breeding time (9 months versus 12 months of AH).

Patterns of investment of the reproductive strategy of two stream-dwelling Characidae

The reproductive strategy of two congeneric species (Astyanax janeiroensis - AJ and Astyanax hastatus - AH) was assessed, in order to address the costs imposed by different investment patterns, on four major life history characters: migratory behaviour, breeding time, fecundity and egg size. Altitudinal segregation of young and adult individuals plus data from the literature indicated that AJ is a migratory species, whereas AH is non migratory. Breeding season (BS) analysis revealed that AH was reproductively active year-round (12 months), whereas AJ breeds during 9 months. Brood costs (Ovarian Investment) were almost the same for both species (AJ - 364 oocytes / g and egg volume = 0.52 mm³; AH -702 oocytes / g and egg volume = 0.27 mm³). Reproductive costs (RC), considered as product of gamete production (OI) and gamete output (BS), were 1,703.7 for AJ and 2,274.0 for AH; thus RC is 25% higher in AH. It is concluded that the costs with OI (egg size and egg numbers) are equal for both species but as breeding season is larger for AH the overall strategy is 25% more expensive in AH. Thus, it is hypothesized that this 25% should be considered as the extra costs that AJ uses during migration and is compensated by its shorter breeding time (9 months versus 12 months of AH).

A estratégia reprodutiva de duas espécies congenéricas (Astyanax janeiroensis - AJ e Astyanax hastatus - AH) foi analisada a fim de se determinar os custos energéticos impostos por diferentes padrões de investimento em quatro dos principais caracteres da história de vida de peixes: comportamento migratório, estação reprodutiva, fecundidade e tamanho dos ovócitos. A segregação espacial dos indivíduos jovens e adultos associada a informações da literatura indicaram que AJ é uma espécie migratória enquanto AH não migra. A análise sobre a estação reprodutiva (ER) revelou que AH se reproduz ao longo de todo o ciclo anual (12 meses) enquanto AJ se reproduz durante 9 meses. Os custos com a desova (Investimento Ovariano - IO) foram similares nas duas espécies (AJ - 364 ovócitos/g e volume dos ovócitos = 0,52 mm³; AH - 702 ovócitos/g e volume dos ovócitos = 0,27 mm³). O custo da reprodução (CR), considerado como o produto da produção de gametas (IO) e o tempo de liberação dos gametas (ER), foram 1.703,7 para AJ e 2.274,0 para AH; assim CR é 25% superior em AH. Concluímos assim, que os custos com IO (tamanho e número de ovócitos) são iguais para as duas espécies, mas como a estação reprodutiva é maior para AH, a estratégia como um todo é mais custosa para AH. Dessa forma, sugerimos que os 25% excedentes podem ser considerados como os custos extras que AJ necessita para a migração e são compensados pelo menor tempo da estação reprodutiva (9 meses em AJ versus 12 meses em AH).