Study of the utilization of light egg-type males: a proposal for the sustainability of the egg industry.

This study evaluated the performance and viability of light egg-type males, usually euthanized at the hatcheries, from White and Brown Leghorn laying hen lines. One-day-old male chicks, half from each hen line, were raised in floor pens until they were 42 d of age. The birds were distributed into 48 floor pens, furnished with tube feeders and nipple drinkers, and submitted to 24 h of continuous light, 3 feeding phases (1-7, 8-21, and 22-42 d) and diets composed of corn and soybean meal as the main ingredients. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (phase levels of ME dietary treatments × strain) of 6 replicates of 40 birds each. The variables evaluated were bird performance, carcass quality, and yield at 42 d of age. Mortality and cannibalism were not observed during the entire experimental period, although the birds' beaks were not trimmed. The brown males line showed higher feed consumption and BW gain and better feed conversion compared with the white male line (P< 0.05). Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) levels of 3,200 (1 to 7 d), 3,050 (8 to 21 d), and 3,200 (22 to 42 d) provided better performance (P< 0.05) in both lines. The carcass yields were similar (P> 0.05) between the 2 lines; males from the white line showed higher breast yield, and the brown line males showed higher yield of thighs and drumstick (P< 0.05). The treatments had no effect on meat quality (P > 0.05). Overall, the results suggest that there is great viability for the use of male chicks from laying hens of both leghorn lines as a high quality protein source for human consumption.

Comparison of the effect of different methods of molt: production and welfare evaluation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate alternative molting protocols assessing hen welfare and performance during and after molt. Hyline W-36 pullets were housed at 15 wk of age, and their egg production was obtained during this first cycle. When birds were 80 wk, the following molting treatments were applied: a conventional molt consisting of 10 d of fasting followed by cracked corn for 8 d and a pullet developer diet for 10 d; and 4 alternative molting programs: a soy hulls-based diet (12% CP, 1,455 kcal/kg of ME, and 1.38% Ca) offered for 14 d followed by cracked corn for 4 d and a pullet developer diet for 10 d; and the other 3 molt regimens consisted of feeding soy hulls for 4, 8, or 12 d followed by 10, 6, or 2 d, respectively, of a soy hulls-based diet and 4 d of cracked corn plus 10 d of a pullet developer diet. A nonmolted group of birds was fed a laying hen diet during the experimental period. Hen-day egg number was recorded daily for 56 wk (through 80-136 wk of age). The nonmolted hens showed lower hen-day production and fewer intact eggs and a higher number of cracked and shell-less eggs compared with those of the molted hens (P < 0.0001). A significant treatment by age effect (P < 0.0001) was observed for the variables of high-density lipoproteins and triglycerides. Control hens showed the lowest high-density lipoprotein concentration and the highest triglyceride levels at 84 wk of age when compared with all treatments. The lack of difference in heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio during molt suggests little influence of molting protocols on this variable. Regardless of the treatments, molting was deleterious to bone quality. A high mobilization of Ca through bone resorption for eggshell formation could explain the results obtained. Behavioral patterns coincided with a decline in frustration activities and an increase in alertness as molt proceeded until 83 wk of age. Alternative molting diets consisting of soybean hulls were successful in providing acceptable postmolt egg production performance.

UTILIZAÇÃO DA PRÓPOLIS E ÁLCOOL ETÍLICO NO CONTROLE DE Salmonella EM RAÇÕES AVÍCOLAS

Four similar trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of an alcoholic solution of propolis and ethyl alcohol on the control of salmonella artificially added to the feed offered to groups of 10-16 day-old broiler chicks. Salmonella typhimurium Nalr - Specr (resistant to Nalidixic acid and Spectinomicin) were used in the first three experiments and Salmonella enteritidis Nalr - Specr in the fourth. In every experiment the antibacterial agent was added in the proportion of 2%of the feed. When using hydroalcoholic solution of propolis (experiment 1), 120 hours after the challenge on the chicks, the presence of bacteria was in detected cecal contents. In the next experiment (experiment 2) an alcoholic solution of propolis and ethyl alcohol was tested: 96 hours after the challenge on the chicks the presence of bacteria in cecal content of the birds was not observed ( 2.0 log10 FCU/g). In the third experiment, a propolis solution and ethyl alcohol was evaluated when added to the feed 14 days and 28 days before the chicks consumed the experimental ration. Seventy-two hours after the chicks consumed the Salmonella contaminated ration, the plaque counts showed the presence of bacteria in cecal contents of the chicks. Within the last period (72 hours), a powdered propolis sample was evaluated (dehydrated extract) and, this extract in an aqueous solution, added to the feed 48 hours before the birds started ration consumption; the results confirmed the presence of the bacteria in cecal contents. In the fourth experiment, only ethyl alcohol in the feed artificially contaminated with the following serotypes: S. agona, S. enteritidis and S. infantis was evaluated . The results indicated zero count ( 2.0 log10 , FCU/g) only with the last serotype. Under this experimental conditions, propolis showed action over S. typhimurium only when in alcoholic solution and 48 hours before the birds consumed the contaminated ration, showing that bactericidal effect was due to ethyl alcohol present in the solution rather than to the propolis action per se. Ethyl alcohol showed bactericidal effect over two of the serotypes S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis artificially added to the feed, pointing that a standardized response did not occur.

Em quatro experimentos foram avaliados como agentes antibacterianos os produtos própolis em solução alcoólica e álcool etílico, adicionados às rações artificialmente contaminadas com os respectivos sorotipos: Salmonella typhimurium Nalr - Specr, (resistentes ao ácido Nalidíxico e a Spectinomicina) nos três primeiros experimentos e Salmonella agona Nalr - Specr, Salmonella infantis Nalr - Specr e Salmonella enteritidis Nalr - Specr no quarto experimento. As rações foram fornecidas a grupos de 10-16 pintos de corte de um dia. Em todos os experimentos os produtos testados foram adicionados na base de 2% da ração. Quando se utilizou solução hidroalcóolica de própolis (exp. 1), seguidas 120 horas após o desafio, detectou-se a presença da bactéria nos cecos. No segundo experimento, testou-se a solução de própolis e seu diluente, o álcool etílico; seguidas 96 horas após o desafio, não foi observada a presença da bactéria nos cecos ( 2,0 log10). Avaliou-se, no terceiro experimento, a ação da solução de própolis e do álcool etílico no tempo, adicionados na ração 14 dias e 28 dias antes do fornecimento às aves. Após 72 horas do desafio, a leitura nas placas acusou a presença da bactéria nos cecos. Dentro deste último período, também se avaliou a ação da própolis em pó (extrato seco) e esse mesmo extrato em uma solução aquosa, adicionados à ração 48 horas antes do fornecimento às aves sendo que os resultados confirmaram a presença da bactéria nos cecos. No quarto experimento avaliou-se somente o álcool etílico nas rações artificialmente contaminadas com os sorotipos S. agona, S. enteritidis e S. infantis, registrando-se contagem zero ( 2,0 log10) apenas com o último sorotipo. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o tratamento com a solução de própolis apresentou ação sobre a S. typhimurium somente quando em solução alcóolica, dentro de um período de 48 horas, indicando que o efeito bactericida se deveu ao álcool etílico presente na solução. A ação do tratamento com o álcool etílico sobre os demais sorotipos demonstrou resultado parcial sendo observado efeito bactericida nos sorotipos S. typhimurium e S. enteritidis artificialmente inoculados na ração.

UTILIZAÇÃO DA PRÓPOLIS E ÁLCOOL ETÍLICO NO CONTROLE DE Salmonella EM RAÇÕES AVÍCOLAS

Four similar trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of an alcoholic solution of propolis and ethyl alcohol on the control of salmonella artificially added to the feed offered to groups of 10-16 day-old broiler chicks. Salmonella typhimurium Nalr - Specr (resistant to Nalidixic acid and Spectinomicin) were used in the first three experiments and Salmonella enteritidis Nalr - Specr in the fourth. In every experiment the antibacterial agent was added in the proportion of 2%of the feed. When using hydroalcoholic solution of propolis (experiment 1), 120 hours after the challenge on the chicks, the presence of bacteria was in detected cecal contents. In the next experiment (experiment 2) an alcoholic solution of propolis and ethyl alcohol was tested: 96 hours after the challenge on the chicks the presence of bacteria in cecal content of the birds was not observed ( 2.0 log10 FCU/g). In the third experiment, a propolis solution and ethyl alcohol was evaluated when added to the feed 14 days and 28 days before the chicks consumed the experimental ration. Seventy-two hours after the chicks consumed the Salmonella contaminated ration, the plaque counts showed the presence of bacteria in cecal contents of the chicks. Within the last period (72 hours), a powdered propolis sample was evaluated (dehydrated extract) and, this extract in an aqueous solution, added to the feed 48 hours before the birds started ration consumption; the results confirmed the presence of the bacteria in cecal contents. In the fourth experiment, only ethyl alcohol in the feed artificially contaminated with the following serotypes: S. agona, S. enteritidis and S. infantis was evaluated . The results indicated zero count ( 2.0 log10 , FCU/g) only with the last serotype. Under this experimental conditions, propolis showed action over S. typhimurium only when in alcoholic solution and 48 hours before the birds consumed the contaminated ration, showing that bactericidal effect was due to ethyl alcohol present in the solution rather than to the propolis action per se. Ethyl alcohol showed bactericidal effect over two of the serotypes S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis artificially added to the feed, pointing that a standardized response did not occur.

Em quatro experimentos foram avaliados como agentes antibacterianos os produtos própolis em solução alcoólica e álcool etílico, adicionados às rações artificialmente contaminadas com os respectivos sorotipos: Salmonella typhimurium Nalr - Specr, (resistentes ao ácido Nalidíxico e a Spectinomicina) nos três primeiros experimentos e Salmonella agona Nalr - Specr, Salmonella infantis Nalr - Specr e Salmonella enteritidis Nalr - Specr no quarto experimento. As rações foram fornecidas a grupos de 10-16 pintos de corte de um dia. Em todos os experimentos os produtos testados foram adicionados na base de 2% da ração. Quando se utilizou solução hidroalcóolica de própolis (exp. 1), seguidas 120 horas após o desafio, detectou-se a presença da bactéria nos cecos. No segundo experimento, testou-se a solução de própolis e seu diluente, o álcool etílico; seguidas 96 horas após o desafio, não foi observada a presença da bactéria nos cecos ( 2,0 log10). Avaliou-se, no terceiro experimento, a ação da solução de própolis e do álcool etílico no tempo, adicionados na ração 14 dias e 28 dias antes do fornecimento às aves. Após 72 horas do desafio, a leitura nas placas acusou a presença da bactéria nos cecos. Dentro deste último período, também se avaliou a ação da própolis em pó (extrato seco) e esse mesmo extrato em uma solução aquosa, adicionados à ração 48 horas antes do fornecimento às aves sendo que os resultados confirmaram a presença da bactéria nos cecos. No quarto experimento avaliou-se somente o álcool etílico nas rações artificialmente contaminadas com os sorotipos S. agona, S. enteritidis e S. infantis, registrando-se contagem zero ( 2,0 log10) apenas com o último sorotipo. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o tratamento com a solução de própolis apresentou ação sobre a S. typhimurium somente quando em solução alcóolica, dentro de um período de 48 horas, indicando que o efeito bactericida se deveu ao álcool etílico presente na solução. A ação do tratamento com o álcool etílico sobre os demais sorotipos demonstrou resultado parcial sendo observado efeito bactericida nos sorotipos S. typhimurium e S. enteritidis artificialmente inoculados na ração.