Effect of polar fractions of Marsilea crenata C. Presl. leaves in zebrafish locomotor activity.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are pathological conditions initiated by the loss of neuronal cell structure and the progressive decline in function caused by prolonged neuroinflammation. Postmenopausal women are at a high risk of experiencing NDs due to estrogen deficiency in their bodies, necessitating the administration of phytoestrogens as a replacement for estrogen in the body. One alternative therapy is administering phytoestrogens, estrogen-like substances from plants, which can be obtained from Marsilea crenata C. Presl. leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine whether administration of the n-butanol fraction (BF) and water fraction (WF) of M. crenata leaves could increase locomotor activity in rotenone-induced zebrafish. Treatment was given to each group of zebrafish with BF and WF at doses of 2.5; 5; 10; and 20 ppm to determine the locomotor activity. Then an analysis was carried out by looking at each movement of the zebrafish swimming for 1 min at the time of observation on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The result showed that BF and WF significantly increased the locomotor activity of zebrafish at the optimum dose of 20 ppm for BF and 5 ppm for WF compared to the negative control. This concludes that the polar fraction of M. crenata leaves is proven to have the potential to prevent ND progressivity.

The effect of red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus Lamk.) emulgel on angiogenesis and collagen density in incisive wound healing in mice (Mus musculus).

Pandanus conoideus Lamk. or commonly known as red fruit oil (RFO) can be used to accelerate wound healing because it contains tocopherols, carotenoids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The RFO in this study was formulated in the form of an emulgel because it has the most convenient and effective drug delivery system. The aims of this study were to determine the activity of RFO emulgel on increasing the amount of angiogenesis and collagen density in incised wound healing and to determine the optimal dose of RFO emulgel to increase the amount of angiogenesis and collagen density in incised wound healing. This was a true experimental study with a posttest only control group design that included five treatment groups: a positive control group (10% povidone-iodine), a negative control (gel base), and three groups that varied the concentration of RFO emulgel used at 5%, 10%, and 15%. Parameters observed were the amount of angiogenesis using Image Raster software and the percentage of areas of collagen density using ImageJ software. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test and continued with the least significant difference test. The results of this study showed that RFO emulgel was able to increase the amount of angiogenesis and collagen density in the wound healing process with P = 0.000. An increase in the amount of angiogenesis and collagen density occurred in mice treated with RFO compared to the positive and negative control groups. It can be concluded that RFO emulgel has activity toward increasing the amount of angiogenesis and collagen density in the wound healing of mice incisions. The optimal dose concentration of RFO emulgel for increasing the amount of angiogenesis and collagen density in incision wound healing was shown in RFO emulgel with a concentration of 15%.

The effect of additional sucrose on the value of tensile strength and elongation of chicken legs gelatin film.

Gelatin is a clear, flavorless, and colorless biopolymer formed by the denaturation of collagen protein in animal tissues. Gelatin is an important ingredient in the manufacture of capsule shell films. The tensile strength and elongation values of gelatin film indicate its quality. Sucrose is one of the ingredients that can affect the tensile strength and elongation of the gelatin film. To determine the effect of adding sucrose on the tensile strength and elongation of the chicken leg skin gelatin film. To extract the gelatin, clean, sliced chicken leg skin was freeze-dried, ground into powder, and extracted. The characteristics of chicken skin gelatin were measured using Fourier-transform infrared, and the data were read in the 4000-400 cm- 1 range for 32 scans. Pouring the solution into a mold, flattening it, and drying it at 40°C results in a film that has been tested for tensile strength and elongation. Gelatin films with a 30% sucrose addition had the best tensile strength and elongation values, with a tensile strength of 3.03 MPa and an elongation of 152.02%. Sucrose alters the tensile strength and elongation of chicken leg gelatin film. 30% sucrose provides better tensile and elongation strength.

In vitro and in silico analysis of phytochemical compounds of 96% ethanol extract of semanggi (Marsilea crenata Presl.) leaves as a bone formation agent.

OBJECTIVES: Osteoporosis is the result of an imbalance in the rate of bone resorption and bone formation due to a decrease in estrogen. Phytoestrogens are plant compounds with structures and functions similar to estrogen. Phytoestrogens that bind to estrogen receptors in bone cells are able to modulate bone formation. Semanggi (Marsilea crenata Presl.) is a plant that contains phytoestrogens. The purpose of this study was to observe the expression of osteocalcin and predict the content of extract phytoestrogens through a computer simulation study to study the bone formation activity of the 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata leaves on hFOB 1.19 cells. METHODS: hFOB 1.19 cells were cultured in 24-well microplates, and 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata Presl. leaves was added at 62.5, 125 and 250 ppm. The expression of osteocalcin was analyzed using CLSM immunocytochemistry. Using PyRx 0.8 software and 1ERE protein for molecular docking, the compound was analyzed by computer. RESULTS: The 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata Presl. leaves can increase the expression of osteocalcin, the optimal dose is 125 ppm, and p<0.05 is 881.658 AU. In silico study was obtained six compounds that showed similar activity 17ß-estradiol as ER-ß agonists. CONCLUSIONS: The 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata Presl. leaves contain six compounds that are thought to be phytoestrogens and ER-ß agonists, and play a role in increasing bone formation activity and have the potential to be used as an oral drug.

Prediction of compounds with antiosteoporosis activity in Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves through in silico approach.

OBJECTIVES: Estrogen deficiency causes various health problems in postmenopausal women, including osteoporosis. Phytoestrogen emerged as a potential alternative of estrogen with minimum side effects. The aims of this study were to analyze the metabolite profiling results of various extract of Chyrsophyllum cainito L. leaves, which contain phytoestrogen, through in silico study against 3OLS protein, an X-ray protein of ERß, so it can predict the types of the phytoestrogen contents which have antiosteoporosis property. METHODS: In silico analysis was carried out for the compounds from the metabolite profiling data of C. cainito leaves from our previous study. The structure compounds from metabolite profiling results of various extract of C. cainito leaves were prepared with Avogadro 1.0.1 software, molecular docking was done using PyRx 0.8 software, and Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer 2016 software was used to visualize the structure of compounds against 3OLS protein. The physicochemical characteristics of the compounds were analyzed using the SwissADME web tool. RESULTS: From in silico studies, it was known that there were total 11 compounds in C. cainito leaves that predicted as phytoestrogens which have ERß agonist properties against 3OLS protein. The ERß agonist was a compound that has parameters similar to 17ß-estradiol in its interaction with 3OLS protein, which has a pharmacophore distance of 10.862 Å, and binding to amino acids His 475 and Glu 305 or Arg 346 at receptor-ligand docking simulation. CONCLUSIONS: C. cainito leaves contain 11 compounds that are predicted to be phytoestrogens with ERß agonist properties, which is responsible for antiosteoporosis activity.

The enhancement of Arg1 and activated ERß expression in microglia HMC3 by induction of 96% ethanol extract of Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves.

Background Phytoestrogens have a high potential to overcome the neuroinflammation caused by estrogen deficiency. Marsilea crenata Presl. is a plant known to contain phytoestrogens. This research aimed to report the activity of a 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata leaves in inducing activation of microglia HMC3 cell to M2 polarity, which has anti-inflammatory characteristics. Methods The study was done by culturing microglia HMC3 cell in 24-well microplate and inducing it with IFN-γ for 24 h to activate the cell to M1 polarity, which has proinflammatory characteristics. The 96% ethanol extract was added with various doses of 62.5, 125, and 250 ppm. Genistein, 50 µM, was used as a positive control. The analysis of the immunofluorescence of Arginase-1 (Arg1) and ERß as markers was done using a convocal laser scanning microscope. Results The result of Arg1 shows a significant difference in Arg1 expression in the microglia HMC3 cell line between the negative control and all treatment groups at p < 0.05, with the best result at 250 ppm, whereas for ERß, the results show, at doses of 125 and 250 ppm, that the 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata leaves decrease the activated ERß expression at p < 0.05, with the best result at 250 ppm. The Arg1 and activated ERß expression have a weak negative relationship with the Pearson correlation test. Conclusions The 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata leaves has an antineuroinflammation activity through the induction of Arg1 and activated ERß expression in microglia HMC3 cell, with the best dose at 250 ppm.

Antineuroinflammation activity of n-butanol fraction of Marsilea crenata Presl. in microglia HMC3 cell line.

Background Neuroinflammation is one of the main causes of neurodegenerative events. Phytoestrogen is a group compounds that have an estrogen-like structure or function. Phytoestrogen has a high potential to overcome neuroinflammation caused by estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women. Marsilea crenata Presl. is a plant known to contain phytoestrogens. This research aimed to analyze the activity of an n-butanol fraction of M. crenata leaves in inhibiting the classical pathway activation of microglia HMC3 cell line to M1 polarity, which has proinflammatory characteristics. Methods Microglia HMC3 cell line was cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium and induced with IFN-γ for 24 h to activate the cell to M1 polarity in 24-well microplates. The n-butanol fraction was added with various doses of 62.5, 125, and 250 ppm and genistein 50 µM as a positive control. The expression of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) as a marker was tested using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Results The result of MHC II measurement shows a significant difference in the MHC II expression in the microglia HMC3 cell line between the negative control and all treatment groups at p<0.05, indicating a non-monotonic dose-response profile. Conclusions The best dosage to inhibit MHC II expression was 250 ppm with the value of 200.983 AU. It is then concluded that n-butanol fraction of M. crenata leaves has antineuroinflammation activity due to its phytoestrogens.