ABSTRACT
The present study aims to explore the roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the hypertrophic scar and its underlying mechanism. The levels of CGRP were determined in human hypertrophic scar and mouse cutaneous scar using ELISA and Western blot. In in vivo studies, A cutaneous excision mouse model was established and treated with exogenous CGRP or CGRP antagonist. In in vitro studies, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated and treated with exogenous CGRP in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). qRT-PCR and Western blot were applied to determine the mRNA and protein levels of scar formation and inflammation-related genes, respectively. Flow cytometry was operated to determine the populations of macrophages in the scar. Elevated levels of CGRP were observed in the hypertrophic scar. In the cutaneous excision mouse model, treatment of exogenous CGRP or CGRP antagonist-affected scar formation-related genes including Col1, Tgfb1, and α-SMA, inflammation-related genes including Il1b, Il6, Tnfa, and Ccl2, and CD45+F4/80+ macrophage. In LPS-induced BMDMs, treatment of exogenous CGRP also altered inflammation-related genes by regulating NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways. The ameliorated effects of CGRP on inflammation in hypertrophic scar formation are associated with its regulative effects on NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways.
Subject(s)
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors , Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/pharmacology , Cicatrix, Hypertrophic/drug therapy , Inflammation/drug therapy , Animals , Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism , Cicatrix, Hypertrophic/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Inflammation/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Vasodilator Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the anatomic basis and clinical application of the horn shaped perforator flap pedicled with the angular artery for the reconstruction of midface defect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>(1) 10 fresh cadavers were perfused with a modified guiding oxide gelatin mixture for three-dimensional visualization reconstruction using a 16-slice spiral computed tomography scanner and specialized software (Materiaise' s interactive medical image control system, MIMICS). The origin and distribution of the angular artery perforator were observed. (2) Between July 2012 and July 2014, twenty-one patients underwent operations for the reconstruction of midface defect. Ten patients had squamous cell carcinoma, nine patients had basal cell carcinoma and two patients had nevus. The flaps' size ranged from 1.5 cm x 3.5 cm to 2.5 cm x 5.0 cm.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The facial artery branches the lateral nasal artery 1 cm from the outside corner of the mouth, subsequently strenches to inner canthus continuing as the angular artery. The angular artery anastomoses extensively with the dorsal nasal artery and the infraorbital artery. All the flaps survived. The patients were satisfied with the final aesthetic and functional results.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The flap can be designed flexibly and simply with reliable blood supply. The donor sites could be closed directly without skin graft, it is a simple and fast method for the reconstruction of midface defect.</p>
