ABSTRACT
Four Ag(I) complexes with mefenamato and nitrogen heterocyclic ligands, [Ag(2-apy)(mef)]2 (1), [Ag(3-apy)(mef)] (2), [Ag2(tmpyz)(mef)2] (3), and {[Ag(4,4'-bipy)(mef)]2(CH3CN)1.5(H2O)2}n (4), (mef = mefenamato, 2-apy = 2-aminopyridine, 3-apy = 3-aminopyridine, tmpyz = 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, 4,4'-bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine), were synthesized and characterized. The interactions of these complexes with BSA were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, which indicated that these complexes quench the fluorescence of BSA by a static mechanism. The fluorescence data also indicated that the complexes showed good affinity for BSA, and one binding site on BSA was suitable for the complexes. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the four complexes against human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HepG-2, A549, and MDA-MB-468) and one normal cell line (HTR-8) was evaluated by the MTT assay. Complex 1 displayed high cytotoxic activity against A549 cells. Further studies revealed that complex 1 could enhance the intracellular levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in A549 cells, cause cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, and induce apoptosis in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Coordination Complexes , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Mefenamic Acid , Silver , Humans , Silver/chemistry , Silver/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Ligands , Coordination Complexes/pharmacology , Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Coordination Complexes/chemical synthesis , Mefenamic Acid/pharmacology , Mefenamic Acid/chemistry , Apoptosis/drug effects , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Nitrogen/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry , Serum Albumin, Bovine/metabolism , Cell Line, TumorABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the self-compatibility of Platycodon grandiflorum and the location of microspore germination on stigma. METHOD: The microspore germination of self-pollination, self-plant-pollination and cross-pollination and the pollination microspore germination in and outside of stigma were observed with fluorescence microscopy. RESULT: Most pollens of self-pollination, self-plant-pollination and cross-pollination can germinate on the stigma, and after 24 hours, pollen tube entered into the ovary successfully. Pollinated on the outer-surface of stigma, microspores could not germinate, but on the inner-surface of the stigma when it dehisced most microspores can germinate. CONCLUSION: The compatibility of self-plant-pollination of Platycodon grandiflorum is high. The microspore germination loci is on the inner-surface of the dehisced stigma.
