ABSTRACT
MAIN CONCLUSION: PLDα1 promoted H2S production by positively regulating the expression of LCD. Stomatal closure promoted by PLDα1 required the accumulation of H2S under drought stress. Phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) acting as one of the signal enzymes can respond to drought stress. It is well known that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in plant responding to biotic or abiotic stress. In this study, the functions and relationship between PLDα1 and H2S in drought stress resistance in Arabidopsis were explored. Our results indicated that drought stress promotes PLDα1 and H2S production by inducing the expression of PLDα1 and LCD genes. PLDα1 and LCD enhanced plant tolerance to drought by regulating membrane lipid peroxidation, proline accumulation, H2O2 content and stomatal closure. Under drought stress, the H2O2 content of PLDα1-deficient mutant (pldα1), L-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD)-deficient mutant (lcd) was higher than that of ecotype (WT), the stomatal aperture of pldα1 and lcd was larger than that of WT. The transcriptional and translational levels of LCD were lower in pldα1 than that in WT. Exogenous application of the H2S donor NaHS or GYY reduced the stomatal aperture of WT, pldα1, PLDα1-CO, and PLDα1-OE lines, while exogenous application of the H2S scavenger hypotaurine (HT) increased the stomatal aperture. qRT-PCR analysis of stomatal movement-related genes showed that the expression of CAX1, ABCG5, SCAB1, and SLAC1 genes in pldα1 and lcd were down-regulated, while ACA1 and OST1 gene expression was significantly up-regulated. Thus, PLDα1 and LCD are required for stomatal closure to improve drought stress tolerance.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis Proteins , Arabidopsis , Droughts , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Hydrogen Sulfide , Phospholipase D , Plant Stomata , Arabidopsis/genetics , Arabidopsis/physiology , Plant Stomata/physiology , Plant Stomata/genetics , Phospholipase D/metabolism , Phospholipase D/genetics , Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism , Hydrogen Sulfide/metabolism , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Stress, Physiological/genetics , Proline/metabolism , Cystathionine gamma-Lyase/genetics , Cystathionine gamma-Lyase/metabolism , Lipid PeroxidationABSTRACT
An efficient Pd-catalyzed addition of boronic acids to silylacetylenes is described, providing ß,ß-disubstituted (E)- or (Z)-alkenylsilanes in satisfactory yields with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity under mild reaction conditions. It represents the first highly regio- and stereoselective addition of boronic acids to aryl and alkenyl silylacetylenes. Moreover, the sequential Pd-catalyzed boron addition/N-halosuccinimide-mediated halodesilylation reaction results in a stereodivergent approach to ß,ß-disubstituted alkenyl halides, which can serve as versatile synthetic intermediates for the stereodivergent assembly of (E)- and (Z)-trisubstituted alkenes via transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
