ABSTRACT
Adult neurogenesis is regulated by diverse factors including the local environment, i.e. the neurogenic niche. However, whether the lipid in the brain regulates adult neurogenesis and related mechanisms remains largely unknown. In the present study, we found that lipid accumulates in the brain during postnatal neuronal development. Conditional knockout of Fto (cKO) in lipid not only reduced the level of lipid in the brain but also impaired the learning and memory of mice. In addition, Fto deficiency in lipid did not affect the proliferation of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs), but it did inhibit adult neurogenesis by inducing cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, specific deleting Fto in lipid altered gene expression and increased adenosine secretion of adipocytes. The treatment of adenosine promoted the apoptosis of newborn neurons. As a whole, these results reveal the important function of the lipid niche and its associated mechanism in regulating adult neurogenesis.
Subject(s)
Adenosine/metabolism , Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/genetics , Lipids/genetics , Neurogenesis/genetics , Neurons/metabolism , Adenosine/genetics , Adipocytes/metabolism , Adult Stem Cells/metabolism , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Humans , Learning/physiology , Memory/physiology , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Neural Stem Cells/metabolismABSTRACT
Recently, the single photon avalanche diode optical wireless communication (SPAD OWC) has attracted much attention due to its potential underwater applications. For such system, the channel noise is additive Poisson noise (APN) rather than the commonly encountered additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and the corresponding maximum likelihood (ML) detection is hard to provide a useful insight into energy-efficient signal design. By using the previously proposed Hellinger distance design criterion, we design an energy-efficient multi-dimensional constellation within the nonnegative integer set by minimizing the average optical power for a fixed minimum Hellinger distance. Comprehensive simulations indicate that our designed constellation can substantially outperform the currently available pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and squared PAM for SPAD OWC systems.
