Based on HPLC and HS-GC-IMS Techniques, the Changes in the Internal Chemical Components of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Fruit at Different Harvesting Periods Were Analyzed.

Schisandra chinensis, as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has clear pharmacological effects such as treating asthma, protecting nerves and blood vessels, and having anti-inflammatory properties. Although the Schisandra chinensis fruit contain multiple active components, the lignans have been widely studied as the primary pharmacologically active compound. The volatile chemical components of Schisandra chinensis include a large amount of terpenes, which have been proven to have broad pharmacological activities. However, when to harvest to ensure the highest accumulation of pharmacologically active components in Schisandra chinensis fruits is a critical issue. The Schisandra chinensis fruit trees in the resource nursery were all planted in 2019 and began bearing fruit in 2021. Their nutritional status and tree vigor remain consistently good. The content of lignans and organic acids in the fruits of Schisandra chinensis over seven different harvest periods was tested, and the results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that the lignan content was higher, at 35 mg/g, in late July, and the organic acid content was higher, at 72.34 mg/g, in early September. If lignans and organic acids are to be selected as raw materials for pharmacological development, the harvest can be carried out at this stage. Using HS-GC-IMS technology, a total of 67 volatile flavor substances were detected, and the fingerprint of the volatile flavor substances in the different picking periods was established. It was shown by the results that the content of volatile flavor substances was the highest in early August, and 16 flavor substances were selected by odor activity value (OAV). The variable importance in projection (VIP) values of 16 substances were further screened, and terpinolene was identified as the key volatile flavor substance that caused the aroma characteristics of Schisandra chinensis fruit at different harvesting periods. If the aroma component content of Schisandra chinensis fruit is planned to be used as raw material for development and utilization, then early August, when the aroma component content is higher, should be chosen as the time for harvest. This study provides a theoretical basis for the suitable harvesting time of Schisandra chinensis for different uses, and promotes the high-quality development of the Schisandra chinensis industry.

Convergence Analysis of Novel Fractional-Order Backpropagation Neural Networks With Regularization Terms.

Fractional-order derivatives have the potential to improve the performance of backpropagation (BP) neural networks. Several studies have found that the fractional-order gradient learning methods may not converge to real extreme points. The truncation and the modification of the fractional-order derivative are applied to guarantee convergence to the real extreme point. Nonetheless, the real convergence ability is based on the assumption that the algorithm is convergent, which limits the practicality of the algorithm. In this article, a novel truncated fractional-order BP neural network (TFO-BPNN) and a novel hybrid TFO-BPNN (HTFO-BPNN) are designed to solve the above problem. First, to avoid overfitting, a squared regularization term is introduced into the fractional-order BP neural network. Second, a novel dual cross-entropy cost function is proposed and employed as a loss function for the two neural networks. The penalty parameter helps to adjust the effect of the penalty term and further alleviates the gradient vanishing problem. In terms of convergence, the convergence ability of the two proposed neural networks is first proved. Then, the convergence ability to the real extreme point is further analyzed theoretically. Finally, the simulation results effectively illustrate the feasibility, high accuracy, and good generalization ability of the proposed neural networks. Comparative studies among the proposed neural networks and some related methods further substantiate the superiority of the TFO-BPNN and the HTFO-BPNN.

Effecting mechanisms of iron-rich sludge on ash fusion characteristics of coal with high ash fusion temperature under reducing atmosphere.

Co-gasification is crucial for large-scale clean conversion of coal and sludge. In this study, the effects of municipal sewage sludge (MSS, Fe2O3:48.11 %) and pharmaceutical sewage sludge (PSS, Fe2O3: 67.80 %) on ash fusion temperature (AFT) of high AFT Xiangyuan coal (XY) were explored using an AFT analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, and thermodynamics FactSage calculation. The results showed that when MSS or PSS ash mass ratios reached 20 % or 16 % (for XY mixtures, the mass ratio of MSS or PSS should be >5.81 wt% or 5.07 wt%), respectively, the AFT met the requirement of liquid-slag discharge for entrained-flow bed gasification. Under a reducing atmosphere (6:4, CO/CO2, volume ratio), Fe2+ destroyed the bridging-oxygen bonds in the network structure and generated low melting-point (MP) hercynite (FeAl2O4). This resulted in the AFT decreases in the XY mixtures with the additions of PSS or MSS. Meanwhile, the high calcium content (CaO: 13.40 %) easily reacted with Al2O3 and SiO2 and formed anorthite (CaAl2SiO8), which inhibited high-MP mullite formation and decreased the mixed XY AFT. With the increasing SS mass ratio, the surface of the ash sample and thermodynamic FactSage calculation were in good agreement with the experimental results.

Untargeted metabolomics reveal the metabolic profile of normal pulmonary circulation.

BACKGROUND: As an important place of material exchange, the homeostasis of the pulmonary circulation environment and function lays an essential foundation for the normal execution of various physiological functions of the body. Small metabolic molecules in the circulation can reflect the corresponding state of the pulmonary circulation. METHODS: We enrolled patients with Patent Foramen Ovale and obtained blood from the pulmonary arteries and veins through heart catheterization. UPLC-MS based untargeted metabolomics was used to compare the changes and metabolic differences of plasma between pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery. RESULTS: The plasma metabolomics revealed that pulmonary artery had a different metabolomic profile compared to venous. 1060 metabolites were identified, and 61 metabolites were differential metabolites. Purine, Amino acids, Nicotinamide, Tetradecanedioic acid and Bile acid were the most markedly. CONCLUSION: The differential metabolites are mostly related to immune inflammation and damage repaired. It is suggested that the pulmonary circulation is always in a steady state of injury and repair while pathological changes may be triggered when the homeostasis is broken. These changes play an important role in revealing the development process and etiology of lung homeostasis and related diseases. Relevant metabolites can be used as potential targets for further study of pulmonary circulation homeostasis.

High-efficiency removal of lead/cadmium from wastewater by MgO modified biochar derived from crofton weed.

The adsorption performance and mechanisms of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in wastewater using MgO modified biochar derived from crofton weed (MBCW600) are investigated. The Pb2+ and Cd2+ adsorption capacities of MBCW600 by the Hill model reach 384.08 mg/g and 207.02 mg/g, respectively, which is larger than that of original biochar. Pb2+ could be more easily captured by MBCW600 compared to Cd2+ in the multimetal system. Mg2+ contributes to Pb2+ and Cd2+ adsorption among coexisting cations. The exhausted MBCW600 could be well regenerated by simple method after use. The adsorption mechanism study indicates that Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal are primary contributed to mineral precipitation and ion exchange. The effective treatment volumes of Pb2+ and Cd2+ wastewater achieve 3050 mL and 2150 mL in the fixed-bed column experiment, respectively. Therefore, MBCW600 presents remarkable adsorption capability, excellent recoverability and large throughput, which shows the potential application in future treatment of wastewater containing heavy metal.

EphA4 is highly expressed in the atria of heart and its deletion leads to atrial hypertrophy and electrocardiographic abnormalities in rats.

AIMS: EphA4 is a member of the Eph receptor family, and expressed mainly in central nervous system (CNS), which is involved in CNS development and multiple diseases. Due to the variability in EphA4 expression, we wondered if EphA4 is expressed in other tissues, and what role does EphA4 play? MATERIALS AND METHODS: We generated an EphA4 knockout (KO) rat line with red fluorescent marker protein encoded by the mCherry cassette inserted downstream of the EphA4 promoter as a reporter. Using this system, we observed high expression of EphA4 in the heart atria and in the brain. KEY FINDINGS: EphaA4 KO rats (EphA4-/-) developed obvious atrial hypertrophy with an increased atria-to-heart weight ratio and atrial cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area at six months of age. EphA4-/- rats had reduced atrial end diastolic volume (EDV), atrial ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular EF. They also exhibited increased amplitude of QRS complexes and QT intervals, with invisible p waves. RNA sequencing revealed that EphA4 KO altered the transcription of multiple genes involved in regulation of transcription and translation, ion binding, metabolism and cell adhesion. Deletion of EphA4 reduced IGF1 mRNA and protein expression, which is involved in cardiac remodeling. SIGNIFICANCE: Our data demonstrated that EphA4 was highly expressed in the atria and its deletion caused atrial dysfunction. Our findings also suggested that the EphA4 KO rat could be a potential model for studies on atrial remodeling.

Vision-Based Tactile Sensor Mechanism for the Estimation of Contact Position and Force Distribution Using Deep Learning.

This work describes the development of a vision-based tactile sensor system that utilizes the image-based information of the tactile sensor in conjunction with input loads at various motions to train the neural network for the estimation of tactile contact position, area, and force distribution. The current study also addresses pragmatic aspects, such as choice of the thickness and materials for the tactile fingertips and surface tendency, etc. The overall vision-based tactile sensor equipment interacts with an actuating motion controller, force gauge, and control PC (personal computer) with a LabVIEW software on it. The image acquisition was carried out using a compact stereo camera setup mounted inside the elastic body to observe and measure the amount of deformation by the motion and input load. The vision-based tactile sensor test bench was employed to collect the output contact position, angle, and force distribution caused by various randomly considered input loads for motion in X, Y, Z directions and RxRy rotational motion. The retrieved image information, contact position, area, and force distribution from different input loads with specified 3D position and angle are utilized for deep learning. A convolutional neural network VGG-16 classification modelhas been modified to a regression network model and transfer learning was applied to suit the regression task of estimating contact position and force distribution. Several experiments were carried out using thick and thin sized tactile sensors with various shapes, such as circle, square, hexagon, for better validation of the predicted contact position, contact area, and force distribution.

An In Situ Analyzer for Two-Dimensional Fe(II) Distribution in Sediment Pore Water Based on Ferrozine Coloration and Computer Imaging Densitometry.

A novel integrated analyzer was developed for the in situ determination of two-dimensional (2D) dissolved Fe(II) distributions in sediment pore water. The analyzer utilized gel enrichment and optical imaging techniques. An image probe mainly consisting of a gel holder and portable document scanner was designed to be inserted into sediment. The gel holder exposed to the sediment was made to hold a polyacrylamide gel strip (diffusive gel) and polyacrylamide gel strip impregnated with C18 and coated with ferrozine (concentrating gel). The concentrating gel strip could accumulate the dissolved Fe(II) in pore water and produce a magenta-colored Fe(II)-ferrozine compound on the gel strip in two dimensions. The portable document scanner sealed in a transparent box and stuck onto the back of the gel holder could record gel images from the back of the concentrating gel strip. Gel images with grayscale intensities were acquired and analyzed using ImageJ software, and Fe(II) concentration was determined based on a deployment time related calibration curve established in the laboratory. The measurement accuracy and precision were investigated. The quantitative range reached up to 200 µmol L-1. The method and analyzer exhibit distinct characteristics of in situ enrichment and measurement; they were successfully applied to determine the 2D Fe(II) distribution in lake and marine sediment pore waters.

The pretreatment thrombocytosis as one of prognostic factors for gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: At present, increasing reports have shown that pretreatment platelet count was associated with the prognosis of many types of cancer. We performed rounded analysis to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the prognostic significance of pretreatment thrombocytosis for patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: We identified relevant studies by searching database including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. The relative risk (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the correlation between thrombocytosis and overall survival (OS) of gastric cancer patients. We also conducted subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis for the prognostic effect of thrombocytosis on OS. The analysis was performed and assessed using Review Manager 5.2. RESULTS: A total of nine studies including 7158 participants were included in this systematic review. Analysis results showed that pretreatment thrombocytosis had a close relationship with 1, 3 and 5 years survival of gastric cancer, with the pooled RRs being 0.80 (95% CI 0.71-0.90; P = 0.0004), 0.65 (95% CI 0.45-0.92; P = 0.02) and 0.64 (95% CI 0.47-0.87; P = 0.004) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present rounded analysis suggests that pretreatment thrombocytosis may have significant association with poor survival of patients with gastric cancer.

Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Angiotensin-(1-7) Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment and Memory Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

This work was performed to test our hypothesis that angiotensin-(1-7) can ameliorate cognitive impairment and cerebrovascular reactivity in 5XFAD mice, a useful model of Alzheimer's disease. 5XFAD mice received intracerebroventricular infusion of (1) vehicle, (2) angiotensin-(1-7), or (3) angiotensin-(1-7)+A779, a specific Mas receptor antagonist, for 4 weeks. Angiotensin-(1-7), through Mas receptor, significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment in 5XFAD mice. As estimated by acetazolamide-induced increase in cerebral blood flow, angiotensin-(1-7), through Mas receptor, enhanced cerebrovascular reactivity in 5XFAD mice. In conclusion, angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis improves cognitive function and cerebrovascular function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Therapy with the Combination of Amlodipine and Irbesartan Has Persistent Preventative Effects on Stroke Onset Associated with BDNF Preservation on Cerebral Vessels in Hypertensive Rats.

Although calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and combination therapy are effective for hypertensive patients, the significant differences among them against stroke onset are undetermined. In this study, we investigated the significant beneficial effects of the combination therapy using amlodipine and irbesartan against stroke onset in hypertensive rats. The animals were fed an 8% sodium diet and assigned to (1) vehicle, (2) amlodipine (2 mg/kg/day), (3) irbesartan (20 mg/kg/day), and (4) amlodipine + irbesartan groups. The drugs were given orally until 35 days, and incidences of stroke-related signs and mortality and blood pressure (BP) were monitored. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain water content, weight of the brain and left ventricle, and histological evaluations were conducted for the treated groups at 42 days after the start of the high-salt diet. Amlodipine and the combination therapy significantly reduced BP compared with the vehicle. Although the rates of stroke-related signs and mortality were high in the vehicle group, the rats in the treatment groups were mostly healthy until 35 days. After all drugs were discontinued, stroke onset was frequently seen in the monotherapy groups until 42 days, but no signs were observed in the combination therapy group. Although there were no significant differences in CBF or brain edema, the combination therapy reduced blood-brain barrier disruption, white matter injury, and reactive astrocytes compared with irbesartan, and the combination also inhibited left ventricular hypertrophy and preserved brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression on cerebral vessels compared to the monotherapies. These data suggest that the combination therapy had a persistent preventive effect on stroke onset in hypertensive rats, and the effects might be associated with BDNF preservation on cerebral vessels.

ASK1 is involved in cognitive impairment caused by long-term high-fat diet feeding in mice.

Although high-fat diet intake is known to cause obesity and diabetes, the effect of high-fat diet itself on cognitive function remains to be clarified. We have previously shown that apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is responsible for cognitive impairment caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. The present work, by using ASK1 deficient mice, was undertaken to explore the influence of chronic high-fat diet intake on cognitive function and the role of ASK1. Cognitive function in wild-type mice fed high-fat diet from 2 to 24 months of age was significantly impaired compared to those fed control diet, which was associated with the significant white matter lesions, reduction of hippocampal capillary density, and decrement of hippocampal neuronal cell. However, ASK1 deficiency abolished the development of cognitive impairment and cerebral injury caused by high-fat diet. Our results provided the evidence that high-fat diet itself causes cognitive impairment and ASK1 participates in such cognitive impairment.

DPP-4 inhibition with linagliptin ameliorates cognitive impairment and brain atrophy induced by transient cerebral ischemia in type 2 diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition can counteract the impairment of cognitive function and brain injury caused by transient cerebral ischemia in type 2 diabetes. The present study was undertaken to test our hypothesis that linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, administration following transient cerebral ischemia can ameliorate cognitive impairment and brain injury in diabetic mice. METHODS: db/db mice, a model of obese type 2 diabetes, were subjected to transient cerebral ischemia by 17 min of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), and were administered (1) vehicle or (2) linagliptin for 8 weeks or 1 week. For the long-term experiment on 8 weeks of linagliptin treatment, cognitive function, and volume and neuronal cell number of hippocampus and cortex were estimated in each group of mice. For the short-term experiment on 1 week of linagliptin treatment, cerebral IgG extravasation, Iba-1 positive cell number (reactive microglia), oxidative stress, and claudin-5 and gp91phox protein levels were measured in each group of mice. RESULTS: Linagliptin administration almost completely suppressed the circulating DPP-4 activity in db/db mice, but did not significantly reduce blood glucose or ameliorate glucose intolerance in db/db mice. Linagliptin administration following transient cerebral ischemia significantly counteracted cognitive impairment in diabetic mice, as estimated by water maze test and passive avoidance test. Linagliptin administration ameliorated the decrease in cerebral volume and neuronal cell number in hippocampus and cortex of diabetic mice. Linagliptin administration significantly reduced the increase in cerebral IgG extravasation and the increase in reactive microglia caused by transient cerebral ischemia in diabetic mice. Furthermore, linagliptin significantly suppressed the increase in cerebral oxidative stress in transient cerebral ischemia-subjected diabetic mice. Furthermore, linagliptin significantly increased cerebral claudin-5 and significantly decreased gp91phox in diabetic mice subjected to transient cerebral ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: DPP-4 inhibition with linagliptin counteracted cognitive impairment and brain atrophy induced by transient cerebral ischemia in diabetic mice, independently of blood glucose lowering effect. This cerebroprotective effect of linagliptin was associated with the suppression of blood-brain barrier disruption and the attenuation of cerebral oxidative stress. Thus, our present work highlights DPP-4 inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy for cognitive impairment and cerebral vascular complications in type 2 diabetes.

DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin ameliorates cardiovascular injury in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats independently of blood glucose and blood pressure.

BACKGROUND: It remains to be elucidated whether dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor can ameliorate cardiovascular injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. The present study was undertaken to test our hypothesis that linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, administration initiated after onset of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy can ameliorate cardiovascular injury in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DS rats). METHODS: High-salt loaded DS rats with established hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy were divided into two groups, and were orally given (1) vehicle or (2) linagliptin (3 mg/kg/day) once a day for 4 weeks, and cardiovascular protective effects of linagliptin in DS rats were evaluated. RESULTS: Linagliptin did not significantly affect blood pressure and blood glucose levels in DS rats. Linagliptin significantly lessened cardiac hypertrophy in DS rats, as estimated by cardiac weight and echocardiographic parameters. Linagliptin significantly ameliorated cardiac fibrosis, cardiac macrophage infiltration, and coronary arterial remodeling in DS rats. Furthermore, linagliptin significantly mitigated the impairment of vascular function in DS rats, as shown by the improvement of acetylcholine-induced or sodium nitroprusside-induced vascular relaxation by linagliptin. These cardiovascular protective effects of linagliptin were associated with the attenuation of oxidative stress, NADPH oxidase subunits, p67phox and p22 phox, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provided the experimental evidence that linagliptin treatment initiated after the appearance of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy protected against cardiovascular injury induced by salt-sensitive hypertension, independently of blood pressure and blood glucose. These beneficial effects of linagliptin seem to be attributed to the reduction of oxidative stress and ACE.

Glycemic control with empagliflozin, a novel selective SGLT2 inhibitor, ameliorates cardiovascular injury and cognitive dysfunction in obese and type 2 diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: There has been uncertainty regarding the benefit of glycemic control with antidiabetic agents in prevention of diabetic macrovascular disease. Further development of novel antidiabetic agents is essential for overcoming the burden of diabetic macrovascular disease. The renal sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is a novel antihyperglycemic agent for treatment of type 2 diabetes. This work was performed to determine whether empagliflozin, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor, can ameliorate cardiovascular injury and cognitive decline in db/db mouse, a model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: (1) Short-term experiment: The first experiment was performed to examine the effect of 7 days of empagliflozin treatment on urinary glucose excretion and urinary electrolyte excretion in db/db mice. (2) Long-term experiment: The second experiment was undertaken to examine the effect of 10 weeks of empagliflozin treatment on cardiovascular injury, vascular dysfunction, cognitive decline, and renal injury in db/db mice. RESULTS: (1) Short-term experiment: Empagliflozin administration significantly increased urinary glucose excretion, urine volume, and urinary sodium excretion in db/db mice on day 1, but did not increase these parameters from day 2. However, blood glucose levels in db/db mice were continuously decreased by empagliflozin throughout 7 days of the treatment. (2) Long-term experiment: Empagliflozin treatment caused sustained decrease in blood glucose in db/db mice throughout 10 weeks of the treatment and significantly slowed the progression of type 2 diabetes. Empagliflozin significantly ameliorated cardiac interstitial fibrosis, pericoronary arterial fibrosis, coronary arterial thickening, cardiac macrophage infiltration, and the impairment of vascular dilating function in db/db mice, and these beneficial effects of empagliflozin were associated with attenuation of oxidative stress in cardiovascular tissue of db/db mice. Furthermore, empagliflozin significantly prevented the impairment of cognitive function in db/db mice, which was associated with the attenuation of cerebral oxidative stress and the increase in cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Empagliflozin ameliorated albuminuria, and glomerular injury in db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS: Glycemic control with empagliflozin significantly ameliorated cardiovascular injury and remodeling, vascular dysfunction, and cognitive decline in obese and type 2 diabetic mice. Thus, empagliflozin seems to be potentially a promising therapeutic agent for diabetic macrovascular disease and cognitive decline.

Blood pressure variability, impaired autonomic function and vascular senescence in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats are ameliorated by angiotensin blockade.

OBJECTIVE: Elderly hypertensive patients are characterized by blood pressure (BP) variability, impaired autonomic function, and vascular endothelial dysfunction and stiffness. However, the mechanisms causing these conditions are unclear. The present study examined the effect of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS: We surgically implanted telemetry devices in SHR and WKY at the age of 15 weeks (Young) and 80 weeks (Aged). Aged SHR were orally administered either olmesartan or valsartan once daily at 19:00 h (at the beginning of the dark period (active phase)) for 4 weeks to examine the effects on BP variability, impaired autonomic function, and vascular senescence. RESULTS: Aging and hypertension in SHR additively caused the following: increased low frequency (LF) power of systolic BP, a decreased spontaneous baroreceptor reflex gain (sBRG), increased BP variability, increased urinary norepinephrine excretion, increased vascular senescence-related beta-galactosidase positive cells and oxidative stress. Treatment with olmesartan or valsartan significantly ameliorated these changes in aged SHR. However, olmesartan ameliorated these changes in aged SHR better than valsartan. The reductions in BP caused by olmesartan in aged SHR were sustained longer than reductions by valsartan. This result indicates longer-lasting inhibition of the AT1 receptor by olmesartan than by valsartan. CONCLUSION: ARBs ameliorated autonomic dysfunction, BP variability, and vascular senescence in aged SHR. Olmesartan ameliorated the aging-related disorders better than valsartan and was associated with longer-lasting AT1 receptor inhibition by olmesartan. Thus, the magnitude of improvement of these aging-related abnormalities differs for ARBs.

Telmisartan exerts sustained blood pressure control and reduces blood pressure variability in metabolic syndrome by inhibiting sympathetic activity.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence on blood pressure (BP) reduction with various angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) show that the magnitudes and durations of BP control differ across ARBs. However, the mechanism of ARBs is unknown. This work was undertaken to compare telmisartan and valsartan in duration of BP control, BP variability, and effects on the autonomic nervous system. METHODS: Using radiotelemetry combined with spectral analysis with a fast Fourier transformation algorithm, we compared the effects of various doses of telmisartan and valsartan on BP and its variability during dark (active phase) and light (inactive phase) periods over 5 weeks in SHR/NDmcr-cp(+/+)(SHRcp) rats, a model of metabolic syndrome. We also compared the effects of these ARBs on autonomic nervous system, central oxidative stress, and inflammation in SHRcp rats. RESULTS: Telmisartan exerted a longer-lasting BP-lowering effect and greater attenuation of BP variability in SHRcp than valsartan. Telmisartan decreased low frequency power of systolic BP and increased spontaneous baroreflex gain in SHRcp during both the dark and light periods more than valsartan. Telmisartan reduced 24-hour urinary norepinephrine excretion more than valsartan. Furthermore, telmisartan attenuated oxidative stress and the numbers of gp91(phox)-positive cells and activated microglia and astrocytes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of SHRcp rats more than valsartan. CONCLUSIONS: The superiority of telmisartan over valsartan in sustained BP control and reduction of BP variability was attributed to more suppression of sympathetic activity and more improvement of baroreceptor reflex. The greater suppression of sympathetic activity by telmisartan appeared to be partially mediated by a stronger amelioration of central oxidative stress.

Rosuvastatin ameliorates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage via suppression of superoxide formation and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in rats.

BACKGROUND: Statins, or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, have been suggested to possess pleiotropic effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the protective effects of pretreatment with rosuvastatin, a relatively hydrophilic statin, on early brain injury (EBI) after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), using the endovascular perforation SAH model. METHODS: Eighty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) sham operation, (2) SAH+vehicle, and (3) SAH+10 mg/kg rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin or vehicle was orally administered to rats once daily from 7 days before to 1 day after the SAH operation. After SAH, we examined the effects of rosuvastatin on the neurologic score, brain water content, neuronal cell death estimated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling staining, blood-brain barrier disruption by immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory molecules. RESULTS: Compared with the vehicle group, rosuvastatin significantly improved the neurologic score and reduced the brain water content, neuronal cell death, and IgG extravasation. Rosuvastatin inhibited brain superoxide production, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, and the increase in activated microglial cells after SAH. The increased expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, endothelial matrix metalloproteinase-9, and neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 induced by SAH were prevented by rosuvastatin pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that rosuvastatin pretreatment ameliorates EBI after SAH through the attenuation of oxidative stress and NF-κB-mediated inflammation.