Effects of huoxin formula on the arterial functions of patients with coronary heart disease.

Context: Huoxin formula is a Traditional Chinese Medicine for coronary heart disease (CHD) treatment. Objective: To explore the therapeutic mechanism of the Huoxin formula on arterial functions in CHD patients. Materials and methods: Fifty-eight CHD patients receiving cardiovascular drugs including ß-receptor blocker, statins, and antiplatelet medications or others were randomized into intervention [additionally 13.5 g Huoxin formula granules dissolved in 150 mL warm water per time, twice a day (n = 30)] and control [only cardiovascular drugs (n = 28)] groups. Serum biomarkers (hs-CRP, IL-18, IL-17, TNF-α, MMP-9), and cardiovascular indicators of the common and internal carotid arteries (ICAs) were monitored before and after the treatments. Results: After 3 months of treatment, the increases of intima-media thicknesses (IMT) of the left and right common carotid arteries (CCAs) as well as of the left and right ICAs and the increases of the left and right cardio-ankle vascular index were all significantly (all p < 0.001) less in the intervention than in control group (all p < 0.001). Serum concentrations reductions of hs-CRP, IL-18, IL-17 and MMP9 (all p < 0.001) levels were higher in the intervention compared to the control group, which correlated with the changes of left ICA (hs-CRP: r = 0.581, p = 0.009; IL-18: r = 0.594, p = 0.007; IL-17: r = 0.575, p = 0.006). Discussion and conclusion: Since the Huoxin formula improved arterial functions and reduced inflammatory factor activities in CHD patients, a large-scale clinical trial is warranted.

Design and synthesis of rosiglitazone-ferulic acid-nitric oxide donor trihybrids for improving glucose tolerance.

Glucose intolerance is associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) while some new therapeutic drugs, such as rosiglitazone (Rosi), for T2DM can cause severe cardiovascular side effects. Herein we report the synthesis of Rosi-ferulic acid (FA)-nitric oxide (NO) donor trihybrids to improve glucose tolerance and minimize the side effects. In comparison with Rosi, the most active compound 21 exhibited better effects on improving glucose tolerance, which was associated with its NO production, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, 21 displayed relatively high stability in the simulated gastrointestinal environments and human liver microsomes, and released Rosi in plasma. More importantly, 21, unlike Rosi, had little stimulatory effect on the membrane translocation of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in kidney collecting duct epithelial cells. These, together with a better safety profile, suggest that the trihybrids, like 21, may be promising candidates for intervention of glucose intolerance-related metabolic syndrome and T2DM.

The History of Telocyte Discovery and Understanding.

Telocytes (TCs) are identified as a peculiar cell type of interstitial cells in various organs. The typical features of TCs from the other cells are the extending cellular process as telopodes with alternation of podomeres and podoms. Before the year of 2010, TCs were considered as interstitial Cajal-like cells because of the similar morphology and immunohistochemical features with interstitial cells of Cajal which were found more than 100 years ago and considered to be pacemakers for gut motility. Subsequently, it demonstrated that TCs were not Cajal-like cells, and thus the new name "telocyte" was proposed in 2010. With the help of different techniques, e.g., transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, or omics science, TCs have been detected in various tissues and organs from different species. The pathological role of TCs in different diseases was also studied. According to observation in situ or in vitro, TCs played a vital role in mechanical support, signaling transduction, tissue renewal or repair, immune surveillance, and mechanical sensor via establishing homo- or heterogenous junctions with neighboring cells to form 3D network or release extracellular vesicles to form juxtacrine and paracrine. This review will introduce the origin, distribution, morphology, functions, omics science, methods, and interaction of TCs with other cells and provide a better understanding of the new cell type.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in hyperlipidemic animals through the suppression of TLR4 signaling.

Hyperlipidemia aggravates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury through stimulating excessive inflammatory response. Therefore, blockade of inflammatory signal is a potential therapeutic management for MI/R complicated with hyperlipidemia. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA, a monomer extracted from Carthamus tinctorius L.), was studied in this article to address that the regulation of inflammatory signal would alleviate MI/R combined with hyperlipidemia injury. High-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia worsened MI/R mediated heart injury (elevation of infarct size, CK-MB and LDH activity), activated TLR4 over-expression in hearts, released inflammatory cytokines (LPS, TNF-α and IL-1ß) excessively. HSYA administration suppressed the over-expression of TLR4 and alleviated heart damage caused by MI/R complicated with hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, HSYA had little influence on MI/R injury in TLR4-knockout mice, which indicated that HSYA protected MI/R through TLR4 inhibition. In vitro, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) coexisting with LPS model in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) induced serious damage compared with H/R injury to NRVMs. HSYA decreased excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines, down-regulated over-expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in H/R + LPS injured NRVMs. In conclusion, HSYA alleviated myocardial inflammatory injury through suppressing TLR4, offering an alternative medication for MI/R associated with hyperlipidemia.

Clematichinenoside protects blood brain barrier against ischemic stroke superimposed on systemic inflammatory challenges through up-regulating A20.

Suppression of excessive inflammation can ameliorate blood brain barrier (BBB) injury, which shows therapeutic potential for clinical treatment of brain injury induced by stroke superimposed on systemic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated whether and how clematichinenoside (AR), an anti-inflammatory triterpene saponin, protects brain injury from stroke superimposed on systemic inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intraperitoneally injected immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Rat microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) coexisting with LPS. The results revealed that AR suppressed the excessive inflammation, restored BBB dysfunction, alleviated brain edema, decreased neutrophil infiltration, lessened neurological dysfunction, and decreased infarct rate. Further study demonstrated that the expression of nucleus nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interlukin-1ß (IL-1ß) were suppressed by AR via zinc finger protein A20. Besides, AR increased in vitro BBB integrity through A20. In conclusion, AR alleviated cerebral inflammatory injury through A20-NF-κB signal pathway, offering an alternative medication for stroke associated with systemic inflammatory diseases.