Complete resection of the gastric antrum decreased incidence and severity of delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is the main complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), but the mechanism is still unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of complete resection of the gastric antrum in decreasing incidence and severity of DGE after PD. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: expanded resection (ER group), complete resection (CR group), and incomplete resection (IR group) of the gastric antrum. The tension (g) of remnant stomach contraction was observed. We analyzed the histological morphology of the gastric wall by different excisional methods after distal gastrectomy. Moreover, patients underwent PD at our department between January 2012 and May 2016 were included in the study. These cases were divided into IR group and CR group of the gastric antrum, and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The ex vivo remnant stomachs of CR group exhibited much greater contraction tension than others (P < 0.05). The contraction tension of the remnant stomach increased with increasing acetylcholine concentration, while remained stable at the concentration of 10 × 10-5 mol/L. Furthermore, 174 consecutive patients were included and retrospectively analyzed in the study. The incidence of DGE was significantly lower (3.5% vs. 21.3%, P < 0.01) in CR group than in IR group. In addition, hematoxylin-eosin staining analyses of the gastric wall confirmed that the number of transected circular smooth muscle bundles were higher in IR group than in CR group (8.24 ± 0.65 vs. 3.76 ± 0.70, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The complete resection of the gastric antrum is associated with decreased incidence and severity of DGE after PD. Gastric electrophysiological and physiopathological disorders caused by damage to gastric smooth muscles might be the mechanism underlying DGE.

Specific alterations in gut microbiota are associated with prognosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Gut microbiota is associated with liver diseases. However, gut microbial characteristics of Budd-Chiari syndrome (B-CS) have not been reported. Here, by MiSeq sequencing, gut microbial alterations were characterized among 37 health controls, 20 liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, 31 initial B-CS patients (B-CS group), 33 stability patients after BCS treatment (stability group) and 23 recurrent patients after BCS treatment (recurrence group). Gut microbial diversity was increased in B-CS versus LC. Bacterial community of B-CS clustered with controls but separated from LC. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) 421, 502 (Clostridium IV) and 141 (Megasphaera) were unique to B-CS. Genera Escherichia/Shigella and Clostridium XI were decreased in B-CS versus controls. Moreover, nine genera, mainly including Bacteroides and Megamonas, were enriched in B-CS versus LC. Notably, Megamonas could distinguish B-CS from LC with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.7904. Microbial function prediction revealed that L-amino acid transport system activity was decreased in B-CS versus both LC and controls. Furthermore, OTUs 27 (Clostridium XI), 137 (Clostridium XIVb) and 40 (Bacteroides) were associated with B-CS stability. Importantly, genus Clostridium XI was enriched in stability group versus both recurrence group and B-CS group. Also, PRPP glutamine biosynthesis was reduced in stability group versus recurrence group, but was enriched in stability group versus B-CS group. In conclusion, specific microbial alterations associated with diagnosis and prognosis were detected in B-CS patients. Correction of gut microbial alterations may be a potential strategy for B-CS prevention and treatment.

Total closure of pancreatic section for end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy decreases incidence of pancreatic fistula in pancreaticoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a serious complication and results in prolonged hospitalization and high mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of total closure of pancreatic section for end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). METHODS: This was a prospective randomized clinical trial comparing the outcomes of PD between patients who underwent total closure of pancreatic section for end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy (Group A) vs those who underwent conventional pancreaticojejunostomy (Group B). The primary endpoint was the incidence of pancreatic fistula. Secondary endpoints were morbidity and mortality rates. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three patients were included in this study. The POPF rate was significantly lower in Group A than that in Group B (4.8% vs 16.7%, P<0.05). About 38.3% patients in Group B developed one or more complications; this rate was 14.3% in Group A (P<0.01). The wound/abdominal infection rate was also much higher in Group B than that in Group A (20.0% vs 6.3%, P<0.05). Furthermore, the average hospital stays of the two groups were 18 days in Group A, and 24 days in Group B, respectively (P<0.001). However, there was no difference in the probability of mortality, biliary leakage, delayed gastric emptying, and pulmonary infection between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Total closure of pancreatic section for end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy is a safe and effective method for pancreaticojejunostomy in PD.

Suppression of BRD4 inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma by repressing MYC and enhancing BIM expression.

Bromodomain 4 (BRD4) is an epigenetic regulator that, when inhibited, has anti-cancer effects. In this study, we investigated whether BRD4 could be a target for treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We show that BRD4 is over-expressed in HCC tissues. Suppression of BRD4, either by siRNA or using JQ1, a pharmaceutical BRD4 inhibitor, reduced cell growth and induced apoptosis in HCC cell lines while also slowing HCC xenograft tumor growth in mice. JQ1 treatment induced G1 cell cycle arrest by repressing MYC expression, which led to the up-regulation of CDKN1B (P27). JQ1 also de-repressed expression of the pro-apoptotic BCL2L11 (BIM). Moreover, siRNA knockdown of BIM attenuated JQ1-triggered apoptosis in HCC cells, suggesting an essential role for BIM in mediating JQ1 anti-HCC activity.

Staged management of Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by co-obstruction of the inferior vena cava and main hepatic veins.

BACKGROUND: Collateralized intra- and extra-hepatic routes in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) were important. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and clinical outcomes of the staged management of BCS based on the degree of compensation provided by intra- or extra-hepatic collateral circulations. METHODS: A total of 103 adult patients with BCS caused by co-obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and main hepatic veins (MHVs) between March 2001 and October 2009 were enrolled in this study. Based on the pathological classification and degree of hemodynamic compensation by collateral circulations, treatment priority for IVC hypertension was determined in the first-stage treatment. Patients were deemed eligible for second-stage treatment when the first-stage treatment failed to relieve. RESULTS: Imaging results revealed that most patients had collateral circulations to different extents. Based on the degree of compensation provided by these collateral circulations, 74 patients underwent single-stage treatment for IVC hypertension, i.e., radiologic intervention (RI) for 61 patients and surgical procedures (SPs) for 13. One patient was treated for portal hypertension. Twenty-nine patients underwent second-stage treatment (25 underwent RI and SP, and 4 only SP). The general morbidity and mortality after all procedures were 8.3% and 1.5%, respectively. After a median follow-up of 35 months, 4 patients underwent second-stage treatment and 7 underwent recanalization of the IVC/MHVs. Two patients died of hepatocellular carcinoma and 1 died of graft obstruction. CONCLUSION: Staged management produces excellent outcomes for patients with BCS caused by co-obstruction of the IVC and MHVs.

The clinical value of computer tomographic angiography for the diagnosis and therapeutic planning of patients with pulmonary sequestration.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical value of computed tomographic (CT) angiography for diagnosis and therapeutic planning in patients with pulmonary sequestration. METHODS: Forty-three patients with suspected pulmonary sequestration underwent CT angiography before undergoing digital subtraction angiography or surgery. For each patient, CT angiography was used to determine whether the pulmonary sequestration was suitable for coil embolization, surgical resection or conservative treatment. The treatments planned using CT angiography were compared with actual treatment decisions made or treatments administered using digital subtraction angiography or surgery. RESULTS: Digital subtraction angiography and/or surgery confirmed pulmonary sequestration in 37 patients; six patients had no pulmonary sequestration. The diagnostic performance of CT angiography for pulmonary sequestration in the patient-based evaluation yielded an accuracy of 97.7%, sensitivity of 97.3%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 85.7%. The aberrant systemic artery-based evaluation yielded an accuracy of 98.0%, sensitivity of 97.8%, specificity of 100%, PPV of 100% and NPV of 85.7%. Treatments could be correctly planned using CT angiography with 100% accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV according to the aneurysm-based evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: We have obtained promising results with a CT angiography-based protocol, rather than a digital subtraction angiography-based protocol, as the only diagnostic and pretreatment planning tool in patients with pulmonary sequestration. The CT angiography-based selection of treatment strategies seems to be safe and effective in the majority of patients with pulmonary sequestration.

[Clinical observation on high intensity focused ultrasound combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study on the efficacy, prognosis and security of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Totally 72 HCC patients treated by HIFU from December 2009 to January 2011 were divided into two groups according to treatment methods: 40 cases in HIFU group, 32 cases in TACE + HIFU treatment group (combined group). Then set up a control group include 40 cases treated by only TACE in the same period (TACE group). The improvement of clinical symptoms, AFP, reduce rate of tumor volume, survival rate of 1 year after operation and postoperative complications in front and behind the treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant statistical difference on the improvement of clinical symptoms in all these three groups (P > 0.05) after treatment for HCC. There is no significant statistical difference also on reduce rate of tumor volume and decrease rate of AFP in both HIFU group (35.0%, 41.4%) and TACE group (37.5%, 41.9%) (χ² = 0.054, P = 0.816; χ² = 0.002, P = 0.965). Both reduce rate of tumor volume (62.5%) and decrease rate of AFP (72.0%) in combined group were better than HIFU group (χ² = 5.394, P = 0.020; χ² = 5.098, P = 0.024) and TACE group (37.5%, 41.9%) (χ² = 4.448, P = 0.035; χ² = 5.062, P = 0.024). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that there was no significant statistical difference on short-term survival rate in the 3 groups. But the long-term survival rate of combined group was better than TACE group and HIFU group. CONCLUSION: TACE combined with HIFU is a effective, safe and noninvasive treatment method to HCC.

Surgical treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome: analysis of 221 cases.

BACKGROUND: Budd-Chiari syndrome (B-CS) refers to post-hepatic portal hypertension and/or inferior vena cava hypertension caused by obstruction of blood flow at the portal cardinal hepatic vein. The treatments of B-CS include operations on pathological membrane lesions, shunting and combined operations. Studies have shown that China, Japan, India and South Africa have a high incidence of B-CS. In China, the Yellow River Basin in Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces also have a high incidence, around 10 per 100 000. METHODS: The clinical data of 221 B-CS patients were analyzed retrospectively. We focused on pathological types, surgical methods, effectiveness and complications of treatment, and follow-up. RESULTS: Based on imaging findings such as color ultrasonography, angiography or magnetic resonance angiography, the 221 patients were divided into 3 types (five subtypes): type Ia (72 patients), type Ib (20), type II (72), type IIIa (33), and type IIIb (24). Surgical procedures included balloon membranotomy with or without stent (65 patients), improved splenopneumopexy (18), radical resection of membrane and thrombus (17), inferior vena cava bypass [29, with cavocaval transflow (13) and cavoatrial transflow (16)], mesocaval shunt (41), splenocaval shunt (25), splenoatrial shunt (12), splenojugular shunt (6), and combined methods (8). The complication rate was 9.05% (20/221) and the perioperative death rate was 2.26% (5/221). All of the patients were followed up from 6 months to 5 years. The success rate was 84.6% (187/221), and the recurrence rate was 8.9% (9/101) and 13.5% (13/96) after 1- and 5-year follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSION: The rational choice of surgical treatment based on B-CS pathological typing may increase the success rate and decrease the recurrence.

Necessity and indications of invasive treatment for Budd-Chiari syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The development of collaterals in Budd-Chiari syndrome has been described and these collaterals play an important role in the presentation of this disease. These collaterals are diagnostic and their use in management strategy has never been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the indications, feasibility and necessity of invasive treatment for patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome and to determine whether such a strategy is necessary for optimal management. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients who had been treated at our unit were enrolled in this study. Based on physical and biochemical examination, and hemodynamic compensation by collaterals, 18 patients underwent radiological intervention (group A), while the other 11 had no invasive treatment (group B). The related hemodynamic parameters were acquired when percutaneous angiography was performed. RESULTS: In group A, all patients underwent successfully inferior vena cava (IVC) balloon angioplasty with or without stenting. Four patients also underwent hepatic vein angioplasty. In these patients, the mean IVC pressure before and after treatment was statistically different (29.3+/-9.2 vs 15.1+/-4.6 mmHg, P<0.01). The mean IVC pressure was much lower in group B than in group A (12.9+/-2.4 vs 29.3+/-9.2 mmHg, P<0.01), but there was no difference from that of the patients after radiological treatment (12.9+/-2.4 vs 15.1+/-4.6 mmHg, P>0.05). Median follow-up was 32.3 months (mean 21.3 months; range 3-61 months). In the course of follow-up, the patients in group A survived with good systemic status except for re-stenosis in one patient who underwent re-canalization of the IVC. In group B, 10 patients had good systemic status except one patient who had a meso-caval shunt because of deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: The rationale of "early diagnosis and early treatment" is not suitable for all patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Satisfactory survival can be achieved in some patients without invasive treatment, who are completely compensated by rich collaterals. Nonetheless, a positive treatment procedure should be performed if the patient's situation worsens in the course of regular follow-up.

[Diagnosis and managements of seventeen patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical experiences in the diagnosis and managements of hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD). METHODS: The clinical and pathologic data of 17 patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: According to the results of imaging examination, clinical data and pathological data, 17 patients HVOD were divided into acute progressive HVOD and chronic HVOD. 2 cases out of the 11 acute progressive cases got improved, 2 cases died after medical treatment and 2 cases died after shunt operation. The 6 chronic HVOD, including 1 case with medical treatment and 5 cases with shunt operation, were cured. CONCLUSION: Liver biopsy was an efficient method for the diagnosis of hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Acute progressive cases of hepatic veno-occlusive disease should be managed with medical treatment and the chronic cases could be treated with shunt surgery if medical treatment were inefficient.

Radical resection of pathological membrane for Budd-Chiari syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) refers to posthepatic portal vein hypertension and/or inferior vena cava hypertension syndrome caused by obstruction of the blood flow at the portal cardinal hepatic vein and/or posterior hepatic inferior vena cava. The main surgical treatments of BCS include operations on pathological lesioned membrane, shunt, and combined operations. There are more than ten treatments available and reports on their therapeutic effects vary. As to operations on lesioned membrane, there are Kimura's finger rupture, balloon dilatation and membrane removal. With reference to our experience, the clinical value of membrane resection at normal temperature and under direct vision is discussed. METHODS: A total of 292 patients with BCS undergoing membrane resection at normal temperature and under direct vision from June 1996 to June 2005 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The short-term therapeutic effect in 256 patients was satisfactory and the effective rate was 87.7% (256/292). Within a week, ascitic fluid disappeared, the liver shrank and edema of the lower extremities was greatly relieved or even disappeared. Perioperative death occurred in 14 patients (4.8%). Of these, 3 had acute heart failure (one during the operation, one after 6 hours and one 7 days later). Six patients had thoracic cavity bleeding within 12 hours after the operation, 3 had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 2 had disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and 1 had pulmonary embolism. 158 patients were followed up for 6 months to 12 years, and 12 (7.6%) had recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: After membrane resection at normal temperature and under direct vision, hemodynamics was found to be close to normal, damage was slight, effectiveness was evident and the recurrence rate low. So this method is effective in treating BCS.

Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on brain-dead rat liver.

BACKGROUND: Brain-dead donors have been the main sources in organ transplantation. But many studies show that brain-death affects the organ's function after transplantation. This study was undertaken to investigate liver injury after brain-death in rats and the protective effects of N-acetyleysteine (NAC) on liver injury. METHODS: A total of 30 Wistar rats were randomized into 3 groups: normal control group (C), brain-dead group (B), and NAC pretreatment group (N). At 4 hours after the establishment of a brain-dead model, serum was collected to determine the levels of ALT, AST, TNF-alpha and hyaluronic acid (HA). Hepatic tissue was obtained for electron microscopic examination. RESULTS: At 4 hours, the levels of ALT, AST, TNF-alpha, and HA in group N were significantly higher than those in group C, but these parameters were significantly lower than those in group B. Electron microscopy showed activated Kupffer cells, denuded sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), and widened fenestration in group B, but eliminated activation of Kupffer cells and intact SECs in group N. CONCLUSION: Brain death can cause liver injury, and N-acetyleysteine can protect the liver from the injury.

New covered mushroom-shaped metallic stent for managing anastomotic leak after esophagogastrostomy with a wide gastric tube.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical results of a new covered mushroom-shaped metallic stent for managing gastroesophageal anastomotic leak after esophagogastrostomy with a wide gastric tube and gastric pull-up. DESCRIPTION: The stent is a self-expanding prosthesis especially designed for occlusion of the esophago-thoracic anastomotic leaks after esophagogastrostomy. From January 2002 to September 2005, 8 patients with gastroesophageal anastomotic leaks were treated with stents. Information about the technical success of stent placement, definitive closure of leak, stent removal, and complications were obtained. EVALUATION: Stent placement was technically successful in all patients, without immediate procedural complications. The stent completely sealed off the fistula in all patients, and 30-day mortality was nil. Follow-ups at 7 to approximately 30 months showed that all leaks were healed without stent-related complications, and the stents were removed after approximately 18 to 48 days. Two patients died, and the remaining 6 patients were alive with no evidence of disease at the time of this report. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a new covered mushroom-shaped metallic stent proved expedient, safe, and effective in the treatment of gastroesophageal anastomotic leaks.

Splenocaval versus mesocaval shunt with artificial vascular graft for the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Budd-Chiari syndrome (B-CS) is a disease with a poor prognosis, and the results of medication are not satisfactory. Surgical treatments are widely used to depress portal hypertension and hypertension of the inferior vena cava. Splenocaval shunt is usually applied to treat intrahepatic portal hypertension, but we used this method to treat patients with B-CS successfully. METHODS: The clinical data of 72 B-CS patients (type II), including 26 patients treated with splenocaval shunt (splenocaval group) and 46 patients with mesocaval C-shape shunt (mesocaval group) were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The platelet count of the splenocaval group increased significantly after operation (P<0.05). Free portal pressure (FPP) significantly decreased in both groups after operation (P<0.05), but no significant difference was seen between the two groups (P>0.05). Twenty patients in the splenocaval group and 36 in the mesocaval group were followed up for 6 months to 3.5 years, showing the effective rates of 90.0% and 91.7% respectively in the two groups. The occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy was 5.0% and 5.6% respectively in both groups, but there was no recurrent hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Splenocaval shunt can effectively control B-CS, decrease FPP, prevent upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and eradicate hypersplenia. Its efficacy is similar to that of mesocaval shunt in treatment of B-CS.

Management of severe Budd-Chiari syndrome: report of 147 cases.

BACKGROUND: Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is an uncommon disorder caused by the obstruction of hepatic venous outflow and/or the inferior vena cava. Major therapeutic approaches include operation and radiological intervention. This study was conducted to investigate the treatment of severe BCS. METHODS: The clinical data of 147 patients with severe BCS who had been treated at our hospital from November 1994 to December 2003 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-one patients with BCS underwent surgery, including mesocaval C type shunt with artificial graft (82 patients), splenojugular shunt (37), mesojugular shunt (2), percutaneous transhepatic recanalization and dilatation and/or stent placement of the main hepatic vein (MHV) (12), and combined percutaneous transhepatic angioplasty (PTA) and stent placement of the inferior vena cava and mesocaval shunt (14). Follow-up for 6-108 months showed excellent results in 102 patients (69.4%), good results in 40 (27.2%), and 5 deaths. CONCLUSION: Good results could be obtained in most of patients with BCS after different surgical treatments according to the pathological changes of the IVC and MHV.

Triplex operation for portal hypertension with esophageal variceal bleeding: report of 140 cases.

BACKGROUND: Portal hypertension is a common disease. The surgical therapy of this disease focuses on the resultant upper digestive tract bleeding, which can imperil patients' life directly. This study was to evaluate the effect of triplex operation (mesocaval C shunt with artificial graft, ligation of the coronary vein and splenic artery) on portal hypertension and its associated upper digestive tract bleeding. METHODS: A retrospective study was made on clinical data of 140 patients undergoing triplex operation, who had suffered from portal hypertension and upper digestive tract bleeding. RESULTS: Postoperative portal pressure was 25-43 cmH2O(preoperative portal pressure 27-45 cmH2O) with the average reduction of 10 cmH2O. One patient (0.7%) died of cerebrovascular disease. Five patients (3.5%) suffered from mild hepatic encephalopathy, which was ameliorated through conservative treatment. Lymphatic fistula occurred in 3 patients (2.1%) who recovered without treatment 5, 10 days and 3 months after operation respectively. One hundred patients were followed up for 1 month to 6 years without recurrent hemorrhage or hepatic encephalopathy. Hypersplenism and ascites disappeared in 70 patients (70%) and 80 patients (80%) respectively. A significant reduction of ascites was seen in 12 patients(12%). The artificial vessels remained unblocking detected by B type ultrasonography and Doppler sonography in 95 patients(95%). CONCLUSION: Triplex operation is suitable for patients with the following portal hypertensions: portal hypertension caused by simple occlusion of the hepatic vein (a pathological type of Budd-Chiari syndrome); thrombosis of the portal vein or prehepatic portal hypertension because of cavernous transformation; intrahepatic portal hypertension with rebleeding after splenectomy or non-operation, and those patients with liver function in grade A or B according to the Child-Pugh classification.

Surgical treatment of 1360 cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome: 20-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a disease caused by blood flow obstruction of the main hepatic veins (MHVs) and/or the outlet of the inferior vena cava (IVC), characterized by retrohepatic portal hypertension (PHT) and/or IVC hypertension. In the past decade, over 3000 cases of BCS have been reported in China. This study was to sum up our 20-year experience in surgical treatment of BCS and to investigate its pathological classification and principles of surgery. METHODS: The data from 1360 BCS patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Four types (6 subtypes) were classified according to IVC angiography and hepatovenography: type Ia (594 patients), type Ib (123), type II (292), type IIIa (237), type IIIb (112), and type IV (2). Surgical procedures included: improved splenopneumopexy (265 cases), finger or balloon membranotomy (407), radical resection of membrane and thrombus (275), IVC bypass (88: cavocaval transflow 71 cases, and cavoatrial transflow 17 cases), mesocaval C-shape shunt (192), splenocaval shunt (32), splenoatrial shunt (23), splenojugular shunt (57), mesoatrial shunt (8), and combined methods (6), including plenal-cavoatrial shunt (4), and mesocavoatrial shunt (2), splenorenal shunt (4), mesojugular shunt (2), and other methods (1). The perioperative death rate and the complication rate after operation was 3.09% (42/1360) and 14.8% (201/1360) respectively. 885 cases were followed up from 9 months to 15 years (average 6.8+/-1.2 years. The 791 (89.4%) of 885 patients were successfully treated, 61 patients (6.89%) had a recurrence, and 33 died. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of BCS is dependent on a correct diagnosis and classification of the disease.

Diagnosis and treatment of insulinoma: report of 105 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To study the methods for diagnosis and treatment of insulinoma. METHODS: Clinical data from 105 patients with insulinoma who had been admitted to our hospital from July 1966 to December 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Fasting blood glucose values were less than 2.75 mmol/L in all the patients. Fasting serum insulin values in 60 patients were higher than 25 mU/L, average 65 mU/L. Before operation, carcinoma was detected in 2 of 45 patients by ultrasound scan, and in 10 of 35 by CT. Enucleation of insulinoma was performed in 60 patients. Operations included insulinoma resection (35 patients), distal resection of the pancreas (8), and biopsy (2). CONCLUSION: Whipple's triad and the index of insulin release >0.3 are the major variables for diagnosis. Intraoperative exploration and ultrasound scan are the methods for the localization of insulinoma. Enucleation of benign insulinoma is preferred, but proximal or distal resections of the pancreas are required only for large, deep or multiple tumors.