ARGEN SHOCK: Mortality related to the use of Swan Ganz and to the hemodynamic pattern found in patients with AMICS.

The Swan Ganz Catheter (SGC) allows us to diagnose different types of cardiogenic shock (CS). OBJECTIVES: 1) Determine the frequency of use of SGC, 2) Analyze the clinical characteristics and mortality according to its use and 3) Analyze the prevalence, clinical characteristics and mortality according to the type of Shock. METHODS: The 114 patients (p) from the ARGEN SHOCK registry were analyzed. A "classic" pattern was defined as PCP > 15 mm Hg, CI < 2.2 L/min/ m2, SVR > 1,200 dynes × sec × cm-5. A "vasoplegic/mixed" pattern was defined when p did not meet the classic definition. CS due to right ventricle (RV) was excluded. RESULTS: SGC was used in 35 % (n:37). There were no differences in clinical characteristics according to SGC use, but those with SGC were more likely to receive dobutamine, levosimendan, and intra aortic balloon pump (IABP). Mortality was similar (59.4 % vs 61.3 %). The pattern was "classic" in 70.2 %. There were no differences in clinical characteristics according to the type of pattern or the drugs used. Mortality was 54 % in patients with the classic pattern and 73 % with the mixed/vasoplegic pattern, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (p:0.23). CONCLUSIONS: SGC is used in one third of patients with CS. Its use does not imply differences in the drugs used or in mortality. Most patients have a classic hemodynamic pattern. There are no differences in mortality or in the type of vasoactive agents used according to the CS pattern found.

Heart Failure at Admission Complicating ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Middle-Income Country. Experience of the ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry.

Despite advances in the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), when associated with heart failure (HF) its prognosis remains ominous. This study assessed the differences in admission and mortality of HF complicating STEMI at admission (HFad) in a middle-income country. Data from the National Registry of STEMI of Argentina (ARGEN-IAM-ST) from January 1, 2016, to September 30, 2020, were analyzed. HFad was defined by the identification of Killip/Kimball ≥2 at admission. About 3174 patients were analyzed (22.3% had HFad). Patients with HFad were older, more often women, hypertensive, and diabetic. Received less reperfusion (87.6% vs 92.6%, P < 0.001) and had increased in-hospital mortality (28.4% vs 3.0%, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis HFad was an independent predictor of death (OR: 4.88 [95%CI: 3.33-7.18], P < 0.001) and reperfusion adjusted to HFad was associated with lower mortality (OR: 0.57 [95%CI: 0.34-0.95], P = 0.03). HFad in STEMI is associated with a worse clinical profile, receives fewer reperfusion strategies, and carries a higher risk of in-hospital mortality while reperfusion reduces mortality.

Infarto de miocardio en Argentina. Tercer reporte del registro ARGEN-IAM-ST y comportamiento de la mortalidad en 8 años / Acute Myocardial Infarction in Argentina. Third ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry Report and 8-Year Mortality Behavior

RESUMEN Introducción. Se presenta el tercer reporte general del registro continuo de infarto ARGEN- IAM-ST. Objetivos. Evaluar los principales marcadores de atención y las complicaciones del infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) con elevación del segmento ST en el registro continuo de infarto ARGEN-IAM-ST. Conocer la evolución de la terapia de reperfusión y la mortalidad en los últimos 8 años. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico, con alcance nacional. Se incluyeron pacientes con IAM con elevación del segmento ST de hasta 36 horas de evolución. Resultados. Se incluyeron 6765 pacientes, con una edad media de 61 ± 12 años, 65 % de género masculino. Se observó una importante carga de factores de riesgo cardiovascular: hipertensión arterial 58 %, diabetes 23 %, dislipidemia 42 %, tabaquismo activo 37 % y antecedentes familiares de enfermedad cardiovascular 17 %. El 13,5 % presentó antecedente de enfermedad coronaria; al ingreso un 49 % presentó IAM de cara anterior y el 23 % falla cardíaca. La mediana de tiempo de dolor a la consulta fue de 120 minutos (rango intercuartílico, RIC, 60-285), el tiempo puerta-aguja fue de 50 minutos (RIC 25-110) y el tiempo puerta balón fue de 100 minutos (RIC 58-190). La mortalidad general intrahospitalaria fue del 8,8 %. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio y descriptivo para observar la variación de la reperfusión y mortalidad durante 8 años donde no se muestran cambios acentuados en la mortalidad a pesar de las altas tasas de reperfusión. Conclusión. En los últimos 8 años la mortalidad registrada en el registro ARGEN IAM-ST se ha mantenido en valores elevados a pesar de las altas tasas de reporte de reperfusión.

ABSTRACT Background. The continuous Argentine ST-segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (ARGEN-IAM-ST) registry presents its third general report. Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) markers of care and its complications in the continuous ARGEN-IAM-ST registry, and assess the outcome of reperfusion therapy and mortality in the last 8 years. Methods. This was a national, prospective, multicenter study, including STEMI patients with up to 36-hour evolution. Results. A total of 6765 patients, mean age 61±12 years, 65 % male , were included in the study. A significant burden of cardiovascular risk factors was observed: 58 % of patients had hypertension, 23 % diabetes, 42 % dyslipidemia, 37 % were active smokers, and 17 % had a family history of cardiovascular disease. In 13.5 % of cases, patients had prior history of coronary heart disease. On admission, 49 % presented with anterior AMI and 23 % with heart failure. Median (interquartile range, IQR) pain-consultation time was 120 minutes (IQR 60-285), door-to-needle time 50 minutes (IQR 25-110) and door-to-balloon time 100 minutes (IQR 58-190) Overall in-hospital mortality was 8.8 %. An exploratory and descriptive analysis was performed to assess the variation in reperfusion and mortality over 8 years, showing no marked changes in mortality despite high reperfusion rates. Conclusion. In the last 8 years, the mortality recorded in the ARGEN-IAM-ST registry has remained at high values despite the high reperfusion rates reported.

Registro ARGEN-IAM-ST: infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en el "nuevo" adulto mayor / ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry: ST-elevation myocardial infarction in "new" older adults

RESUMEN Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) considera adulto mayor (AM) a las personas que tienen 60 años o más. Es sabido que la mortalidad por infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) aumenta a edades más avanzadas, pero siempre se han utilizado umbrales de edad mayores que el propuesto por la OMS, por lo cual describir las características y evolución intrahospitalaria de este subgrupo (de acuerdo con la definición de la OMS) se torna relevante. Objetivos: 1) conocer la prevalencia de los AM según la OMS, con IAM con elevación del segmento ST en Argentina y 2) com- parar sus características, tratamientos de reperfusión y mortalidad con los adultos jóvenes. Material y métodos: Se analizaron los pacientes ingresados en el Registro Nacional de Infarto (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Se compara- ron las características clínicas, tratamientos y evolución de los AM y los adultos jóvenes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 6676 pacientes, de los cuales 3626 (54,3%) eran AM. Los AM fueron más frecuentemente mujeres (37,6% vs. 31,4%, p <0,001), hipertensos (67,8% vs. 47%, p <0,001), diabéticos (26,1% vs. 19,9%, p <0,001), dislipidémicos (45,4% vs. 37%, p <0,001), y tuvieron más antecedentes coronarios (16% vs. 10,3%, p <0,001). El tiempo a la consulta de los AM fue mayor (120 min vs. 105 min, p <0,001) con similar tiempo total de isquemia (314 min vs. 310 min, p = 0,33). Recibi- eron menos tratamiento de reperfusión (89,9% vs. 88,6%, p = 0,04) y más angioplastia primaria (91 % vs. 87,4%, p <0,001). Tuvieron más insuficiencia cardíaca (27,3% vs. 18,5%, p <0,001), similar incidencia de sangrado (3,7 vs. 3,1%, p = 0,33) y una mortalidad significativamente mayor (11,4% vs. 5,5%, p <0,001). Ser AM fue predictor independiente de mortalidad. Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los IAM en nuestro país ocurren en AM. Los pacientes mayores tienen menor probabilidad de recibir reperfusión, más insuficiencia cardíaca y el doble de la mortalidad que los pacientes menores de 60 años.

ABSTRACT Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an Older Adult (OA) as any individual aged 60 or older. It is known that mortality due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) increases with age, but age thresholds higher than those proposed by the WHO have been consistently used; therefore, describing the characteristics and in-hospital progress of this subgroup of patients, in accordance with the WHO definition, becomes relevant. Objectives: 1) To know the prevalence of OA with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Argentina according to the WHO, and 2) to compare their characteristics, reperfusion treatments, and mortality against those in young adults. Methods: Patients included in the National Registry of ST- Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Registro Nacional de Infarto con Elevación del ST, ARGEN-IAM-ST) were analyzed. Clinical features, therapies, and progress were compared in OA versus young adults. Results: A total of 6676 patients were enrolled, 3626 of which (54.3%) were OA. OA were mostly female (37.6% vs 31.4%, p <0.001), had hypertension (67.8% vs 47%, p <0.001), diabetes (26.1% vs 19.9%, p <0.001), dyslipidemia (45.4% vs 37%, p <0.001), and a longer coronary artery disease history (16% vs 10.3%, p < 0.001). The time to consultation in OA was longer (120 min vs 105 min, p <0.001), with a similar total ischemic time (314 min vs 310 min, p = 0.33). They received less reperfu- sion treatment (89.9% vs 88.6%, p = 0.04) and more primary angioplasty (91% vs 87.4%, p <0.001). Heart failure was more common in OAs (27.3% vs 18.5%, p <0.001), with a similar bleeding incidence (3.7% vs 3.1%, p = 0.33), and significantly higher mortality (11.4% vs 5.5%, p<0.001). Being an OA was an independent mortality predictor. Conclusions: More than half the cases of AMI in our country occur in OA. Older patients are less likely to receive reperfusion, more likely to have heart failure, and show twice the rate of mortality as compared to patients under 60.

Shock cardiogénico en el contexto de los síndromes coronarios agudos en Argentina: resultados del Registro ARGEN SHOCK 2 / Cardiogenic Shock in the Setting of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Argentina: Results from the ARGEN SHOCK 2 Registry

RESUMEN El shock cardiogénico (SC) es una complicación grave del infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y constituye una de sus principales causas de muerte. Objetivos: Conocer las características clínicas, estrategias de tratamiento, evolución intrahospitalaria y mortalidad a 30 días del SC en Argentina. Material y métodos: Se trata de un registro prospectivo, multicéntrico, de pacientes internados con SC en el contexto de los IAM con y sin elevación del segmento ST durante 14 meses (1 de agosto 2021 al 30 de septiembre 2022) en 23 centros de Argentina. Resultados: Se incluyeron 114 pacientes, edad 64 (58-73) años, 72% hombres. El 76,3% de los casos corresponden a IAM con elevación del segmento ST, 12,3% a IAM sin elevación del segmento ST, el 7% a infarto de ventrículo derecho y el 4,4% a complicaciones mecánicas. El SC estuvo presente desde el ingreso en el 66,6% de los casos. Revascularización: 91,1%, uso de inotrópicos: 98,2%, asistencia respiratoria mecánica: 59,6%, SwanGanz: 33,3%, balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico: 30,1%. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria global fue 60,5%, sin diferencias entre los IAM con o sin elevación del segmento ST, y a 30 días del 62,6%. Conclusiones: La morbimortalidad del SC es muy elevada a pesar de la alta tasa de reperfusión empleada.

ABSTRACT Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a life-threatening complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and constitutes one of the leading causes of death. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, hospital outcome and 30-day mortality of CS in Argentina. Methods: We conducted a prospective, and multicenter registry of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with and without ST-segment elevation complicated with CS that were hospitalized in 23 centers in Argentina for 14 months (between August 1, 2021, and September 30, 2022). Results: The cohort was made up of 114 patients; median age was 64 years (58-73) and 72% were women; 76.3% corresponded to ST-segment elevation AMI, 12.3% to non-ST-segment elevation AMI, 7% had right ventricular infarction and 4.4% had mechanical complications. In 66.6% of cases CS was present on admission. Revascularization: 91.1%, use of inotropic agents: 98.2%, mechanical ventilation: 59.6%, Swan-Ganz catheter: 33.3%, intra-aortic balloon pump: 30.1%. Overall in-hospital mortality was 60.5%, with no differences between AMI with or without ST-segment elevation, and was 62.6% at 30 days. Conclusion: Morbidity and mortality of CS are high despite the high rate of reperfusion therapy used.

Clinical characteristics and evolution of patients with cardiogenic shock in Argentina in the context of an acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation. Data from the nationwide ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry.

Cardiogenic Shock is one of the main causes of death in ST segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. To know the clinical characteristics, in-hospital evolution and mortality of patients with Cardiogenic Shock. Patients enrolled in the ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry were analyzed. Predictors of Cardiogenic Shock and death during hospital stay were established. A total of 6122 patients were admitted between 2015 and 2022. Cardiogenic Shock was present in 10.75% of cases. Patients with CS were older (64.5 vs 60 years), more females (41% vs 36%), with more antecedents of infarction and a higher prevalence of anterior location of infarction and multivessel disease. They were also less revascularized (88.5% vs 91.5%) and had a higher incidence of failed angioplasty (15.7% vs 2.7%). They also evidenced a higher occurrence of mechanical complications (6.8% vs 0.4%), ischemic recurrence (7.4% vs 3.4%) and cardiac arrest on admission (44.8% vs 2.6%). All the differences described showed statistical significance with P < 0.05. Overall mortality was 58% in contrast to 2.77% in patients without Cardiogenic Shock (P < 0.001). Only age, DBT, and early cardiac arrest were independent predictors of shock on admission whereas age, female gender, cardiac arrest on admission and failed angioplasty were independent predictors of death. One out of 10 patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction presented cardiogenic shock. Its clinical characteristics were similar to those described more than 20 years ago. Despite a high use of reperfusion strategy cardiogenic shock continues to have a very high mortality Argentina.

[Incidence and clinical characteristics of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary disease (MINOCA)]. / Incidencia y características clínicas de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva (MINOCA).

INTRODUCTION: MINOCA is an acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary disease, this definition was recently incorporated into the 4th universal definition of myocardial infarction. However, since it is an unconventional ischemic coronary syndrome in clinical practice, its etiology is very complex to elucidate and requires a differential diagnosis process to rule out other causes of cardiac injury. The objective of this study is to characterize patients with acute myocardial infarction without significant obstructive lesions included in the Argentine Registry of STsegment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (ARGEN-IAM-ST). METHODS: Prospective, multicenter national study including patients with STEMI within 36 hours of symptom onset. All patients studied with coronary angiography at admission were analyzed and those without significant obstructive lesions of the culprit artery were considered MINOCA. This MINOCA patients were compared with patients with significant atherosclerotic coronary lesions. RESULTS: 30 patients with MINOCA out of 2894 patients entered in the registry (incidence: 1%). MINOCA patients were younger, had a similar proportion for gender, had fewer diabetics patients, and had a greater history of heart failure. They were admitted without heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. In-hospital mortality was 7%, with no significant difference compared to classic AMI. At discharge, they received P2Y12 inhibitors, statins, and beta-blockers in fewer proportion. DISCUSSION: There was no predominance of the female gender as in other series. In-hospital mortality is high despite not having significant coronary disease. It is worth mentioning the low use of dual antiaggregating and statins.

Introducción: MINOCA es un infarto agudo de miocardio sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva, esta definición se ha incorporado recientemente a la 4° definición universal del infarto. Sin embargo, por tratarse de un síndrome coronario isquémico no convencional en la práctica clínica, su etiología es muy compleja de dilucidar y demanda un proceso de diagnósticos diferenciales para descartar otras causas de lesión cardíaca. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar a los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sin lesiones obstructivas significativas incluidos en el Registro Argentino de Infarto con Elevación del segmento ST (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Métodos: estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico de carácter nacional con inclusión de pacientes con IAMCEST dentro de las 36 horas comenzado los síntomas. Se analizaron todos los pacientes estudiados con cinecoronariografía al ingreso y se consideró MINOCA a aquellos sin lesiones obstructivas significativas de la arteria responsable y se los comparó con los pacientes con lesiones coronarias ateroscleróticas significativas. Resultados: 30 pacientes con MINOCA sobre 2894 pacientes ingresados al registro (incidencia: 1%). Los pacientes con MINOCA fueron más jóvenes, proporción similar en cuanto al género, menos diabéticos y con más antecedentes de insuficiencia cardíaca. Ingresan sin falla cardíaca y fracción de eyección preservada. Mortalidad intrahospitalaria 7%, sin diferencia significativa comparado con IAM clásico. Al alta recibieron en menor proporción inhibidores P2Y12, estatinas y betabloqueantes. Discusión: No se encontró predominancia de género femenino como otras series. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria es elevada a pesar de no tener enfermedad coronaria significativa. Se destaca la baja utilización de doble antiagregación y estatinas.

Incidencia y características clínicas de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva (MINOCA) / Incidence and clinical characteristics of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary disease (MINOCA)

Resumen Introducción: MINOCA es un infarto agudo de miocardio sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva, esta definición se ha incorporado recientemente a la 4° definición universal del infarto. Sin embargo, por tratarse de un síndrome coronario isquémico no convencional en la práctica clínica, su etiología es muy compleja de dilucidar y demanda un proceso de diagnósticos diferenciales para descartar otras causas de lesión cardíaca. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar a los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sin lesiones obstructivas significativas incluidos en el Registro Argentino de Infarto con Elevación del segmento ST (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Métodos: estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico de carácter nacional con inclusión de pacientes con IAMCEST dentro de las 36 horas comenzado los síntomas. Se analizaron todos los pacientes estudiados con cinecoronariografía al ingreso y se consideró MINOCA a aquellos sin lesiones obstructivas significativas de la arteria responsable y se los comparó con los pacientes con lesiones coronarias ateroscleróticas signifi cativas. Resultados: 30 pacientes con MINOCA sobre 2894 pacientes ingresados al registro (incidencia: 1%). Los pacientes con MINOCA fueron más jóvenes, proporción similar en cuanto al género, menos diabéticos y con más antecedentes de insuficiencia cardíaca. Ingresan sin falla cardíaca y fracción de eyección preservada. Mortalidad intrahospitalaria 7%, sin diferencia significativa comparado con IAM clásico. Al alta recibieron en me nor proporción inhibidores P2Y12, estatinas y betabloqueantes. Discusión: No se encontró predominancia de género femenino como otras series. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria es elevada a pesar de no tener enfermedad coronaria significativa. Se destaca la baja utilización de doble antiagregación y estatinas.

Abstract Introduction: MINOCA is an acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary disease, this definition was recently incorporated into the 4th universal definition of myocardial infarction. However, since it is an unconventional ischemic coronary syndrome in clinical practice, its etiology is very complex to elucidate and requires a differential diagnosis process to rule out other causes of cardiac injury. The objective of this study is to characterize patients with acute myocardial infarction without significant obstructive lesions included in the Argentine Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Methods: Prospective, multicenter national study including patients with STEMI within 36 hours of symptom onset. All patients studied with coronary angiography at admission were analyzed and those without significant obstructive lesions of the culprit artery were considered MINOCA. This MINOCA patients were compared with patients with significant atherosclerotic coronary lesions. Results: 30 patients with MINOCA out of 2894 patients entered in the registry (incidence: 1%). MINOCA patients were younger, had a similar proportion for gender, had fewer diabetics patients, and had a greater history of heart failure. They were admitted without heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. In-hospital mortality was 7%, with no significant difference compared to classic AMI. At discharge, they received P2Y12 inhibitors, statins, and beta-blockers in fewer proportion. Discussion: There was no predominance of the female gender as in other series. In-hospital mortality is high despite not having significant coronary disease. It is worth mentioning the low use of dual antiaggregating and statins.

Valor pronóstico del índice de shock en el infarto de miocardio. Datos del Registro Argentino de infarto con elevación del segmento ST (ARGEN IAM-ST) / Prognostic value of the shock index in myocardial infarction. Data from Argentine Registry of ST-segment elevation infarct (ARGEN IAM-ST)

Resumen El índice de shock (IS) se obtiene mediante un cálculo simple del cociente entre la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y la tensión arterial sistólica (PAS) (IS: FC/TAS) y el índice de shock ajustado por edad (ISA) multiplicando el IS x edad. Evaluamos su valor predictivo para el evento combinado intrahospitalario (EC) muerte y/o shock cardiogénico (SC) y de los eventos individuales en los pacientes incluidos en el registro argentino de infarto con elevación del segmento ST (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Se excluyeron 248 con SC de ingreso. Se realizaron curvas ROC para ambos índices utilizando el mejor punto de corte para dicotomizar la población. Se incluyeron 2928 pacientes. Edad (mediana) 60 años (RIC 25-75% 53-68), varones 80%, EC: 6.4%. Un 30.5% tuvo IS ≥ 0.67 y éstos presentaron mayor incidencia de EC: 11% vs. 4% (p < 0.001), shock cardiogénico (8% vs. 2.6%, p <0.0001) y muerte (7.3% vs. 3%, p < 0.0001) que los pacientes con IS < 0.67. Un 28% tuvo ISA ≥ 41.5. Estos presentaron más EC: 14% vs. 3%, p < 0.001, SC: 10% vs. 2%, (p < 0.001) y muerte: 9.5% vs. 2.3%, (p < 0.001) comparados con los pacientes con valores ISA < 41.5. El área bajo la curva ROC del ISA para EC fue significativamente mejor que la del IS (0.72 vs. 0.62, p < 0.001).En los modelos de análisis multivariados reali zados, el IS tuvo un OR de 2.56 (IC95% 1.56-4.02; p < 0.001) y el ISA de 3.43 (IC95% 2.08-5.65; p<0.001) para EC. El IS y el ISA predicen muerte y/o el desarrollo de shock cardiogénico intrahospitalario en una población no seleccionada de infartos con elevación del ST.

Abstract The shock index (IS) is the quotient between the heart rate (HR) and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) (IS: HR / SBT), and the age-adjusted shock index (ISA) multiplying the IS by age. We evaluated its predictive value for the combined in-hospital event (EC), death and / or cardiogenic shock (CS) and for individual events in the patients included in the Argentine registry of ST-segment elevation infarction (ARGEN-ST-AMI); 248 with CS on admission were excluded. ROC curves were made for both indices using the best cut-off point to dichotomize the population. The analysis included 2928 subjects. Age (median) 60 years (IQR 25-75% 53-68), men 80%, EC: 6.4%; 30.5% had IS ≥ 0.67, and they had a higher incidence of EC: 11% vs. 4% (p < 0.001), cardiogenic shock (8% vs. 2.6%, p <0.0001) and death (7.3% vs. 3%), p <0.0001) than patients with IS < 0.67. A 28% had ISA ≥ 41.5. These presented plus EC: 14% vs. 3%, p < 0.001, SC: 10% vs. 2%, (p < 0.001) and death: 9.5% vs. 2.3%, (p < 0.001) compared with patients with values < 41.5. The area under the ROC curve of the ISA for EC was significantly better than that of the IS (0.72 vs. 0.62, p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis models performed, the IS had an OR: 2.56 (95% CI 1.56-4.02; p < 0.001) and the ISA: 3.43 (95% CI 2.08-5.65; p < 0.001) for EC. The IS and ISA predict death and / or the development of in-hospital cardiogenic shock in an unselected population of ST elevation infarcts.

[Prognostic value of the shock index in myocardial infarction. Data from Argentine Registry of ST-segment elevation infarct (ARGEN IAM-ST)]. / Valor pronóstico del índice de shock en el infarto de miocardio. Datos del Registro Argentino de infarto con elevación del segmento ST (ARGEN IAM-ST).

The shock index (IS) is the quotient between the heart rate (HR) and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) (IS: HR / SBT), and the age-adjusted shock index (ISA) multiplying the IS by age. We evaluated its predictive value for the combined in-hospital event (EC), death and / or cardiogenic shock (CS) and for individual events in the patients included in the Argentine registry of ST-segment elevation infarction (ARGEN-ST-AMI); 248 with CS on admission were excluded. ROC curves were made for both indices using the best cut-off point to dichotomize the population. The analysis included 2928 subjects. Age (median) 60 years (IQR 25-75% 53-68), men 80%, EC: 6.4%; 30.5% had IS = 0.67, and they had a higher incidence of EC: 11% vs. 4% (p < 0.001), cardiogenic shock (8% vs. 2.6%, p <0.0001) and death (7.3% vs. 3%), p <0.0001) than patients with IS < 0.67. A 28% had ISA = 41.5. These presented plus EC: 14% vs. 3%, p < 0.001, SC: 10% vs. 2%, (p < 0.001) and death: 9.5% vs. 2.3%, (p < 0.001) compared with patients with values < 41.5. The area under the ROC curve of the ISA for EC was significantly better than that of the IS (0.72 vs. 0.62, p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis models performed, the IS had an OR: 2.56 (95% CI 1.56-4.02; p < 0.001) and the ISA: 3.43 (95% CI 2.08-5.65; p < 0.001) for EC. The IS and ISA predict death and / or the development of in-hospital cardiogenic shock in an unselected population of ST elevation infarcts.

El índice de shock (IS) se obtiene mediante un cálculo simple del cociente entre la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y la tensión arterial sistólica (PAS) (IS: FC/TAS) y el índice de shock ajustado por edad (ISA) multiplicando el IS x edad. Evaluamos su valor predictivo para el evento combinado intrahospitalario (EC) muerte y/o shock cardiogénico (SC) y de los eventos individuales en los pacientes incluidos en el registro argentino de infarto con elevación del segmento ST (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Se excluyeron 248 con SC de ingreso. Se realizaron curvas ROC para ambos índices utilizando el mejor punto de corte para dicotomizar la población. Se incluyeron 2928 pacientes. Edad (mediana) 60 años (RIC 25-75% 53-68), varones 80%, EC: 6.4%. Un 30.5% tuvo IS = 0.67 y éstos presentaron mayor incidencia de EC: 11% vs. 4% (p < 0.001), shock cardiogénico (8% vs. 2.6%, p <0.0001) y muerte (7.3% vs. 3%, p < 0.0001) que los pacientes con IS < 0.67. Un 28% tuvo ISA = 41.5. Estos presentaron más EC: 14% vs. 3%, p < 0.001, SC: 10% vs. 2%, (p < 0.001) y muerte: 9.5% vs. 2.3%, (p < 0.001) comparados con los pacientes con valores ISA < 41.5. El área bajo la curva ROC del ISA para EC fue significativamente mejor que la del IS (0.72 vs. 0.62, p < 0.001).En los modelos de análisis multivariados realizados, el IS tuvo un OR de 2.56 (IC95% 1.56-4.02; p < 0.001) y el ISA de 3.43 (IC95% 2.08-5.65; p <0.001) para EC. El IS y el ISA predicen muerte y/o el desarrollo de shock cardiogénico intrahospitalario en una población no seleccionada de infartos con elevación del ST.

Prospective ARNI vs. ACE inhibitor trial to DetermIne Superiority in reducing heart failure Events after Myocardial Infarction (PARADISE-MI): design and baseline characteristics.

AIMS: Patients surviving an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are at risk of developing symptomatic heart failure (HF) or premature death. We hypothesized that sacubitril/valsartan, effective in the treatment of chronic HF, prevents development of HF and reduces cardiovascular death following high-risk AMI compared to a proven angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. This paper describes the study design and baseline characteristics of patients enrolled in the Prospective ARNI vs. ACE inhibitor trial to DetermIne Superiority in reducing heart failure Events after Myocardial Infarction (PARADISE-MI) trial. METHODS AND RESULTS: PARADISE-MI, a multinational (41 countries), double-blind, active-controlled trial, randomized patients within 0.5-7 days of presentation with index AMI to sacubitril/valsartan or ramipril. Transient pulmonary congestion and/or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% and at least one additional factor augmenting risk of HF or death (age ≥70 years, estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 , diabetes, prior myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, LVEF <30%, Killip class ≥III, ST-elevation myocardial infarction without reperfusion) were required for inclusion. PARADISE-MI was event-driven targeting 708 primary endpoints (cardiovascular death, HF hospitalization or outpatient development of HF). Randomization of 5669 patients occurred 4.3 ± 1.8 days from presentation with index AMI. The mean age was 64 ± 12 years, 24% were women. The majority (76%) qualified with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; acute percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 88% and thrombolysis in 6%. LVEF was 37 ± 9% and 58% were in Killip class ≥II. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline therapies in PARADISE-MI reflect advances in contemporary evidence-based care. With enrollment complete PARADISE-MI is poised to determine whether sacubitril/valsartan is more effective than a proven ACE inhibitor in preventing development of HF and cardiovascular death following AMI.

Lung ultrasound in acute myocardial infarction. Updating Killip & Kimball.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction marks an ominous prognosis. Killip and Kimball's classification of heart failure remains a useful tool in these patients. Lung ultrasound can detect pulmonary congestion but its usefulness in this scenario is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound to predict heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction and without heart failure were evaluated with a lung ultrasound. The presence of B-lines was recorded and counted. The presence of new heart failure (Killip Class B, C, or D) during hospitalization was evaluated by a cardiologist blinded to the results of lung ultrasound. A ROC curve analysis was done to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of B-lines to predict heart failure. RESULTS: 200 patients were included. Three patients were diagnosed with cardiogenic shock, 5 with acute pulmonary edema, and 17 with mild heart failure. Patients who develop heart failure had a median of 14 B-lines, however, patients who remained in Killip class A had a median of 2 (p = 0,0001). The area under the ROC curve of the sum of B-lines to predict any form of heart failure was 0,91 (CI95% 86-97). The best cut-off value was 5 B-lines, with a sensitivity of 88% (IC95% 68,8-97,5) and specificity of 81% (IC95% 73,9-86,2). CONCLUSION: Lung ultrasound done at admission can help to predict heart failure In patients with acute myocardial infarction.

SCA con elevación del ST: impacto del tiempo al diagnóstico en el tiempo puerta-balón en el mundo real. Datos del registro ARGEN-IAM-ST / ST-Segment Elevation ACS: Impact of Time to Diagnosis on Door-To-Balloon Time in the Real World. Data from the ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry

RESUMEN • Introducción: El tiempo trascurrido desde el inicio de los síntomas de infarto hasta el diagnóstico (TAD) puede influir en lograr un tiempo puerta-balón (TPB) <90 min. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo que incluyó 1518 pacientes ingresados en forma prospectiva y consecutiva al registro ARGEN-IAM-ST. El 37,8% de ellos fue tratado con un TPB <90 min y el TAD (mediana) fue de 120 min (RIC 60-266). Se dividió a la población de acuerdo al TAD en dos grupos: menor de 120 min y mayor o igual que 120 min. Un TPB <90 min se logró más frecuentemente en el primer grupo (TAD <120 min): 44%, vs. 32,2% en el segundo grupo (p <0,001). Resutados: En el 56% de los pacientes con ATC in situ y TAD <120 min se logró un TPB <90 min, vs. en el 37,1% de quienes tuvieron un TAD >120 min (p <0,001). En pacientes derivados, no hubo diferencias en TPB <90 min de acuerdo al TAD: 27,5% vs. 25,7 (p: 0,3). En pacientes ingresados en horario laborable, el TPB <90 min se logró con TAD <120 min en un 49,8% vs. 36,3% con TAD >120 min (p: 0,003); la frecuencia siguió un patrón similar en los pacientes ingresados en horarios no laborables: 41,9% vs. 30,4%, respectivamente (p <0,001). Los predictores independientes de lograr un TPB <90 min en el análisis multivariado fueron la edad <75 años: OR 1,57 (1,1-2,25; p: 0,01), ATC en horario laborable: OR 1,32 (1,04-1,67; p: 0,002), ATC in situ: OR 2,4 (1,9-3,0; p <0,001), tener un ECG prehospitalario: OR 2,22 (1,73-2,86; p <0,001) y un TAD <120 min: OR 1,53 (1,23-1,9; p <0,001). Conclusiones: En los pacientes con un TAD <120 minutos se logra más frecuentemente un TPB <90 min, especialmente en los tratados in situ y en horario laborable. En los pacientes derivados, solo 1 de cada 3 logra un TPB <90 min y no hay relación con el TAD.

ABSTRACT • Background: Time elapsed from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis (TTD) can influence in achieving a door-to-balloon time <90 min (DBT <90 min). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 1,518 patients prospectively and consecutively included in the ARGEN-AMI-ST registry. In 37.8% of cases. patients were treated with DBT <90 min and a median TTD of 120 min (IQR 60-266). The population was divided according to TTD above or below 120 min. A DBT <90 min was achieved more frequently in those with TTD <120 min: 44% vs. 32.2% (p <0.001) respectively. Results: In patients with in situ percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and TTD <120 min, DBT <90 min was achieved in 56% vs. 37.1% of cases with TTD >120 min (p <0.001). In referred patients, there were no differences in DBT <90 min according to TTD: 27.5% vs. 25.7% (p: 0.3). In patients admitted during working hours, DBT <90 min was achieved with TTD <120 min in 49.8% vs. 36.3% with TTD >120 min (p: 0.003), as well as in patients admitted during non-working hours: 41.9% vs. 30.4% (p <0.001). The independent predictors of achieving a DBT <90 min in the multivariate analysis were age <75 years: OR 1.57 (1.1-2.25; p: 0.01), PCI during working hours: OR 1.32 (1.04-1.67; p: 0.002), PCI in situ: OR 2.4 (1.9-3.0; p <0.001), having a pre-hospital ECG: OR 2.22 (1.73-2.86; p <0.001) and a TTD <120 min: OR 1.53 (1.23-1.9; p <0.001). Conclusions: In patients with TTD <120 minutes, a DBT <90 minutes is more frequently achieved, especially in those treated in situ and during working hours. In referred patients, only 1 in 3 achieves a DBT<90 min and there is no relationship with TTD.

Resultados de la Encuesta COVID-19. Impacto en la atención cardiovascular del Registro Nacional de Infarto ARGEN IAM-ST / Results of the COVID-19 Survey. Impact on Cardiovascular Care in the ARGEN-IAM-ST National Infarction Registry

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia declarada por la OMS por el virus SARS CoV2 llevó al sistema de salud argentino a prepararse para la atención de casos de COVID-19, pero se desconoce el impacto en este escenario sobre patologías prevalentes, como las cardiovasculares. Material y métodos: Se realizó una encuesta transversal en los centros que participan del registro ARGEN-IAM-ST, que se desarrolló para indagar sobre la organización institucional, la atención ambulatoria, la internación en cuidados críticos y el personal de la salud. Resultados: Se encuestaron 80 centros; el 55% eran de dependencias públicas y el 97% con servicio de cuidados críticos. El 91% de las instituciones formó un comité de crisis por la pandemia. El 65% de los centros tomó medidas de atención ambulatoria por el distanciamiento social. Para el 89% se redujeron los ingresos por patologías cardiovasculares, y la magnitud de la caída tuvo una media de 57% (DE ± 18). En 24% de los centros se registró personal de la salud contagiados con SARS-Cov2. Conclusión: Un elevado porcentaje de centros que participan del registro continuo ARGEN-IAM-ST crearon comités de crisis para reorganizar la atención; casi dos tercios de ellos tomaron medidas para seguimiento ambulatorio y se registró una importante caída de la ocupación de camas de pacientes cardiovasculares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The pandemic declared by WHO for the SARS-CoV-2 virus prepared the Argentine health system for the care of COVID-19 cases, but in this scenario the impact on prevalent diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, is unknown. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the centers participating in the ARGEN-IAM-ST registry, to investigate the institutional organization, outpatient care, hospitalization in critical care areas and the situation of health care workers. Results: A total of 80 centers were surveyed; 55% were public institutions and 97% had critical care areas. Ninety-one percent of the institutions created a crisis committee due to the pandemic and 65% took measures for outpatient care due to social distancing. In 89% of the centers hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases declined by 57% (SD ± 18) and in 24% of the centers health care workers became infected with SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: A high percentage of centers participating in the ARGEN-IAM-ST continuous registry created crisis committees to reorganize the delivery of health care services; almost two thirds of them took measures for outpatient follow-up and there was a significant decline in bed occupancy for patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Parámetros asociados al desarrollo de fibrilación auricular en unidad de cuidados críticos / Parameters associated with the development of atrial fibrillation in a critical care unit

A pesar de los avances en el manejo de los pacientes con fibrilación auricular (FA), esta arritmia es responsable de accidente cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardíaca, muerte súbita y morbilidad cardiovascular en el mundo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de fibrilación auricular y analizar las cardiopatías subyacentes y predictores de fibrilación auricular en el servicio de Unidad Coronaria del Instituto de Cardiología de la Ciudad de Corrientes. Estudio observacional y descriptivo donde ingresaron 412 pacientes consecutivos en unidad Coronaria de instituto de Cardiología Juana Francisca Cabral, desde el 1 de enero al 30 de junio de 2018. Del total de la población el 24,51% presentó fibrilación auricular, 80,2% FA paroxística y 19,8% permanente. El 94% de los pacientes con FA paroxística fueron hipertensos. La edad media fue de 71,60±12,19 años, el índice de masa corporal fue de 28,33±6,13, el tamaño de la aurícula izquierda fue de 47,91±7,06 mm y la fracción de eyección de 50,41±17,9%. La presencia de insuficiencia cardiaca estuvo presente en 69% de los pacientes con FA paroxística. Las cardiopatías subyacentes fueron: infarto agudo de miocardio 50,5%, valvulopatías 50,5%, hipertrófica 5%. Más de dos tercios de los pacientes tuvieron FA paroxística. La cardiopatía isquémica fue la más frecuente

SUMMARY Despite the advances in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), this arrhythmia causes stroke, heart failure, sudden death and cardiovascular morbidity. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency of atrial fibrillation and to analyze the underlying heart diseases and predictors of atrial fibrillation in the Coronary Unit Service of the Institute of Cardiology from Corrientes City. This is a descriptive and observational study. There were admitted 412 consecutive patients to the Coronary unit of "Juana Francisca Cabral Institute of Cardiology", from January 1st to June 30th, 2018. From the total population, 24.51% patients presented atrial fibrillation, 80.2% presented paroxysmal AF and 19.8% permanent AF. The 94% of the patients with paroxysmal AF were hypertensive. The mean age was 71.60 ± 12.19 years, the body mass index was 28.33 ± 6,13, the size of the left atrium was 47.91 ± 7.06 mm and the ejection fraction 50.41 ± 17.9%. Heart failure was present in 69% of patients with paroxysmal AF. The underlying heart diseases were: acute myocardial infarction 50.5%, valvulopathies 50.5%, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 5%. More than two thirds of the patients had paroxysmal AF. Ischemic heart disease was the most frequent

RESUMO Apesar dos avanços na manipulação de pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA), essa arritmia é responsável por acidente vascular cerebral, insuficiência cardíaca, morte súbita e morbilidade cardiovascular no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência de fibrilação atrial e analisar as cardiopatias subjacentes e os preditores de fibrilação atrial no serviço de unidade coronariana do Instituto de Cardiologia da cidade de Corrientes. Estudo observacional descritivo em que 412 pacientes consecutivos foram internados na Unidade Coronariana do Instituto Juana Francisca Cabral de Cardiologia, do día 1º de janeiro a 30 de junho de 2018. Do total da população, 24,51% apresentaram fibrilação atrial, 80,2% AF paroxística e permanente 19,8%. 94% dos pacientes com FA paroxística eram hipertensos. A média de idade foi de 71,60 ± 12,19 anos, o índice de massa corpórea foi de 28,33 ± 6,13, o tamanho do átrio esquerdo foi de 47,91 ± 7,06 mm e a fração de ejeção 50,41 ± 17,9%. A presença de insuficiência cardíaca esteve presente em 69% dos pacientes com FA paroxística. As doenças cardíacas subjacentes foram: infarto agudo do miocárdio 50,5%, valvopatias 50,5%, hipertrófica 5%. Mais de dois terços dos pacientes apresentavam FA paroxística. A doença isquêmica do coração foi a mais frequente.

Registro Nacional Argentino de Shock Cardiogénico (ReNa-SHOCK) / Argentine National Registry of Cardiogenic Shock (ReNa-SHOCK)

Introducción: El shock cardiogénico es una complicación grave del infarto agudo de miocardio y constituye una de sus principales causas de muerte, pese a lo cual la información en nuestro medio es limitada. Objetivo: Conocer las características clínicas, estrategias de tratamiento y evolución intrahospitalaria del shock cardiogénico en la Argentina. Material y métodos: Se realizó un registro prospectivo, multicéntrico de pacientes internados con shock cardiogénico en el contexto de los síndromes coronarios agudos con y sin elevación del segmento ST entre los años 2013 y 2015 en 64 centros de la Argentina. Resultados: Se incluyeron 165 pacientes, con una edad media de 66 (58-76,5) años; el 65% eran hombres. El 75% de los casos cursaban un síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST. El 8,5% estuvieron asociados con complicaciones mecánicas y el 6,7% con compromiso del ventrículo derecho. El 56% presentaban shock cardiogénico al ingreso. Requirieron inotrópicos el 95%, asistencia respiratoria mecánica el 78%, catéter de Swan-Ganz el 44%, balón de contrapulsación intraaór-tico el 37%. El 84% de los síndromes coronarios agudos con elevación del segmento ST (104/124 pacientes) se reperfundieron. La mediana de tiempo desde el inicio de los síntomas al ingreso fue de 240 minutos (132-720). El 80% recibieron angioplastia primaria. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria global fue del 54%, sin diferencias entre los síndromes coronarios agudos con o sin elevación del segmento ST. Asimismo, no hubo diferencia en la frecuencia de eventos y uso de procedimientos entre los síndromes coronarios agudos con o sin elevación del segmento ST. Conclusiones: Las características del shock cardiogénico en la Argentina no difieren mucho de poblaciones de otras partes del mundo. La morbimortalidad es elevada a pesar de la utilización de las estrategias de tratamiento disponibles.

The predictive value of plasma biomarkers in discharged heart failure patients: role of troponin I/T.

Hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) is a frequent manifestation of chronic heart failure (CHF), and represents the moment of greatest impact on costs and on risk for the patient, in particular after discharge. Contributing factors to this disappointingly high postdischarge event rate include the incomplete relief of fluid overload, insufficient patient education, the lack of implementation of evidence-based therapies, poor follow-up and inadequate risk stratification before leaving hospital. Among available tools, different biomarkers have been tested, including cardiac troponin (cTn). The value of cTn to monitoring and to stratifying risk before discharge has been evaluated by mean of three strategies: a single measurement before discharge, monitoring with serial sampling during hospitalization, and comparing admission and predischarge values to establishing the cTn "delta". Acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) is an active and continuing process, which starts at admission, but its evolution might be unpredictable, and the prevention of ongoing myocardial damage (OMD) might be one of the important targets to improve prognosis. OMD is also a dynamic process and can be detected in CHF and HHF, at different moments and in diverse magnitudes, justifying the cTn monitoring. The favorable effect of drugs on cTn release and its association with better prognosis have increased our expectation for the role of serial determination in HHF patients.

Influencia de la cobertura médica sobre el tratamiento y el pronóstico del infarto con supradesnivel del ST.: Subanálisis del registro SCAR / Influence of Medical Coverage on the Treatment and Prognosis of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: SCAR Registry Subanalysis

Introducción: El registro sobre Síndromes Coronarios Agudos en Argentina (SCAR) analizó la evolución intrahospitalaria del infarto de miocardio en nuestro país en pacientes que contaban con diferentes coberturas del sistema de salud, lo cual ha llevado al presente subanálisis derivado del registro SCAR. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la cobertura médica en el pronóstico intrahospitalario del infarto de miocardio. Material y métodos: El registro SCAR fue un estudio transversal, prospectivo y multicéntrico, que incluyó 476 pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST (IAMST). La cobertura médica se diferenció en prepaga, obra social, PAMI y sin cobertura (solo estatal). Resultados: El 80% de los IAMST recibieron reperfusión, el 75% por angioplastia transluminal coronaria primaria (ATCP). La ATCP fue más frecuente en quienes tenían prepaga [OR 5,5 (2,5-12,4); p < 0,001] y los pacientes con PAMI [OR 0,47 (0,24-087); p = 0,02] o sin cobertura recibieron menos ATCP [OR 0,34 (0,2-0,6); p < 0,001]. El 13% fueron derivados a otro centro, más frecuentemente si tenían PAMI (p = 0,002). El tiempo hasta la ATCP fue mayor en pacientes con PAMI [240 (88-370) min; p = 0,0005] y menor si tenían prepaga [80 (42-120) min; p < 0,001]. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria del IAMST fue del 8%, 2,8% con prepaga, 4,3% con cobertura estatal, 6,88% con obra social y 25% con PAMI (ANOVA < 0,001). Tener prepaga se asoció con una mortalidad menor [OR 0,27 (0,08-0,91); p = 0,035] y tener PAMI se asoció con una mortalidad mayor, aun ajustado por sexo, edad y comorbilidades [OR 2,40 (1,1-5,8); p = 0,05]. Conclusión: El tratamiento y la mortalidad del IAMST fueron diferentes según la cobertura médica.

Background: The Acute Coronary Syndromes in Argentina (SCAR) registry analyzed in-hospital myocardial infarction out-come in patients with different medical coverage provided by the healthcare system; this has led to the present subanalysis derived from the SCAR registry. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of medical coverage on myocardial infarction in-hospital prognosis. Methods: The SCAR registry was a cross-sectional, prospective, multicenter study including 476 patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Medical coverage was classified in prepaid health insurance, social security insurance, PAMI and without medical coverage (except public coverage). Results: Eighty percent of STEMI patients received reperfusion therapy, 75% by primary transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). PTCA was more frequent in those with prepaid health insurance [OR 5.5 (2.5-12.4); p<0.001] and less frequent in PAMI patients [OR 0.47 (0.24-0.87), p=0.02] or in those without any medical coverage [OR=0.34 (0.2-0.6), p<0.001]. Thirteen percent of patients were transferred to another hospital, more frequently if they were PAMI patients (p=0.002). Time to PTCA was longer in patients with PAMI [240 (88-370) min, p=0.0005] and shorter in patients with prepaid health insurance [80 (42-120) min, p<0.001]. Overall in-hospital STEMI mortality was 8%, 2.8% in patients with prepaid health insurance, 4.3% in patients with public medical coverage, 6.88% in patients with social security insurance and 25% in patients covered by PAMI (ANOVA <0.001). Mortality was significantly lower in patients with prepaid health insurance [OR=0.27 (0.08-0.91), p=0.035] and higher in patients with PAMI, even after adjusting by sex, age and comorbidities [OR 2.40 (1.1-5.8), p=0.05]. Conclusion: STEMI treatment and mortality were different according to the type of medical coverage.

Comparación de dos registros de síndrome coronario agudo en la Argentina: STRATEG-SIA y SCAR (1999-2011) / Comparison of two Registries of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Argentina: STRATEG-SIA and SCAR (1999-2011)

Introducción: En nuestro medio se desconoce cuál ha sido la influencia de la evidencia clínica sobre las estrategias implementadas en el tratamiento de los síndromes coronarios agudos sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST). Objetivos: Evaluar la variación de las características clínicas, las estrategias adoptadas, las conductas terapéuticas y los eventos hospitalarios de los SCASEST en centros que participaron en dos registros realizados en la Argentina. Material y métodos: Se compararon pacientes incluidos en centros que participaron en los registros STRATEG-SIA (1999) y SCAR (Síndromes Coronarios Agudos en Argentina - 2011). Resultados: Se analizaron 238 pacientes del registro STRATEG-SIA y 452 del SCAR incluidos en 36 centros. La mayoría eran de género masculino y menores de 65 años (SCAR 57%, STRATEG-SIA 54%; p = ns). El grupo SCAR presentó mayor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial (75% vs. 60%; p = 0,001), dislipidemia (63% vs. 51%; p = 0,003), insuficiencia cardíaca crónica (10,5% vs. 4,6%; p = 0,02) y revascularización coronaria previa (30% vs. 17%; p = 0,001). Con una proporción mayor de puntaje TIMI de riesgo moderado y alto (3-4: 48% vs. 37%; 5-7: 18% vs. 8%; p = 0,0001), la coronariografía fue más frecuente en el SCAR (71% vs. 50%; p = 0,0001), duplicándose la angioplastia coronaria y reduciéndose a la mitad las cirugías de revascularización miocárdica. No hubo diferencias significativas en la tasa intrahospitalaria de muerte e infarto (7,2% vs. 5,9%; p = ns). Conclusiones: Los pacientes del registro SCAR (2011) representan un grupo de mayor riesgo. Las diferencias en las tasas de eventos hospitalarios no fueron estadísticamente significativas.

Background: The influence of clinical evidence on strategies implemented in the treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACS) is not known in our setting. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in clinical characteristics, strategies adopted, therapeutic management and in-hospital events of NSTEACS in participating centers from two registries in Argentina. Methods: Patients included in participating centers of the STRATEG-SIA registry (1999) and SCAR registry (Síndromes Coronarios Agudos en Argentina - 2011) were compared. Results: We analyzed 238 patients of the STRATEG-SIA registry and 452 of the SCAR registry in 36 centers. Most patients were men and <65 years (SCAR 57%, STRATEG-SIA 54%; p=ns). The SCAR group presented higher prevalence of hypertension (75% vs. 60%; p=0.001), dyslipidemia (63% vs. 51%; p=0.003), chronic heart failure (10.5% vs. 4.6%; p=0.02) and history of myocardial revascularization (30% vs. 17%; p=0.001). In the SCAR registry, the proportion of moderate and high-risk patients (TIMI risk score 3-4: 48% vs. 37%; 5-7: 18% vs. 8%; p=0.0001) was higher and coronary angiography was more frequent (71% vs. 50%; p=0.0001), with a twofold increase in the proportion of percutaneous coronary interventions and 50% reduction in the number of myocardial revascularization surgeries. There were no significant differences in the rate of mortality and myocardial infarction during hospitalization (7.2% vs. 5.9%; p=ns). Conclusions: Patients of the SCAR (2011) registry represent a group at higher risk. The differences in the rates of in-hospital events were not statistically significant.

Statins for acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The early period following the onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represents a critical stage of coronary heart disease, with a high risk of recurrent events and deaths. The short-term effects of early treatment with statins on patient-relevant outcomes in patients suffering from ACS are unclear. This is an update of a review previously published in 2011. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects, both harms and benefits, of early administered statins in patients with ACS, in terms of mortality and cardiovascular events. SEARCH METHODS: We updated the searches of CENTRAL (2013, Issue 3), MEDLINE (Ovid) (1946 to April Week 1 2013), EMBASE (Ovid) (1947 to 2013 Week 14), and CINAHL (EBSCO) (1938 to 2013) on 12 April 2013. We applied no language restrictions. We supplemented the search by contacting experts in the field, by reviewing the reference lists of reviews and editorials on the topic, and by searching trial registries. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing statins with placebo or usual care, with initiation of statin therapy within 14 days following the onset of ACS, follow-up of at least 30 days, and reporting at least one clinical outcome. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) for all outcomes in the treatment and control groups and pooled data using random-effects models. MAIN RESULTS: Eighteen studies (14,303 patients) compared early statin treatment versus placebo or no treatment in patients with ACS. The new search did not identify any new studies for inclusion. There were some concerns about risk of bias and imprecision of summary estimates. Based on moderate quality evidence, early statin therapy did not decrease the combined primary outcome of death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and stroke at one month (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80 to 1.08) or four months (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.06) of follow-up when compared to placebo or no treatment. There were no statistically significant risk reductions from statins for total death, total myocardial infarction, total stroke, cardiovascular death, revascularization procedures, and acute heart failure at one month or at four months, although there were favorable trends related to statin use for each of these endpoints. Moderate quality evidence suggests that the incidence of unstable angina was significantly reduced at four months following ACS (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.96). There were nine individuals with myopathy (elevated creatinine kinase levels more than 10 times the upper limit of normal) in statin-treated patients (0.13%) versus one (0.015%) in the control groups. Serious muscle toxicity was mostly limited to patients treated with simvastatin 80 mg. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Based on moderate quality evidence, due to concerns about risk of bias and imprecision, initiation of statin therapy within 14 days following ACS does not reduce death, myocardial infarction, or stroke up to four months, but reduces the occurrence of unstable angina at four months following ACS. Serious side effects were rare.