[Drugs use assessment in a group of bus drivers]. / Valutazione dell'assunzione di sostanze stupefacenti in un gruppo di conducenti di autobus.

Bus driver is one of those tasks inherent transport activity, which involves special risks to safety and health of others and for which it is necessary, according to art. 41 of Decree No. 81/08, to check the consumption of psychoactive substances during the health surveillance. This assumption was investigated in a group of 461 bus drivers of a large trucking company. In medical history, one subject reported a previous history of opiate addiction and another, in the past, occasional taking of cannabis, and at the time of the visit, in no cases the objectivity has shown intoxication or abstinence signs, or signs of parenteral injection. Laboratory tests were found positive in one case of screening texts, not confirmed by subsequent laboratory analysis and a case of positive analysis for confirmation. The worker, temporarily suspended from driving and taken over by the Service for Drug Addiction of competence, was then reinstated in his job, having held that the absence of drug addiction.

[Manual material handling risk assessment and ergonomic improvement in foodstuff retailing company]. / Valutazione del rischio nella movimentazione manuale di carichi e interventi ergonomici correttivi in un'azienda di distribuzione di generi alimentari.

The aim of this study is to assess and reduce the risk due to manual material handling in a company involved in the foodstuff retailing. The risk assessment was performed by NIOSH Variable Lifing Index in 13 different occupational conditions. As result the risk was present in any case, with VLI values ranging from 2.12 to 2.81. A good risk reduction has been accomplished correcting properly the most important multiplier involved in the computation of the revised NIOSH Lifting equation (lifting frequency and weight of heavier products). Even if the performed risk reduction has been significant, the residual risk is still higher than the level of acceptability.

[Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in hospital. Analysis of individual risk by area and occupational category]. / Valutazione dell'esposizione a radiazioni ionizzanti in ospedale. Analisi del rischio individuale per reparto e per mansione.

An analysis of occupational radiation exposure from 1988-2008 of 43 medical, 41 nurses and 4 nuclear medicine technicians of interventional cardiology, nuclear medicine, radiology-neuroradiology, urology and orthopedics has been performed. The mean annual effective dose to the whole body of all monitored workers are decreasing; one vascular surgeon, has exceeded 20 mSv/year. The doses received by physicians in the hands were up in radiology, urology and cardiology. Currently, interventional cardiology-hemodynamic is the most department-average exposure. Nurses are overall less exposed, the great exposure is in nuclear medicine, where the technicians are included.

Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in physiotherapy departments.

To assess occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields, 11 microwave (MW), 4 short-wave diathermy and 15 magneto therapy devices were analysed in eight physiotherapy departments. Measurements taken at consoles and environmental mapping showed values above European Directive 2004/40/EC and ACGIH exposure limits at approximately 50 cm from MW applicators (2.45 GHz) and above the Directive magnetic field limit near the diathermy unit (27.12 MHz). Levels in front of MW therapy applicators decreased rapidly with distance and reduction in power; this may not always occur in work environments where nearby metal structures (chairs, couches, etc.) may reflect or perturb electromagnetic fields. Large differences in stray field intensities were found for various MW applicators. Measurements of power density strength around MW electrodes confirmed radiation fields between 30 degrees and 150 degrees , with a peak at 90 degrees , in front of the cylindrical applicator and maximum values between 30 degrees and 150 degrees over the whole range of 180 degrees for the rectangular parabolic applicator. Our results reveal that although most areas show substantially low levels of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in physiotherapy units, certain cases of over-occupational exposure limits do exist.

[Tannin and gallic acid as marker of exposure to hardwood dust]. / I tannini e l'acido gallico come indicatori di esposizione a polveri di legno duro.

The total tannin concentration was determined, using two different SPF methods, in 35 dust powdered wood species, both hard and softwood. Using direct reading-method (280 nm) the concentration varied from 2485 mg/g for Swedish pine to 35,843 mg/g for European oak (quercus robur, hardwood). The data obtained with the second method (Folin-Chocalteau) were well correlated (y = 0.9885x + 4.3373; r = 0.84; n=35) with the data obtained with the first method. The measured concentrations are usually higher in hardwood than softwood tested. Finally, a simple HPLC-DAD method was tested for gallic acid (GA), recently proposed as a marker for oak dust.

[Validation of PM10 and PM2.5 personal samplers: comparison between PEM and CEN-ARPAV selectors]. / Studio di validazione dei selettori per il campionamento personale di PM10 e PM2.5: confronto fra selettori PEM e teste di prelievo CEN-ARPAV.

In order to validate specific personal selectors for the collection of fine particles, 65 double measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 were carried out at the same collection site; thus allowing a comparison between two different methods of sampling. The first method was that normally used by ARPAV in order to sample the above-mentioned granulometric fractions in outdoor environment. The second method was chosen by us for personal sampling (PEM working at 2 l/min and at 4 l/min). In both cases the filters gravimetric analysis conformed to the expectations of D.M. 60 of 2/4/2002. The comparison between the two methods showed a good correlation in both the granulometric fractions: correlation coefficients r for the PM2.5 are equal to 0.96 and 0.99 for the PEM working at 2 l/min and at 4 l/min respectively; r for the PM10 are equal to 0.98 and 0.99 for the PEM working at 2 l/min and at 4 l/min respectively. The analysis of results in terms of fine particles concentration and difference between methods against their mean, shows a slight overestimate of the particles concentration with PEM working at 2 l/min, compared to those working at 4 l/min. Nevertheless, considering the good results obtained even with a flow of 2 l/min, we believe that using PEM working at 2 l/min to monitoring 24 hours-personal exposure assures an improved capacity in the battery-operated pumps.

[Devices for the reduction of N2O pollution during conscious sedation in dentistry]. / Dispositivi per la riduzione dell'inquinamento da N2O durante la sedazione cosciente in odontoiatria.

We considered data of environmental monitoring during three working days in a dentist's office who habitually employs nitrous oxide (N2O): conscious sedation is used to alleviate anxiety and to diminish or eliminate dental pain. Three different nose masks were tested to determine influence on environmental pollution by N2O. The study shows that the levels of N2O always remains low with the use of proper dental procedures, although the chose of the type of nose mask can further diminish air pollution and the exposure of dental personnel.

[Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in physiotherapy departments]. / Esposizione professionale a campi elettromagnetici negli ambulatori di fisioterapia.

An assessment of the electromagnetic fields emitted from short and ultrashort wave diathermy sources and from magneto therapy operating at a frequency of 50 Hz was made to evaluate the occupational exposure to the operators. Operators were exposed to electromagnetic fields which rarely exceed the recommended limits of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Only a measurement of electromagnetic fields near short wave diathermy equipment operating at a frequency of 27.12 MHz exposed operators to levels above those recommended by ICNIRP at a distance of 1 metre. Magnetic fields of magneto therapy exceeded residential exposition of 1 microtesla, at a distance of 4 metres.

Kidney and liver biomarkers in female dry-cleaning workers exposed to perchloroethylene.

Blood and urine perchloroethylene and urine trichloroacetic acid, as markers of exposure, and serum AST, ALT, GGT and creatinine, urine total solutes and proteins, angiotensin converting enzyme, N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase and glutamine synthetase, as markers of effect, were measured in 40 dry-cleaning and 45 ironing-shop female workers. Average perchloroethylene air level in the dry-cleaning shops was 59.7 mg m(-3), i.e. three-fold lower than the current A.C.G.I.H. TLV-TWA (170 mg (m-3)). No statistically significant difference in the mean values of any of the effect markers was observed between the two groups, except for AST which was significantly higher in drycleaners. In addition, a statistically significant correlation was observed in dry-cleaners between environmental perchloroethylene and total urinary solutes (r = 0.308, p < 0.05) or urine glutamine synthetase (r= 0.469, p < 0 .01), between glutamine synthetase and blood perchloroethylene in post-shift (r= 0.406, p < 0.01) or urinary perchloroethylene in post(r= 0.571, p < 0.001) or pre-shift (r= 0.586, p < 0.001), and between urinary perchloroethylene in pre-shift and GGT (r= 0.407, p < 0.05). Interestingly, some statistically significant correlations between exposure and effect indices were found in ironing-shop workers alone, as in all subjects. Finally, transaminases, GGT and total urinary proteins were influenced by age and alcohol consumption which were significantly higher in dry-cleaners, thus providing an explanation for some of the correlations observed. In conclusion, our results show a dose-related increase of glutamine synthetase activity,a marker of damage of the pars recta of the kidney proximal tubule, in the urine of female subjects exposed to perchloroethylene concentrations in the work environment lower than current A.C.G.I.H. TLV-TWA.