ABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the main pathogens causing infection in intensive care units (ICUs) and usually presents antimicrobial resistance. METHODS: Data were obtained from ICUs between 2010 and 2013. RESULTS: P. aeruginosa had a prevalence of 14.5% of which 48.7% were multidrug resistant. We observed increasing resistance to carbapenems and polymyxin B and growing consumption of aminoglycosides, meropenem, ceftazidime, and polymyxin B. The regression impact between resistance and consumption was significant with respect to amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, and polymyxin B. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring antimicrobial consumption and resistant microorganisms should be reinforced to combat antimicrobial- and multi-drug resistance.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prevalence , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Intensive Care Units , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the main pathogens causing infection in intensive care units (ICUs) and usually presents antimicrobial resistance. METHODS: Data were obtained from ICUs between 2010 and 2013. RESULTS: P. aeruginosa had a prevalence of 14.5% of which 48.7% were multidrug resistant. We observed increasing resistance to carbapenems and polymyxin B and growing consumption of aminoglycosides, meropenem, ceftazidime, and polymyxin B. The regression impact between resistance and consumption was significant with respect to amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, and polymyxin B. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring antimicrobial consumption and resistant microorganisms should be reinforced to combat antimicrobial- and multi-drug resistance.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Humans , Intensive Care Units , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prevalence , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Monte Carlo simulations have been used for selecting optimal antibiotic regimens for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous ß-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital. METHODS: In total, 5,000 patients were included in the Monte Carlo simulations of distinct antimicrobial regimens to estimate the likelihood of achieving free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; fT > MIC) for the requisite periods to clear distinct target organisms. Microbiological data were obtained from blood culture isolates harvested in our hospital from 2008 to 2010. RESULTS: In total, 614 bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacterspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed Piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve a cumulative fraction of response (CFR) > 90% for any of the isolates. While standard dosing (short infusion) of ß-lactams achieved target attainment for BSIs caused by E. coliand Enterobacterspp., pharmacodynamic target attainment against K. pneumoniaeisolates was only achieved with ceftazidime and meropenem (prolonged infusion). Lastly, only prolonged infusion of high-dose meropenem approached an ideal CFR against P. aeruginosa; however, no antimicrobial regimen achieved an ideal CFR against A. baumannii. CONCLUSIONS: These data reinforce the use of prolonged infusions of high-dose ß-lactam antimicrobials as a reasonable strategy for the treatment of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , beta-Lactams/administration & dosage , Administration, Intravenous , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Brazil , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Hospitals, Teaching , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Monte Carlo Method , Time Factors , beta-Lactams/pharmacokinetics , beta-Lactams/pharmacologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Monte Carlo simulations have been used for selecting optimal antibiotic regimens for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital.METHODS: In total, 5,000 patients were included in the Monte Carlo simulations of distinct antimicrobial regimens to estimate the likelihood of achieving free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; fT > MIC) for the requisite periods to clear distinct target organisms. Microbiological data were obtained from blood culture isolates harvested in our hospital from 2008 to 2010.RESULTS: In total, 614 bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacterspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed Piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve a cumulative fraction of response (CFR) > 90% for any of the isolates. While standard dosing (short infusion) of β-lactams achieved target attainment for BSIs caused by E. coliand Enterobacterspp., pharmacodynamic target attainment against K. pneumoniaeisolates was only achieved with ceftazidime and meropenem (prolonged infusion). Lastly, only prolonged infusion of high-dose meropenem approached an ideal CFR against P. aeruginosa; however, no antimicrobial regimen achieved an ideal CFR against A. baumannii.CONCLUSIONS:These data reinforce the use of prolonged infusions of high-dose β-lactam antimicrobials as a reasonable strategy for the treatment of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , beta-Lactams/administration & dosage , Administration, Intravenous , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Brazil , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Hospitals, Teaching , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Monte Carlo Method , Time Factors , beta-Lactams/pharmacokinetics , beta-Lactams/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs is responsible for therapeutic failures, increased mortality rates, and the emergence of resistance. Antimicrobial activity is determined by intrinsic pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics concepts. In critically ill patients, an inappropriate dosing regimen can be caused by the inability of an antimicrobial drug to reach adequate concentrations at the infection site owing to alterations in the drug's pharmacokinetics caused by pathophysiological changes. Understanding these concepts and changes in PK-PD parameters that occur in intensive care unit patients is crucial for the optimization of antimicrobial therapy in these patients.
