ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze expenditure on treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis and associated factors on mean per capita expenditure. METHODS: A probabilistic-deterministic linkage between the database of Authorizations for Highly Complex Procedures and the mortality information system was constructed, resulting in a historical cohort of patients using high-cost medications for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, between 2000-2006. Mean monthly spending on medicines was stratified by age group and described according to demographic and clinical characteristics and the type of drug used. A linear regression model was used to assess the impact of demographic and clinical characteristics on per capita mean monthly expenditure on medicines. RESULTS: We identified 72,265 women who received drugs for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The average monthly expenditure per capita in the first year of treatment was $ 54.02 (sd $ 86.72). The population was predominantly composed of women aged 60-69 years old, who had started treatment in 2000, resident in the Southeast of Brazil, who had previously suffered osteoporotic fractures, and Alendronate sodium was the drug most commonly used at baseline. For most of the patients, the same active ingredient remained in use throughout the treatment period. During the program, 6,429 deaths were identified among participants. More than a third of women remained in treatment for up to 12 months. Raloxifen and calcitonin were the therapeutic alternatives with the greatest impact on the average monthly expenditure on medicine using alendronate sodium as a reference standard. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the high impact of the type of drug used on expenditure on medication, it is recommended that criteria for prescribing and dispensing be established by prioritizing those with lower costs and greater effectiveness in order to optimize the process of pharmaceutical care and provide the population with a greater number of pharmaceutical units.
Subject(s)
Bone Density Conservation Agents/economics , Drug Costs , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/drug therapy , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alendronate/economics , Alendronate/therapeutic use , Bone Density , Bone Density Conservation Agents/therapeutic use , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , National Health Programs , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/epidemiology , Osteoporotic Fractures/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Analisar os gastos com medicamentos para o tratamento da osteoporose na pós-menopausa e os fatores associados ao gasto médio per capita . MÉTODOS: Pareamento probabilístico-determinístico a partir das bases das Autorizações de Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade com o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, resultando em coorte histórica de pacientes que utilizaram medicamentos de alto custo para o tratamento da osteoporose na pós-menopausa de 2000 a 2006. O gasto médio mensal com medicamentos foi estratificado por faixas etárias e descrito de acordo com as características demográficas, clínicas e tipo de medicamento utilizado. Foi utilizado modelo de regressão linear para avaliar o impacto de características demográficas e clínicas sobre o gasto médio mensal per capita com os medicamentos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas 72.265 mulheres que receberam medicamentos para o tratamento da osteoporose na pós-menopausa. O gasto médio mensal per capita no primeiro ano de tratamento foi de R$ 90,00 (dp R$ 144,49). A maioria das mulheres tinha de 60 a 69 anos de idade, iniciaram tratamento em 2000, eram residentes na região Sudeste, tinham fraturas osteoporóticas prévias e o alendronato de sódio foi o medicamento mais utilizado no início do tratamento. A maioria das pacientes permaneceu em uso do mesmo princípio ativo durante o tratamento. Foram identificados 6.429 óbitos entre as participantes. Mais de um terço das mulheres permaneceram no programa por até 12 meses. Raloxifeno e calcitonina sintética foram as alternativas com maior impacto sobre o gasto médio mensal com medicamentos, tendo como padrão de referência o ...
OBJECTIVE: To analyze expenditure on treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis and associated factors on mean per capita expenditure. METHODS: A probabilistic-deterministic linkage between the database of Authorizations for Highly Complex Procedures and the mortality information system was constructed, resulting in a historical cohort of patients using high-cost medications for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, between 2000-2006. Mean monthly spending on medicines was stratified by age group and described according to demographic and clinical characteristics and the type of drug used. A linear regression model was used to assess the impact of demographic and clinical characteristics on per capita mean monthly expenditure on medicines. RESULTS: We identified 72,265 women who received drugs for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The average monthly expenditure per capita in the first year of treatment was $ 54.02 (sd $ 86.72). The population was predominantly composed of women aged 60-69 years old, who had started treatment in 2000, resident in the Southeast of Brazil, who had previously suffered osteoporotic fractures, and Alendronate sodium was the drug most commonly used at baseline. For most of the patients, the same active ingredient remained in use throughout the treatment period. During the program, 6,429 deaths were identified among participants. More than a third of women remained in treatment for up to 12 months. Raloxifen and calcitonin were the therapeutic alternatives with the greatest impact on the average monthly expenditure on medicine using alendronate sodium as a reference standard. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the high impact of the type of drug used on expenditure on medication, it is recommended that criteria for prescribing and dispensing ...
OBJETIVO: Analizar los gastos con medicamentos para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis en la post-menopausia y los factores asociados al gasto promedio per cápita. MÉTODOS: Pareamiento probabilístico-deterministico a partir de las bases de las Autorizaciones de Procedimientos de Alta Complejidad con el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad, resultando en cohorte histórica de pacientes que utilizaron medicamentos de alto costo para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis en la post-menopausia de 2000 a 2006. El gasto promedio mensual con medicamentos fue estratificado por grupos etarios y descrito de acuerdo con las características demográficas, clínicas y tipo de medicamento usado. Se utilizó modelo de regresión linear para evaluar el impacto de las características socio demográficas y clínicas sobre el gasto promedio mensual per cápita con los medicamentos. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 72.265 mujeres que recibieron medicamentos para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis en la post-menopausia. El gasto promedio mensual per cápita en el primer año de tratamiento fue de R$ 90,00 (de R$ 144,49). La mayoría de las mujeres tenía de 60 a 69 años de edad, iniciaron tratamiento en 2000, eran residentes en la región Sureste, tenían fracturas osteoporóticas previas, y el alendronato de sodio fue el medicamento más utilizado en el inicio del tratamiento. La mayoría de los pacientes permaneció en uso del mismo principio activo durante el tratamiento. Se identificaron 6.429 óbitos entre las participantes. Más de un tercio de las mujeres permanecieron en el programa por 12 meses. Raloxifeno y calcitonina sintética fueron las alternativas con mayor impacto sobre el gasto promedio mensual con medicamentos, teniendo como patrón de referencia ...
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Bone Density Conservation Agents/economics , Drug Costs , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/drug therapy , Age Factors , Alendronate/economics , Alendronate/therapeutic use , Bone Density , Bone Density Conservation Agents/therapeutic use , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Cost-Benefit Analysis , National Health Programs , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/epidemiology , Osteoporotic Fractures/epidemiology , Unified Health SystemABSTRACT
Osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women, has a high socioeconomic impact on the individual and on the society. There are several drugs for its prevention and treatment; however, their effectiveness and costs vary considerably. Several economic assessments have been conducted in order to evaluate the most effective strategies. This study aimed at conducting a systematic review of complete economic assessments focusing on the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis performed in Brazil and worldwide. Articles about economic assessment of drugs for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis were searched in the PubMed and LILACS databases. In general, bisphosphonates were the most frequently assessed strategies and had the best incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Hormone therapy, vitamin D and calcium, strontium ranelate, raloxifene, teriparatide, and denosumab were assessed and showed variable results depending on the perspective of the country and the assumptions made for each study. None of the results could be extrapolated to the Brazilian population, which limits their use by decision makers.
Subject(s)
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/drug therapy , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/economics , Brazil , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Female , HumansABSTRACT
A osteoporose, principalmente na pós-menopausa, apresenta alto impacto socioeconômico para o indivíduo e para a sociedade. Existem vários medicamentos para sua prevenção e tratamento; entretanto, observa-se ampla variação na eficácia e nos custos relacionados. Diversas avaliações econômicas têm sido conduzidas a fim de se avaliar as estratégias mais eficientes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi conduzir uma revisão sistemática das avaliações econômicas realizadas no Brasil e no mundo, enfocando o tratamento da osteoporose na pós-menopausa. Foi realizada uma busca de artigos sobre avaliação econômica de medicamentos para o tratamento da osteoporose na pós-menopausa, nas bases de dados PubMed e LILACS. No geral, os bisfosfonatos foram as estratégias mais avaliadas e que resultaram em melhores relações custo-efetividade incrementais. Terapia hormonal, suplementação de cálcio e vitamina D, ranelato de estrôncio, raloxifeno, teriparatida e denosumabe foram avaliados e apresentaram resultados variáveis dependendo da perspectiva adotada, do país e das premissas assumidas para cada estudo. Não foi possível extrapolar nenhum dos resultados para a população brasileira, limitando sua utilização pelos tomadores de decisão.
Osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women, has a high socioeconomic impact on the individual and on the society. There are several drugs for its prevention and treatment; however, their effectiveness and costs vary considerably. Several economic assessments have been conducted in order to evaluate the most effective strategies. This study aimed at conducting a systematic review of complete economic assessments focusing on the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis performed in Brazil and worldwide. Articles about economic assessment of drugs for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis were searched in the PubMed and LILACS databases. In general, bisphosphonates were the most frequently assessed strategies and had the best incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Hormone therapy, vitamin D and calcium, strontium ranelate, raloxifene, teriparatide, and denosumab were assessed and showed variable results depending on the perspective of the country and the assumptions made for each study. None of the results could be extrapolated to the Brazilian population, which limits their use by decision makers.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/drug therapy , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/economics , Brazil , Economics, PharmaceuticalABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência e determinar os fatores associados a reumatismo/sintomas articulares crônicos na população de idosos de Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi conduzido um estudo transversal de base populacional entre 1606 idosos ( > ou = 60 anos ). Reumatismo foi assim definido: a) relato de diagnóstico médico de reumatismo e b) relato de sintomas crônicos nas mãos e joelhos (SCMJ). Utilizou-se a regressão logística múltipla para investigar associação independente entre reumatismo/sintomas crônicos e fatores selecionados. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de SCMJ foi de 44,2 por cento e de reumatismo diagnosticado por médico foi de 25,3 por cento (15,3 por cento nos homens e 31,9 por cento nas mulheres). SCMJ esteve negativamente associado ao sexo (masculino) e à escolaridade ( > ou = 8 anos) e positivamente associado a índice de massa corporal (25-29, 30-34, > ou = 35 kg/m²), relato de infarto do miocárdio, sintomas de acidente vascular cerebral e relato de doença de Chagas. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados são coerentes com a literatura internacional no que se refere à maior prevalência de reumatismo em mulheres obesas e de escolaridade mais baixa. A associação de SCMJ com algumas condições clínicas pode estar relacionada ao maior uso de serviços de saúde motivado pelas mesmas e necessita maiores investigações em estudos futuros. A identificação destas características dos idosos residentes na comunidade com maior prevalência de reumatismo pode fornecer subsídios para organização de programas de assistência à saúde para esta faixa etária da população.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Arthritis/epidemiology , Rheumatic Diseases/epidemiology , Arthritis/diagnosis , Arthritis/etiology , Body Mass Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Stroke/complications , Chronic Disease , Epidemiologic Methods , Hand Joints/pathology , Knee Joint/pathology , Obesity/complications , Rheumatic Diseases/diagnosis , Rheumatic Diseases/etiology , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Arthritis is one of the more prevalent chronic conditions and a leading cause of disability in the elderly. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and to identify the factors associated with arthritis in the elderly population of Bambuí, Brazil. METHODS: A population based cross-sectional study was carried out among 1606 senior citizens ( > or = 60 years of age). Arthritis was defined by: a) report of medical diagnosis of arthritis and b) report of chronic hand and knee symptoms (CHKS). Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the independent association between arthritis and selected factors. RESULTS: Prevalence of medical diagnosis of arthritis was of 25.3% (15.3% in men and 31.9% in women). Prevalence of CHKS was of 44.2%. CHKS was negatively associated with gender (masculine) and years of education ( > or = 8) and positively associated with Body Mass Index (25-29, 30-34, > or = 35 kg/m2), report of myocardial infarct, stroke symptoms and Chaga's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with other studies concerning higher prevalence of arthritis among obese and less educated women. Association of CHKS with the report of some chronic conditions may be related to greater utilization of health services motivated by these conditions. This finding requires further investigation in future studies. Identification of these characteristics of the senior citizens living in the community, with a higher prevalence of arthritis may subsidize the organization of healthcare programs for this age group.
