The progress test as a structuring initiative for programmatic assessment.

BACKGROUND: The Progress Test is an individual assessment applied to all students at the same time and on a regular basis. The test was structured in the medical undergraduate education of a conglomerate of schools to structure a programmatic assessment integrated into teaching. This paper presents the results of four serial applications of the progress test and the feedback method to students. METHODS: This assessment comprises 120 items offered online by means of a personal password. Items are authored by faculty, peer-reviewed, and approved by a committee of experts. The items are classified by five major areas, by topics used by the National Board of Medical Examiners and by medical specialties related to a national Unified Health System. The correction uses the Item Response Theory with analysis by the "Rasch" model that considers the difficulty of the item. RESULTS: Student participation increased along the four editions of the tests, considering the number of enrollments. The median performances increased in the comparisons among the sequential years in all tests, except for test1 - the first test offered to schools. Between subsequent years of education, 2nd-1st; 4th-3rd and 5th-4th there was an increase in median scores from progress tests 2 through 4. The final year of undergraduate showed a limited increase compared to the 5th year. There is a consistent increase in the median, although with fluctuations between the observed intervals. CONCLUSION: The progress test promoted the establishment of regular feedback among students, teachers and coordinators and paved the road to engagement much needed to construct an institutional programmatic assessment.

DEGRADATION OF PARENTAL BONDING AND VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN: THE USE OF FAMILY GENOGRAM IN THE PEDIATRIC CLINIC. / DEGRADAÇÃO DO VÍNCULO PARENTAL E VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A CRIANÇA: O USO DO GENOGRAMA FAMILIAR NA PRÁTICA CLÍNICA PEDIÁTRICA.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the importance of using the family genogram in pediatric consultation, as an analysis tool to evaluate the degradation of parental bonding and also violence against children. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in 2011 wherein 63 children, aged between 2 and 6 years, enrolled in a slum nursery, was studied. In order to construct the genogram, data were collected in four stages: pediatric evaluation at nursery; interview with caregivers; interview with teachers; and interview with the nursery coordinator. The data about the families were used to construct the genograms with the aid of GenoPro®-2016 software. In order to evaluate the quality of bonding, the following items were included in the genograms: violence against children, drug addiction, neglect, mental disorder, type of relationship among family members. RESULTS: The evaluated children and their families generated 55 genograms. In 38 of them, functional family arrangements, and close or very close emotional ties were observed. In 17 cases, situations involving physical, emotional, or sexual violence against children were perceived. Among these, four represented extreme cases, with fraying parental bonding, and dysfunctional family arrangements. In these families, chemical addiction was prevalent among multiple members, as well as severe mental disorder, persistent physical and verbal abuse, and sexual abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the genogram helps to identify at an early stage the degradation of parental bonding and violence against children, and when it is incorporated into the pediatric practice routine, it may contribute to the promotion of the comprehensive health care of the child, regardless of the presence of social vulnerability.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a importância da utilização do genograma familiar na consulta pediátrica como ferramenta de análise da presença de degradação do vínculo parental e da violência contra a criança. MÉTODOS: Estudo qualitativo, conduzido em 2011. A população compreendeu 63 crianças, com idades entre 2 e 6 anos, matriculadas em creche. Para a construção do genograma, a coleta dos dados se deu em quatro momentos: avaliação pediátrica na creche; entrevista dos cuidadores; entrevista dos professores; e entrevista da coordenadora da creche. Foram utilizados os dados sobre as famílias para a construção dos genogramas, com auxilio do programa GenoPro®-2016. Na avaliação da qualidade de vínculo, foram incluídos na representação do genograma: violência contra a criança, dependência química, negligência, transtorno mental, tipo de relação entre os membros da família. RESULTADOS: As crianças e respectivas famílias avaliadas deram origem a 55 genogramas. Em 38 deles, observaram-se arranjos familiares funcionais e com vínculos afetivos próximos ou muito próximos. Em 17 dos casos, evidenciaram-se situações que envolviam violência física, emocional ou sexual contra as crianças. Dentre esses, quatro representavam casos mais extremos, com esgarçamento do vinculo parental e arranjos familiares disfuncionais. Nessas famílias predominava a dependência química de múltiplos membros, transtorno mental grave, agressões física e verbal persistentes e abuso sexual. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização do genograma auxilia na identificação precoce da degradação do vínculo parental e da violência praticada contra a criança e, quando incorporada à prática pediátrica rotineira, pode contribuir para a promoção de uma assistência integral à saúde da criança, independentemente da presença de vulnerabilidades social.

Degradação do vínculo parental e violência contra a criança: o uso do genograma familiar na prática clínica pediátrica / Degradation of parental bonding and violence against children: the use of family genogram in the pediatric clinic

RESUMO Objetivo: Demonstrar a importância da utilização do genograma familiar na consulta pediátrica como ferramenta de análise da presença de degradação do vínculo parental e da violência contra a criança. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, conduzido em 2011. A população compreendeu 63 crianças, com idades entre 2 e 6 anos, matriculadas em creche. Para a construção do genograma, a coleta dos dados se deu em quatro momentos: avaliação pediátrica na creche; entrevista dos cuidadores; entrevista dos professores; e entrevista da coordenadora da creche. Foram utilizados os dados sobre as famílias para a construção dos genogramas, com auxilio do programa GenoPro®-2016. Na avaliação da qualidade de vínculo, foram incluídos na representação do genograma: violência contra a criança, dependência química, negligência, transtorno mental, tipo de relação entre os membros da família. Resultados: As crianças e respectivas famílias avaliadas deram origem a 55 genogramas. Em 38 deles, observaram-se arranjos familiares funcionais e com vínculos afetivos próximos ou muito próximos. Em 17 dos casos, evidenciaram-se situações que envolviam violência física, emocional ou sexual contra as crianças. Dentre esses, quatro representavam casos mais extremos, com esgarçamento do vinculo parental e arranjos familiares disfuncionais. Nessas famílias predominava a dependência química de múltiplos membros, transtorno mental grave, agressões física e verbal persistentes e abuso sexual. Conclusões: A utilização do genograma auxilia na identificação precoce da degradação do vínculo parental e da violência praticada contra a criança e, quando incorporada à prática pediátrica rotineira, pode contribuir para a promoção de uma assistência integral à saúde da criança, independentemente da presença de vulnerabilidades social.

ABSTRACT Objective: To demonstrate the importance of using the family genogram in pediatric consultation, as an analysis tool to evaluate the degradation of parental bonding and also violence against children. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in 2011 wherein 63 children, aged between 2 and 6 years, enrolled in a slum nursery, was studied. In order to construct the genogram, data were collected in four stages: pediatric evaluation at nursery; interview with caregivers; interview with teachers; and interview with the nursery coordinator. The data about the families were used to construct the genograms with the aid of GenoPro®-2016 software. In order to evaluate the quality of bonding, the following items were included in the genograms: violence against children, drug addiction, neglect, mental disorder, type of relationship among family members. Results: The evaluated children and their families generated 55 genograms. In 38 of them, functional family arrangements, and close or very close emotional ties were observed. In 17 cases, situations involving physical, emotional, or sexual violence against children were perceived. Among these, four represented extreme cases, with fraying parental bonding, and dysfunctional family arrangements. In these families, chemical addiction was prevalent among multiple members, as well as severe mental disorder, persistent physical and verbal abuse, and sexual abuse. Conclusions: The use of the genogram helps to identify at an early stage the degradation of parental bonding and violence against children, and when it is incorporated into the pediatric practice routine, it may contribute to the promotion of the comprehensive health care of the child, regardless of the presence of social vulnerability.

A influência do conhecimento na atitude frente à vacina contra o papilomavírus humano: ensaio clínico randomizado / The influence of the knowledge towards the vaccine against human hapillomavirus: a randomized clinical trial

INTRODUÇÃO: O Papilomavírus humano (HPV) está associado às doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DSTs) e à carcinogênese do trato genital inferior. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o conhecimento prévio e o papel da ação educativa sobre a atitude em relação à vacinação para Papilomavírus Humano (HPV). MÉTODOS: Estudo de intervenção, tipo ensaio-clínico randomizado com 200 mulheres de 18 a 30 anos, divididas em dois grupos submetidos a um questionário para avaliar o conhecimento prévio sobre o HPV e sua vacina, e a atitude para a vacinação, tendo um dos grupos recebido intervenção por meio de ação educativa. RESULTADOS: A atitude frente à vacina contra o HPV foi diferente no grupo que recebeu a ação educativa, com 37% de atitudes pessoais adequadas (p=0,044) e 49% na atitude de transferência adequada para uma futura filha (p=0,021). CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento prévio sobre o HPV e sua vacina é escasso, insuficiente e por vezes equivocado. Por meio da comparação da atitude dos diferentes grupos verificou-se que a ação educativa exerce papel determinante na atitude correta das mulheres para a vacina contra o HPV e modifica os condicionantes à sua adesão.

INTRODUCTION: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and the lower genital tract carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the previous knowledge and the function of educational action towards the reaction regarding the vaccine for Human Papilomavírus (HPV). METHODS: Intervention study, like randomized clinical trial, considering 200 18-30 year-old women, divided in two groups submitted to a questionnaire to evaluate the previous knowledge about HPV and its vaccine, and the attitude for the vaccination, with one of the groups receiving intervention through educational action. RESULTS: The attitude towards the vaccine against HPV was different in the group that received the educational action, with 37% of proper personal attitude (p=0,044) and 49% in the transference to a likely daughter (p=0,021). CONCLUSION: The previous knowledge about HPV and its vaccine is scarce, insufficient and sometimes mistaken. Through the comparison of attitude between different groups it was confirmed that the educational action does a determinant role to the correct women's attitude to the vaccine against HPV and modifies the conditions of its accession.

Representação Social das Vivências de Estudantes no Curso de Medicina / Social Representation of Student Experiences in Medical School

RESUMO A medicina atua com a prevenção e a cura das doenças humanas num sentido amplo. Uma formação com enfoque em problemas permite ao estudante um poder de análise dos componentes das situações de saúde. O Programa de Integração em Saúde da Comunidade (Pisco) prevê levar estudantes e professores para a vivência da prática voltada à integralidade das ações, valorizando a prevenção e a promoção à saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as vivências dos estudantes de Medicina no processo de avaliação das atividades do Pisco do primeiro ao quarto ano do curso e a sua relação com o projeto pedagógico do curso. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo quali-quantitativo. Foram produzidos registros escritos pelos estudantes ao final de cada encontro, de março de 2008 a dezembro de 2011, posteriormente analisados por meio do Discurso do Sujeito e pelo software QualiQuantiSoft®. Os resultados mostram diminuição do número de registros a partir da quinta etapa, pois a partir dela os alunos iniciam vivências em ambientes diferentes de prática médica e, assim, passam a desvalorizar as atividades no Programa de Saúde da Família.

ABSTRACT Broadly speaking, medicine engages the prevention and cure of human diseases. Problem-based training allows the student to analyze the components of health situations. The Community Health Integration Program (Pisco) aims to enable students and teachers to experience the practice directed at comprehensive actions, highlighting health prevention and promotion. The objective of this study was to analyze first to fourth-year student experiences during the evaluation process of Pisco activities and their relationship with the pedagogical design of the course. A qualitative-quantitative descriptive study was conducted. The students produced written records at the end of each meeting, from March 2008 to December 2011. The records were analyzed using Discourse of the Subject and the software QualiQuantiSoft®. The results showed a reduced number of records made from the fifth stage onwards, from which time the students begin to experience different medical practice environments and start to pay less attention to Family Health Program activities.

A Polissemia da Governança Clínica: uma revisão da literatura / The Polisemy of Clinical Governance: a review of literature

Resumo O artigo objetiva explorar a conceituação da gestão da clínica visando à compreensão dos diversos sentidos que poderão ser atribuídos a essa expressão. Essa discussão tanto pode contribuir para o planejamento e a organização dos serviços de saúde voltados para a gestão da clínica, quanto no estabelecimento de princípios para a elaboração de ações nessa área. Metodologicamente, o estudo consiste numa revisão bibliográfica de cunho qualitativo, com descritores da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Em termos de resultados, destacam-se sete temas que sintetizam a análise das fontes: gestão, promoção da qualidade, monitoramento ou auditoria clínica, educação, responsabilidade, segurança no cuidado e dimensão sistêmica. Conclui-se que a variação de sentidos relaciona-se à forma como os autores dos estudos revisados expressam ou desdobram os componentes conceituais estruturantes amplamente aceitos como governança clínica. Observase que falta um maior foco em discussões sobre o planejamento e as políticas relacionadas à governança clínica.

Abstract The article aims to explore the concept of clinical management, with a view towards understanding the diverse meanings that could be attributed to that expression. This discussion can contribute to the planning and organization of health services geared to the management of clinical practices, as well as to set forth principles to draft actions in that field. Methodologically, the study consists of a qualitative literature review, using keywords of the Virtual Health Library (VHL). In terms of results, seven topics stand out that synthesize the analysis of sources: management, quality promotion, clinical monitoring or auditing, education, responsibility or accountability, safety in care and a systemic dimension. The conclusion is that the variation of meanings relates to the way in which the authors of the studies reviewed express or unfold the structuring conceptual components broadly accepted as clinical governance. What we observe is a lack of a greater focus on discussions regarding planning and policies relating to clinical governance.

The Polisemy of Clinical Governance: a review of literature.

The article aims to explore the concept of clinical management, with a view towards understanding the diverse meanings that could be attributed to that expression. This discussion can contribute to the planning and organization of health services geared to the management of clinical practices, as well as to set forth principles to draft actions in that field. Methodologically, the study consists of a qualitative literature review, using keywords of the Virtual Health Library (VHL). In terms of results, seven topics stand out that synthesize the analysis of sources: management, quality promotion, clinical monitoring or auditing, education, responsibility or accountability, safety in care and a systemic dimension. The conclusion is that the variation of meanings relates to the way in which the authors of the studies reviewed express or unfold the structuring conceptual components broadly accepted as clinical governance. What we observe is a lack of a greater focus on discussions regarding planning and policies relating to clinical governance.

Use of insulin-like growth factor in the healing of open wounds in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of application of 1% and 3% insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) cream on the process of wound healing in induced skin lesions in diabetic and non-diabetic rats and evaluate its effect on expression of myofibroblasts. METHODS: Ninety-six Wistar adult male rats were divided into six groups, with 16 rats in each group, as follows: group 1: non-diabetic, untreated; group 2: non-diabetic, treated with 1% IGF-1 cream; group 3: non-diabetic, treated with 3% IGF-1 cream; group 4: diabetic, untreated; group 5: diabetic, treated with 1% IGF-1 cream; and group 6: diabetic, treated with 3% IGF-1 cream. In groups 4, 5, and 6, diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of alloxan. After diabetes had been induced, animals were mantained for 3 months. The experimental procedure consisted of the creation of a circular incision of 0.9 mm in diameter using a metal punch. Following this, wounds were treated daily according to the assigned treatment regimen. Groups 2 and 5 were treated with 1% IGF-1 cream, groups 3 and 6 with 3% IGF-1 cream, and groups 1 and 4 and the untreated groups with 0.9% saline solution. From each group, samples from 4 rats were taken at three, seven, 14, and 21 days after the injury. Samples were fixed in 10% formalin to prepare slides for histological analysis. Slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson were observed vascular proliferation, mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear cells, fibroblast proliferation, re-epithelialization, and collagen fibers. This study analyzed the expression of α-smooth muscle actin using specific antibodies to correlate the temporal expression of α-smooth muscle-specific actin (α-SM actin), a molecular marker for myofibroblast transformation. RESULTS: Macroscopic observation of wounds showed a more rapid re-epithelialization of wounds treated with IGF. Regarding acute inflammatory reactions, the results of the analysis of vascular proliferation and polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells showed no statistically significant differences in any of the periods studied (according to the results of a Mann-Whitney test). The initial immunohistochemical analysis of tissue samples conducted to compare the expression of α-smooth muscle actin between groups showed a relevant response in the expression of myofibroblasts. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and were found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The topical application of 1% and 3% IGF-1 creams increases the expression of myofibroblasts in the process of wound healing in rats.

Use of insulin-like growth factor in the healing of open wounds in diabetic and non-diabetic rats

To analyze the effects of application of 1% and 3% insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) cream on the process of wound healing in induced skin lesions in diabetic and non-diabetic rats and evaluate its effect on expression of myofibroblasts. METHODS: Ninety-six Wistar adult male rats were divided into six groups, with 16 rats in each group, as follows: group 1: non-diabetic, untreated; group 2: non-diabetic, treated with 1% IGF-1 cream; group 3: non-diabetic, treated with 3% IGF-1 cream; group 4: diabetic, untreated; group 5: diabetic, treated with 1% IGF-1 cream; and group 6: diabetic, treated with 3% IGF-1 cream. In groups 4, 5, and 6, diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of alloxan. After diabetes had been induced, animals were mantained for 3 months. The experimental procedure consisted of the creation of a circular incision of 0.9 mm in diameter using a metal punch. Following this, wounds were treated daily according to the assigned treatment regimen. Groups 2 and 5 were treated with 1% IGF-1 cream, groups 3 and 6 with 3% IGF-1 cream, and groups 1 and 4 and the untreated groups with 0.9% saline solution. From each group, samples from 4 rats were taken at three, seven, 14, and 21 days after the injury. Samples were fixed in 10% formalin to prepare slides for histological analysis. Slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson were observed vascular proliferation, mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear cells, fibroblast proliferation, re-epithelialization, and collagen fibers. This study analyzed the expression of α-smooth muscle actin using specific antibodies to correlate the temporal expression of α-smooth muscle-specific actin (α-SM actin), a molecular marker for myofibroblast transformation. RESULTS: Macroscopic observation of wounds showed a more rapid re-epithelialization of wounds treated with IGF. Regarding acute inflammatory reactions, the results of the analysis of vascular.

Ischemic preconditioning attenuates remote pulmonary inflammatory infiltration of diabetic rats with an intestinal and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.

PURPOSE: To assess ischemic preconditioning (IPC) effects in pulmonary lesion in intestinal and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury models using diabetic rats. METHODS: Diabetes (DM) was induced in 28 male Wistar rats by alloxan (42 mg/kg, IV). After 28 days, severe DM rats were submitted to intestinal or hepatic IR injury with or without IPC. Intestinal IR (30 min of mesenteric artery occlusion and 30 min of reperfusion; n=6) and IPC groups (10 min ischemia, 10 min reperfusion, followed by intestinal IR; n=6), and Hepatic IR (30 min of hepatic pedicle occlusion and 30 min of reperfusion; n=5) and IPC groups (10 min ischemia, 10 min reperfusion, followed by hepatic IR; n=5), were compared to DM rats group (n=6). Plasmatic lactate, glycemia were measured before and after IR injury. Histomorphology of lung was performed counting inflammatory cells. Data was expressed in mean± SE. P<0.05. RESULTS: Glycemia and lactate were similar among groups. IPC did not interfere in these parameters. On histological evaluation, IR increased inflammatory cells infiltration in pulmonary parenchyma compared to control in both IR injury models. IPC attenuated inflammatory infiltration in lungs. CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning protects against remote ischemia-reperfusion injury in lung on intestinal or hepatic ischemia-reperfusion model with acute diabetes.

Ischemic preconditioning attenuates remote pulmonary inflammatory infiltration of diabetic rats with an intestinal and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

PURPOSE: To assess ischemic preconditioning (IPC) effects in pulmonary lesion in intestinal and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury models using diabetic rats. METHODS: Diabetes (DM) was induced in 28 male Wistar rats by alloxan (42 mg/kg, IV). After 28 days, severe DM rats were submitted to intestinal or hepatic IR injury with or without IPC. Intestinal IR (30 min of mesenteric artery occlusion and 30 min of reperfusion; n=6) and IPC groups (10 min ischemia, 10 min reperfusion, followed by intestinal IR; n=6), and Hepatic IR (30 min of hepatic pedicle occlusion and 30 min of reperfusion; n=5) and IPC groups (10 min ischemia, 10 min reperfusion, followed by hepatic IR; n=5), were compared to DM rats group (n=6). Plasmatic lactate, glycemia were measured before and after IR injury. Histomorphology of lung was performed counting inflammatory cells. Data was expressed in mean± SE. P<0.05. RESULTS: Glycemia and lactate were similar among groups. IPC did not interfere in these parameters. On histological evaluation, IR increased inflammatory cells infiltration in pulmonary parenchyma compared to control in both IR injury models. IPC attenuated inflammatory infiltration in lungs. CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning protects against remote ischemia-reperfusion injury in lung on intestinal or hepatic ischemia-reperfusion model with acute diabetes.

Use of epidemiological data as the basis for developing a medical curriculum.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Epidemiology may help educators to face the challenge of establishing content guidelines for the curricula in medical schools. The aim was to develop learning objectives for a medical curriculum from an epidemiology database. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study assessing morbidity and mortality data, conducted in a private university in São Paulo. METHODS: An epidemiology database was used, with mortality and morbidity recorded as summaries of deaths and the World Health Organization's Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY). The scoring took into consideration probabilities for mortality and morbidity. RESULTS: The scoring presented a classification of health conditions to be used by a curriculum design committee, taking into consideration its highest and lowest quartiles, which corresponded respectively to the highest and lowest impact on morbidity and mortality. Data from three countries were used for international comparison and showed distinct results. The resulting scores indicated topics to be developed through educational taxonomy. CONCLUSION: The frequencies of the health conditions and their statistical treatment made it possible to identify topics that should be fully developed within medical education. The classification also suggested limits between topics that should be developed in depth, including knowledge and development of skills and attitudes, regarding topics that can be concisely presented at the level of knowledge.

Use of epidemiological data as the basis for developing a medical curriculum / O uso de dados epidemiológicos como base para o desenvolvimento de um currículo médico

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Epidemiology may help educators to face the challenge of establishing content guidelines for the curricula in medical schools. The aim was to develop learning objectives for a medical curriculum from an epidemiology database. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study assessing morbidity and mortality data, conducted in a private university in São Paulo. METHODS: An epidemiology database was used, with mortality and morbidity recorded as summaries of deaths and the World Health Organization's Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY). The scoring took into consideration probabilities for mortality and morbidity. RESULTS: The scoring presented a classification of health conditions to be used by a curriculum design committee, taking into consideration its highest and lowest quartiles, which corresponded respectively to the highest and lowest impact on morbidity and mortality. Data from three countries were used for international comparison and showed distinct results. The resulting scores indicated topics to be developed through educational taxonomy. CONCLUSION: The frequencies of the health conditions and their statistical treatment made it possible to identify topics that should be fully developed within medical education. The classification also suggested limits between topics that should be developed in depth, including knowledge and development of skills and attitudes, regarding topics that can be concisely presented at the level of knowledge.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A epidemiologia pode auxiliar os educadores a enfrentar o desafio de estabelecer diretrizes para o conteúdo dos currículos em escolas médicas. O objetivo foi desenvolver objetivos de aprendizagem para um currículo médico por meio de um banco de dados epidemiológicos. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo descritivo avaliando dados de morbidade e mortalidade, realizado por universidade particular em São Paulo. MÉTODOS: O banco de dados epidemiológicos com morbidade e mortalidade registrados como resumo de causas de morte e o Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) da Organização Mundial de Saúde foi utilizado. A pontuação desenvolvida considerou probabilidades de mortalidade e morbidade. RESULTADOS: A pontuação apresenta uma classificação dessas condições de saúde para ser utilizada por uma comissão responsável pelo desenho curricular, considerando seus quartis superior e inferior, designando, respectivamente, maior e menor impacto na morbidade e mortalidade. Dados de três países foram utilizados para comparação internacional, mostrando resultados distintos. As pontuações resultantes indicaram temas a serem desenvolvidos pela taxonomia educacional. CONCLUSÃO: A frequência das condições de saúde e seu tratamento estatístico possibilitaram a identificação de temas que devem ser plenamente desenvolvidos em educação médica. A classificação sugere também limites entre tópicos que devem ser desenvolvidos em profundidade, incluindo o conhecimento e o desenvolvimento de habilidades e atitudes, a respeito de tópicos que podem ser concisamente apresentados ao nível de conhecimento.

Formação e seleção de docentes para currículos inovadores na graduação em saúde / Faculty recruitment and development for innovative curricula in undergraduate health courses

A expansão do número de vagas no ensino superior, especialmente na área da saúde, deu-se principalmente às custas do setor privado e sob as recomendações das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. A formação de profissionais de saúde demanda um novo perfil de competências para a docência no ensino superior. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os Projetos Político-Pedagógicos (PPPs) dos novos cursos de graduação na área da saúde que incorporam metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem e observar a coerência entre a proposta pedagógica e a forma de recrutamento, contratação e capacitação do corpo docente. O estudo é descritivo. Foram analisados os processos de recrutamento e capacitação de professores em novos cursos da área da saúde que expressam uma concepção inovadora no período de 2000 a 2008. Foram observadas sete instituições públicas e sete particulares. Apenas dois cursos entre os 19 analisados organizam os currículos por disciplinas e não por módulos integrados. As instituições privadas realizaram o mesmo processo de recrutamento e capacitação de docentes, com a seleção ocorrendo em meio à capacitação. As públicas realizaram capacitação após a definição do concurso público, com os docentes já contratados. Este estudo propõe a necessidade de redimensionar a formação docente na universidade, resgatando o papel da competência pedagógica como construção contínua de saberes.

The expansion in university enrollment in Brazil, especially in the health fields, has occurred mainly in the private sector and in compliance with the National Curriculum Guidelines. Training Brazilian health professionals requires a new set of teaching skills in higher education. The aim of this study was to evaluate the teaching policy plans in new undergraduate courses in health that incorporate active teaching-learning processes, and to observe the consistency between the pedagogical approach and the policies for faculty recruiting, hiring, and training. This descriptive study analyzed the recruitment and training of professors in recently inaugurated courses (2000 to 2008) in the health field that express an innovative design. The study sample included seven public (government) and seven private institutions of higher learning, with a total of 19 courses. Only two of the 19 courses organize the curriculum by disciplines and not within integrated modules. The private institutions used the same faculty recruiting and training approach, with selection occurring during the training process. Public institutions provided their training after the public admissions and hiring process. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to reevaluate faculty training by reclaiming the role of teaching skills for knowledge-building.

Anastomotic healing in ileum and colon of alloxan-induced diabetic rats / Cicatrização de anastomoses realizadas no íleo e cólon de ratos diabéticos induzidos pela aloxana

PURPOSE: To investigate if diabetes mellitus may alter breaking strength (BS) and collagen content in ileum and colon anastomoses in rats. METHODS: Three-hundred Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 5 experimental groups, 60 per group: normal controls surgically manipulated (G1); normal controls submitted to ileum (G2) and colon (G3) anastomotic construction; diabetic rats submitted to ileum (G4) and colon (G5) anastomotic construction. Each group was further divided into 6 subgroups with 10 rats each for sacrifice at 0, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days after surgery. All surgical procedures were performed 3 months after alloxan diabetes induction. BS was measured in all intestinal anastomoses. Fragments of ileum and colon anastomoses were taken for hydroxyproline concentration (HP) and total tissue protein (TP) dosages. RESULTS: Anastomotic BS was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in ileum and colon of G4 and G5 diabetic groups up to 7 and 14 days after surgery, respectively, compared with G2 and G3 normal control groups. Anastomotic HP and TP content did not significantly differ between diabetic and normal control operated groups in ileum or colon at all evaluation times. CONCLUSION: Experimental diabetes leads to impaired intestinal anastomotic strength during early surgical wound repair, but does not appear to be implicated with collagen synthesis capacity.

OBJETIVO: Investigar se o diabetes mellitus pode alterar a força de ruptura (FR) e o conteúdo de colágeno em anastomoses realizadas no íleo e cólon de ratos. MÉTODOS: 300 ratos Wistar foram distribuídos por sorteio em 5 grupos experimentais com 60 animais cada: controle normal manipulado cirurgicamente (G1); normais controles submetidos a anastomoses no íleo (G2) e cólon (G3); ratos diabéticos submetidos a anastomoses no íleo (G4) e cólon (G5). Cada grupo foi dividido em 6 subgrupos com 10 ratos cada para sacrifícios com 0, 4, 7, 14, 21 e 30 dias após as operações. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram realizados 3 meses após a indução do diabetes com aloxana. A FR foi medida em todas anastomoses intestinais. Fragmentos de anastomoses do íleo e cólon foram retirados para dosagens de hidroxiprolina (HP) e proteína tecidual total (PT). RESULTADOS: A FR teve significante redução (P<0,05) nos grupos diabéticos G4 e G5, até 7 e 14 dias após a operação, respectivamente, quando comparada à observada nos grupos controles G2 e G3. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes nas dosagens de HP e PT em ratos diabéticos e controles, tanto operados no íleo como no cólon, em todos os momentos de avaliação. CONCLUSÃO: O diabetes conduz a alterações da força de ruptura de anastomoses intestinais durante a fase inicial da reparação da ferida cirúrgica, porém, este fato parece não estar relacionado à capacidade de sintetizar colágeno.

Anastomotic healing in ileum and colon of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

PURPOSE: To investigate if diabetes mellitus may alter breaking strength (BS) and collagen content in ileum and colon anastomoses in rats. METHODS: Three-hundred Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 5 experimental groups, 60 per group: normal controls surgically manipulated (G1); normal controls submitted to ileum (G2) and colon (G3) anastomotic construction; diabetic rats submitted to ileum (G4) and colon (G5) anastomotic construction. Each group was further divided into 6 subgroups with 10 rats each for sacrifice at 0, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days after surgery. All surgical procedures were performed 3 months after alloxan diabetes induction. BS was measured in all intestinal anastomoses. Fragments of ileum and colon anastomoses were taken for hydroxyproline concentration (HP) and total tissue protein (TP) dosages. RESULTS: Anastomotic BS was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in ileum and colon of G4 and G5 diabetic groups up to 7 and 14 days after surgery, respectively, compared with G2 and G3 normal control groups. Anastomotic HP and TP content did not significantly differ between diabetic and normal control operated groups in ileum or colon at all evaluation times. CONCLUSION: Experimental diabetes leads to impaired intestinal anastomotic strength during early surgical wound repair, but does not appear to be implicated with collagen synthesis capacity.

Self- and peer assessment may not be an accurate measure of PBL tutorial process.

BACKGROUND: Universidade Cidade de São Paulo adopted a problem-based learning (PBL) strategy as the predominant method for teaching and learning medicine. Self-, peer- and tutor marks of the educational process are taken into account as part of the final grade, which also includes assessment of content. This study compared the different perspectives (and grades) of evaluators during tutorials with first year medical students, from 2004 to 2007 (n = 349), from seven semesters. METHODS: The tutorial evaluation method was comprised of the students' self assessment (SA) (10%), tutor assessment (TA) (80%) and peer assessment (PA) (10%) to calculate a final educational process grade for each tutorial. We compared these three grades from each tutorial for seven semesters using ANOVA and a post hoc test. RESULTS: A total of 349 students participated with 199 (57%) women and 150 (42%) men. The SA and PA scores were consistently greater than the TA scores. Moreover, the SA and PA groups did not show statistical difference in any semester evaluated, while both differed from tutor assessment in all semesters (Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn's test). The Spearman rank order showed significant (p < 0.0001) and positive correlation for the SA and PA groups (r = 0.806); this was not observed when we compared TA with PA (r = 0.456) or TA with SA (r = 0.376). CONCLUSION: Peer- and self-assessment marks might be reliable but not valid for PBL tutorial process, especially if these assessments are used for summative assessment, composing the final grade. This article suggests reconsideration of the use of summative assessment for self-evaluation in PBL tutorials.

Serviço e comunidade, vetores para a formação em saúde: o curso de medicina da Uniderp / The health system and the community as vectors for the preparation of health professionals: the medical course at Uniderp

Este trabalho registra o processo de concepção, implantação e implementação do Programa Interinstitucional de Interação de Ensino, Serviço, Comunidade (Pinesc), uma parceria entre a universidade e a Prefeitura Municipal de Campo Grande, visando à realização de módulos curriculares longitudinais de ensino baseado na comunidade, desenvolvidos em oito semestres letivos do curso de medicina da Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Região do Pantanal (Uniderp, Anhanguera, MS). O relato inlcui o histórico, com seus pontos fortes e dificuldades, além de desdobramentos ão previstos, bem como aspectos operacionais do programa.

This paper relates the planning, implantation and implementation process of the Inter-institutional Program for University-Health Service-Community Interaction (Pinesc), a partnership between the university, the city council of Campo Grande and the Local Health System aimed at producing a longitudinal curriculum module of community based education (CBE and Come), developed over eight semesters of the medical course of the Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Região do Pantanal (Uniderp, Anhanguera, MS, Brazil). This report tells the history of the implementation of the program, its strengths, difficulties and unforeseen developments besides approaching some operational aspects.

Resultados do tratamento cirúrgico da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico em crianças com e sem afecções neurológicas concomitantes / Results of surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children with and without concomitant neurological affections

RACIONAL: Crianças portadoras de distúrbios neurológicos têm maior incidência de refluxo e, em geral, não apresentam melhora da sintomatologia com tratamento clínico, necessitando de intervenção cirúrgica. OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados da operação antirefluxo em crianças normais e com comprometimento neurológico, identificando as principais complicações e causas de reoperação. MÉTODOS: Cento e vinte crianças portadores de refluxo foram distribuídas em dois grupos de estudo: Grupo I - 60 crianças normais; Grupo II - 60 crianças com comprometimento neurológico. Exame contrastado do esôfago, estômago e duodeno, endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsia, pHmetria esofágica de 24 horas e cintilografia foram os exames utilizados no diagnóstico e na avaliação da eficácia da operação antirefluxo. Todos os pacientes operados eram refratários ao tratamento clínico. O procedimento cirúrgico antirefluxo realizado foi predominantemente a fundoplicatura de Lind, sendo associada à gastrostomia em 55% dos pacientes do Grupo II. RESULTADOS: No Grupo II a indicação cirúrgica foi significantemente mais precoce que no Grupo I. A principal causa de indicação cirúrgica entre neuropatas foi o alto comprometimento do desenvolvimento neuropsíquico-motor e as pneumonias de repetição. O tempo de internação, as reoperações e a necessidade de dilatações esofágicas no pós-operatório foi maior no Grupo II (p<0,01). Ocorreram três óbitos no pós-operatório tardio no Grupo II (sepse e infecção respiratória grave). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico adotado foi satisfatório para o tratamento cirúrgico do refluxo nos dois grupos de pacientes. Porém, torna-se necessário o aprofundamento dos estudos acerca da população de crianças neuropatas portadoras de refluxo, uma vez que estas respondem de forma menos favorável ao procedimento cirúrgico, principalmente no que se refere às taxas de mortalidade, recorrência dos sintomas respiratórios, índice de reoperações e gravidade das complicações pós-operatórias.

BACKGROUND: Children with neurological disorders present a higher incidence of reflux, and generally symptoms do not get better with clinical treatment, making surgical interventions a necessary action. AIM: To compare the results of the anti-reflux surgery in normal children and in those with neurological disorders, identifying the leading complications and causes of re-operation. METHODS: One hundred and twenty children with gastroesophageal reflux were distributed into two groups of study: Group I - 60 normal children; Group II - 60 children with neurological disorders. Barited contrast of aesophagus, stomach and duodenum, high endoscopy with biopsy, 24 hours esophageal pHmetry and cintilography were the tests utilized in the diagnosis and evaluation of the efficacy of the surgery. All operated patients were refractory to clinical treatment prior to surgery. The anti-reflux surgery performed was Lind fundoplication, being associated to gastrostomy in 55% of the Group II patients. RESULTS: In Group II, surgery was indicated earlier than Group I. Among neuropaths, their highly affected neural psyquic motor development and repeated pneumonia were the main causes of surgery indication. Hospitalization time, number of re-operations and the need for post-operation esophageal dilatation were greater in Group II (p<0.01). Three deaths occurred in Group II during late post-operative period (sepsis and severe respiratory infection). CONCLUSION: The procedure performed is satisfactory for surgical reflux treatment. However, further studies of neuropath children population with reflux are imperative as they respond less favorably to surgery with regard to mortality rates, recurrence of respiratory symptoms, re-operation rates and severity of post-operative complications.

[Comparative study among five different treatments on the clinical and laboratory changes in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes]. / Estudo comparativo entre cinco diferentes tratamentos sobre as alterações clinicas e laboratoriais do rato diabético induzido pela aloxana.

PURPOSE: The long-term effects of five different treatments of diabetes were evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: Seven experimental groups, with 50 rats each (GN--normal control; GD--untreated diabetic control; GI, GA, GIA--treated groups with insulin, acarbose, and insulin plus acarbose, respectively; GTIL, GTPD--treated groups with islet of Langerhans and pancreas transplantation) were studied. Clinical (body weight, water intake, food intake and urine output) and laboratory (blood and urinary glucose, and plasma insulin) parameters were analyzed at the beginning of the study, and after 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Mortality was observed in all groups, except GN, during 12 months (GD = 50%; GI = 20%; GA = 26%; GIA = 18%; GTIL = 4%; GTPD = 20%). Rats from the GD, GI, and GIA groups died due to metabolic or hydrossaline disbalance, and/or pneumonia, diarrhoea, and cachexy. All deaths observed in GTIL and GTPD groups were in decorrence of technical failure at the immediate postoperative, until 72h. Animals from the GI, GA and GIA had significative improving of the clinical and laboratory parameters (p < 0,05) observed in diabetic rats, being the efficacy of theses treatments equal. However, rats from the GTIL and GTPD groups had better control of these parameters than GI, GA, and GIA groups. Transplanted rats had complete restoration, at the normal levels, of all analyzed variables (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional treatments with insulin, acarbose, and insulin plus acarbose improved the severe diabetic state of the alloxan-diabetic rats, but pancreas and islet transplantation have a better performance for treatment of diabetes.