ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to systematically review the current evidence on the occurrence of pulp changes as side effects from orthopaedic rapid maxillary expansion (ORME) or surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME). METHODS: An electronic search was performed in eleven databases. The eligibility criteria included clinical studies assessing vitality, sensibility or dimensions of the pulp chamber of permanent teeth before and after ORME or SARME, without restrictions on publication year or language. The risk of bias was analysed with the NIH 'Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies with No Control Group' and the 'JBI for quasi-experimental studies' tool. The GRADE tool was used to assess the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: The initial search resulted in 1,197 records, from which only seven before-after studies were included. There was a change in the pulpal blood flow (PBF) of maxillary incisors and canines up to 5 days after SARME, which gradually returned after 7 days to 3 months. After ORME, one study observed an increased PBF and one study observed a reduced PBF, which gradually returned after the end of expansion. Two studies observed that both ORME and SARME caused temporary changes in pulp sensibility. Three studies observed a significant reduction in the pulp chamber after ORME or SARME. The outcomes presented a very low certainty of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Although limited, the evidence shows that ORME and SARME caused temporary changes in pulp vitality and sensibility, with the possibility of inducing a reduction in pulp chamber dimensions.
Subject(s)
Maxilla , Palatal Expansion Technique , Dental Pulp , IncisorABSTRACT
The northern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul was extensively deforested in recent decades, and only isolated fragments of the original vegetation remain. The Parque Natural Municipal de Sertão comprises a remnant of Atlantic Rain Forest, one of the largest fragments in northern Rio Grande do Sul. This study examined the diversity of the herpetofauna, focusing on environmental distribution, seasonality and species richness. We used complementary methods of sampling such as pitfall traps, active search and occasional encounters. We recorded 23 species of frogs, nine snakes and one lizard. With respect to the relationship between amphibians and reptiles and the structural and abiotic factors of the environment, the edge of the fragment showed higher richness and increased dominance of amphibians and reptiles than the interior. The highest amphibian abundances were found when the minimum temperatures were higher and maximum temperatures were lower. The abundance of snakes was correlated with humidity, and species richness was influenced by humidity and monthly average temperature. Our results reinforce the importance of the conservation of forested areas to the maintenance of the species.
O norte do Rio Grande do Sul foi extensivamente desflorestado durante as últimas décadas e restaram somente fragmentos isolados das áreas originais. O Parque Natural Municipal de Sertão compreende um remanescente de Mata Atlântica, um dos maiores fragmentos do norte do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a diversidade da herpetofauna, enfocando aspectos da distribuição no ambiente, sazonalidade e riqueza de espécies. Utilizamos métodos complementares como armadilhas de interceptação e queda, procura ativa e encontros ocasionais. Registramos 23 espécies de anfíbios anuros, nove de serpentes e uma de lagarto. Encontramos relação entre os anfíbios e répteis e os fatores estruturais e abióticos do ambiente, onde a borda do fragmento apresentou maior riqueza e maior dominância de anfíbios e répteis que o interior do fragmento. As maiores abundâncias de anfíbios foram encontradas quando as temperaturas mínimas eram maiores e temperaturas máximas menores. A abundância de serpentes foi correlacionada com a umidade e a riqueza foi influenciada pela umidade e temperatura média mensal. Nossos resultados reforçam a importância da conservação de áreas florestadas para a manutenção das espécies.
