ABSTRACT
Genetic susceptibility is a well-recognized factor in the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of oligoclonal bands (OCB) restricted to the cerebrospinal fluid, in an ethnically mixed group of MS patients in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Techniques used to detect OCB consisted of isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting. OCB were found in 49 (54.4%) out of 90 patients with clinically definite MS; out of the 23 brown/black patients, 17 (73.9%) were OCB+; out of the 66 white patients, 32 (48.5%) were OCB+; and the only patient yellow was OCB+ (p = 0.05). Analysis of the IgG index was also consistent with the findings, but with lower statistical significance. The data presented in our study show that the ethnic differences in MS extend to the immune response.
Subject(s)
Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Oligoclonal Bands/genetics , Black People/genetics , Brazil , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/genetics , Isoelectric Focusing , Male , Multiple Sclerosis/cerebrospinal fluid , Multiple Sclerosis/pathology , Oligoclonal Bands/cerebrospinal fluidABSTRACT
Analysis on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in neurological diagnosis has always been considered to be a strong point among the main complementary examinations in Brazil. The present paper reviews the main events in the history of CSF in the neurological sciences, with emphasis on the founders of several CSF schools in our country from the beginning of the 20th century to the present time.
Subject(s)
Cerebrospinal Fluid , Neurology/history , Brazil , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Laboratories/historyABSTRACT
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis very frequently makes the difference to the diagnosis, not only in relation to infections but also in other diseases of the nervous system such as inflammatory, demyelinating, neoplastic and degenerative diseases. The authors review some practical and important features of CSF analysis in infectious diseases of the nervous system, with regard to acute bacterial meningitis, herpetic meningoencephalitis, neurotuberculosis, neurocryptococcosis, neurocysticercosis and neurosyphilis.
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Infections/cerebrospinal fluid , Central Nervous System Infections/diagnosis , Humans , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Spinal Puncture/methodsABSTRACT
Analysis on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in neurological diagnosis has always been considered to be a strong point among the main complementary examinations in Brazil. The present paper reviews the main events in the history of CSF in the neurological sciences, with emphasis on the founders of several CSF schools in our country from the beginning of the 20th century to the present time.
No Brasil o estudo do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) como arsenal diagnóstico para a neurologia sempre foi considerado um ponto forte entre os principais exames complementares. Neste artigo são revisados os fatos principais da história do LCR dentro das ciências neurológicas, com ênfase aos fundadores das diversas escolas de LCR do nosso país desde as primeiras décadas do século XX até o momento atual.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Neurology/history , Brazil , Laboratories/historyABSTRACT
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis very frequently makes the difference to the diagnosis, not only in relation to infections but also in other diseases of the nervous system such as inflammatory, demyelinating, neoplastic and degenerative diseases. The authors review some practical and important features of CSF analysis in infectious diseases of the nervous system, with regard to acute bacterial meningitis, herpetic meningoencephalitis, neurotuberculosis, neurocryptococcosis, neurocysticercosis and neurosyphilis.
O exame de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) é frequentemente o elemento determinante para o diagnóstico não somente de infecções mas também de outras doenças do sistema nervoso, tais como doenças inflamatórias, desmielinizantes, neoplásicas e degenerativas. Os autores reveem alguns aspectos práticos e importantes quanto ao papel do exame de LCR em meningites bacterianas agudas, meningoencefalite herpética, neurotuberculose, neurocriptococose, neurocisticercose e neurossífilis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Central Nervous System Infections/cerebrospinal fluid , Central Nervous System Infections/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Spinal Puncture/methodsABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: The "hygiene hypothesis" postulates an inverse relationship between the prevalence of parasitic infections and the frequency of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE: It was to study whether antibodies against parasites could be demonstrated more frequently in blood serum from MS patients with oligoclonal bands (OCB) than from MS patients without OCB. METHODS: We studied serum samples from 164 patients who had previously been analyzed to investigate OCB. Parasitic antibodies were studied through unidimensional electrophoresis of proteins on polyacrylamide gel against Taenia antigens, searching for antiparasitic specific low molecular weight antibodies and also for antiparasitic nonspecific high molecular weight antibodies. RESULTS: Two of the 103 patients with no evidence of OCB had antibodies of low molecular weight and 59 of them had antibodies of high molecular weight. Of the 61 patients with evidence of OCB, one showed antibodies of low molecular weight and 16 showed antibodies of high molecular weight. CONCLUSION: Antiparasitic antibodies are detected with similar frequency in MS patients with OCB and in MS patients without OCB.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Helminth/blood , Antigens, Helminth/blood , Multiple Sclerosis/cerebrospinal fluid , Oligoclonal Bands/cerebrospinal fluid , Taenia solium/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Helminth/chemistry , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Humans , Molecular WeightABSTRACT
The "hygiene hypothesis" postulates an inverse relationship between the prevalence of parasitic infections and the frequency of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: It was to study whether antibodies against parasites could be demonstrated more frequently in blood serum from MS patients with oligoclonal bands (OCB) than from MS patients without OCB. Methods: We studied serum samples from 164 patients who had previously been analyzed to investigate OCB. Parasitic antibodies were studied through unidimensional electrophoresis of proteins on polyacrylamide gel against Taenia antigens, searching for antiparasitic specific low molecular weight antibodies and also for antiparasitic nonspecific high molecular weight antibodies. Results: Two of the 103 patients with no evidence of OCB had antibodies of low molecular weight and 59 of them had antibodies of high molecular weight. Of the 61 patients with evidence of OCB, one showed antibodies of low molecular weight and 16 showed antibodies of high molecular weight. Conclusion: Antiparasitic antibodies are detected with similar frequency in MS patients with OCB and in MS patients without OCB.
A "hipótese da higiene" postula haver relação inversamente proporcional entre a prevalência de infecções por parasitas e a frequência da esclerose múltipla (EM). Objetivo: Foi verificar se em pacientes com EM aparecem anticorpos antiparasitários mais frequentemente no grupo com bandas oligoclonais (BOC) do que no grupo sem BOC. Métodos: Foram estudadas amostras de sangue de 164 pacientes previamente analisadas para investigar BOC. Foi feita eletroforese unidimensional de proteínas em gel de poliacrilamida contra antígenos de Taenia para pesquisa de anticorpos específicos de baixo peso molecular e também de anticorpos inespecíficos de alto peso molecular. Resultados: Dois dos 103 pacientes em que não havia BOC apresentaram anticorpos de baixo peso molecular, e 59 apresentaram anticorpos de alto peso molecular. Dos 61 pacientes em que não havia BOC, um apresentou anticorpos de baixo peso molecular e 16, anticorpos de alto peso molecular. Conclusão: Anticorpos antiparasitários foram detectados com frequência semelhante em doentes com EM independentemente da presença ou não de BOC.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Antibodies, Helminth/blood , Antigens, Helminth/blood , Multiple Sclerosis/cerebrospinal fluid , Oligoclonal Bands/cerebrospinal fluid , Taenia solium/immunology , Antibodies, Helminth/chemistry , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Molecular WeightABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper was to investigate the role of two three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MRI) sequences: enhanced spoiled gradient recalled echo (SPGR), and fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) in the evaluation of intraventricular neurocysticercosis cysts and scolices. METHOD: Seven neurocysticercosis patients suspected of presenting intraventricular lesions were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging using enhanced SPGR, and FIESTA. RESULTS: Enhanced SPGR detected eight cystic lesions, with scolices in four. Contrast enhancement was observed in three cysts. FIESTA also detected eight cystic lesions with the presence of scolices in seven of those cystic lesions. Four patients presented parenchymal involvement, while the remaining three presented the racemose form. CONCLUSION: FIESTA and SPGR are sequences that can detect intraventricular cysts of neurocysticercosis, and FIESTA also is good for the detection of the scolex. Considering this information we suggest that FIESTA and SPGR should be included in the MRI protocol for the investigation of intraventricular neurocysticercosis.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Ventricles , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Neurocysticercosis/diagnosis , Adult , Cerebral Ventricles/parasitology , Female , Humans , Male , Neurocysticercosis/parasitology , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper was to investigate the role of two three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MRI) sequences: enhanced spoiled gradient recalled echo (SPGR), and fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) in the evaluation of intraventricular neurocysticercosis cysts and scolices. METHOD: Seven neurocysticercosis patients suspected of presenting intraventricular lesions were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging using enhanced SPGR, and FIESTA. RESULTS: Enhanced SPGR detected eight cystic lesions, with scolices in four. Contrast enhancement was observed in three cysts. FIESTA also detected eight cystic lesions with the presence of scolices in seven of those cystic lesions. Four patients presented parenchymal involvement, while the remaining three presented the racemose form. CONCLUSION: FIESTA and SPGR are sequences that can detect intraventricular cysts of neurocysticercosis, and FIESTA also is good for the detection of the scolex. Considering this information we suggest that FIESTA and SPGR should be included in the MRI protocol for the investigation of intraventricular neurocysticercosis.
OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel de duas sequências de ressonância magnética (RM) volumétricas tridimensionais: spoiled gradient recalled echo (SPGR) pós-contraste e fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) na avaliação de cistos e escólex na neurocisticercose intraventricular. MÉTODO: Sete pacientes suspeitos de neurocisticercose intraventricular foram avaliados pela ressonância magnética com SPGR pós-contraste e FIESTA. RESULTADOS: SPGR pós-contraste evidenciou oito lesões císticas com presença de escólex em quatro. Realce foi observado em três destes cistos. FIESTA também detectou oito lesões císticas, com presença de escólex em sete destas lesões. Envolvimento do parênquima cerebral foi observado em quatro pacientes e forma racemosa em três. CONCLUSÃO: FIESTA e SPGR são sequências que permitem a detecção de cistos intraventriculares de neurocisticercose e FIESTA é uma boa sequência para a detecção de escólex. Considerando estes achados nós sugerimos que estas sequências (FIESTA e SPGR) devam ser incluídas no protocolo de RM na investigação de neurocisticercose intraventricular.