Análise descritiva das extubações realizadas em um serviço de emergência / Descriptive analysis of extubations performed in an Emergency Service

Introdução: A extubação no serviço de emergência não é realizada com frequência, mas pode ser segura em pacientes selecionados sendo que sua falha e subsequente reintubação é associada com aumento do tempo de ventilação mecânica e mortalidade. Objetivo: Estabelecer as variáveis preditivas de insucesso da extubação na sala de emergência para a identificação dos pacientes potencialmente elegíveis para o procedimento com maior assertividade. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo através da análise de prontuário de pacientes que foram extubados no serviço de emergência do Hospital de Base de São José de Rio Preto/SP no período de julho de 2018 a julho de 2021. Dados clínicos e demográficos foram coletados, como idade, sexo, causa da intubação e doenças associadas. Os demais dados analisados após a extubação do paciente foram necessidade de reintubação, tempo de internação hospitalar, necessidade de terapia intensiva, alta hospitalar e óbito. Resultados: Os preditores de reintubação orotraqueal avaliados foram idade, sexo masculino, duração da intubação, doenças cardíacas, pulmonares, gastrointestinais e infecciosas, traumatismo cranioencefálico, ventilação não invasiva pós-extubação e estridor. Os preditores com maior Odds Ratio foram estridor, doenças infecciosas e ventilação não invasiva pós-extubação, com aumento da chance de reintubação comparado aos outros pacientes. Conclusão: A análise conjunta das variáveis clínicas mais a identificação dos fatores de insucesso apresentados estimulam a equipe assistencial a buscar a extubação de pacientes selecionáveis dentro da sala de emergência com maior assertividade

Introduction: Extubation in the emergency department is not performed frequently, but it can be safe in selected patients, and its failure and subsequent reintubation is associated with increased duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality. Objective: To establish predictive variables of extubation failure in the emergency room to identify patients potentially eligible for the procedure with greater assertiveness. Methods: Retrospective study by analyzing the medical records of patients who were extubated in the emergency department of the Hospital de Base de São José de Rio Preto/SP from July 2018 to July 2021. Clinical and demographic data were collected, such as age, sex, cause of intubation and associated diseases. The other data analyzed after extubation of the patient were need for reintubation, length of hospital stay, need for intensive care, hospital discharge and death. Results: The predictors of orotracheal reintubation evaluated were age, male gender, duration of intubation, cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and infectious diseases, traumatic brain injury, non-invasive post-extubation ventilation and stridor. The predictors with the highest Odds Ratio were stridor, infectious diseases and post-extubation noninvasive ventilation, with an increased chance of reintubation compared to other patients. Conclusion: The joint analysis of clinical variables plus the identification of failure factors presented encourage the care team to seek the extubation of selectable patients within the emergency room with greater assertiveness.

Adverse outcomes of delayed intensive care unit. / Resultados adversos de admissões tardias à unidade de terapia intensiva a partir do pronto-socorro.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of delayed transfer from the emergency room into the intensive care unit on the length of intensive care unit stay and death. METHODS: This prospective, cohort study performed in a tertiary academic hospital obtained data from 1913 patients admitted to the emergency room with a documented request for admission into the intensive care unit. The patients admitted directly into the medical-surgical intensive care unit (n = 209) were categorized into tertiles according to their waiting time for intensive care unit admission (Group 1: < 637 min, Group 2: 637 to 1602 min, and Group 3: > 1602 min). Patients who stayed in the intensive care unit for longer than 3.2 days (median time of intensive care unit length of stay of all patients) were considered as having a prolonged intensive care unit stay. RESULTS: A total of 6,176 patients were treated in the emergency room during the study period, among whom 1,913 (31%) required a bed in the intensive care unit. The median length of stay in the emergency room was 17 hours [9 to 33 hours]. Hospitalization for infection/sepsis was an independent predictor of prolonged intensive care unit stay (OR 2.75 95%CI 1.38 - 5.48, p = 0.004), but waiting time for intensive care unit admission was not. The mortality rate was higher in Group 3 (38%) than in Group 1 (31%) but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Delayed admission into the intensive care unit from the emergency room did not result in an increased intensive care unit stay or mortality.

Resultados adversos de admissões tardias à unidade de terapia intensiva a partir do pronto-socorro / Adverse outcomes of delayed intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar o impacto da transferência tardia do pronto-socorro para a unidade de terapia intensiva no tempo de permanência na unidade e na ocorrência de óbitos. Métodos: Este estudo de coorte prospectiva foi conduzido em um hospital acadêmico terciário, com obtenção dos dados de 1.913 pacientes admitidos ao pronto-socorro com solicitação documentada de admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva. Os pacientes admitidos diretamente para a unidade de terapia intensiva médico-cirúrgica (n = 209) foram categorizados em tercis segundo o tempo de espera para admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva (Grupo 1: menos de 637 minutos; Grupo 2: entre 637 e 1.602 minutos, e Grupo 3: acima de 1.602 minutos). Os pacientes que permaneceram na unidade de terapia intensiva por mais de 3,2 dias (tempo mediano de tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva para todos os pacientes) foram considerados como tempo prolongado de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva. Resultados: Foram tratados no pronto-socorro durante o período do estudo 6.176 pacientes, dentre os quais 1.913 (31%) necessitaram de um leito na unidade de terapia intensiva. O tempo mediano de permanência no pronto-socorro foi de 17 horas (9 - 33 horas). Hospitalização por infecção/sepse foi preditor independente para tempo prolongado de permanência na unidade (RC: 2,75; IC95% 1,38 - 5,48, p = 0,004), porém o tempo de espera para admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva não. A taxa de mortalidade foi mais elevada no Grupo 3 (38%) do que no Grupo 1 (31%), porém a diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: A admissão tardia à unidade de terapia intensiva a partir do pronto-socorro não resultou em aumento do tempo de permanência ou da mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the impact of delayed transfer from the emergency room into the intensive care unit on the length of intensive care unit stay and death. Methods: This prospective, cohort study performed in a tertiary academic hospital obtained data from 1913 patients admitted to the emergency room with a documented request for admission into the intensive care unit. The patients admitted directly into the medical-surgical intensive care unit (n = 209) were categorized into tertiles according to their waiting time for intensive care unit admission (Group 1: < 637 min, Group 2: 637 to 1602 min, and Group 3: > 1602 min). Patients who stayed in the intensive care unit for longer than 3.2 days (median time of intensive care unit length of stay of all patients) were considered as having a prolonged intensive care unit stay. Results: A total of 6,176 patients were treated in the emergency room during the study period, among whom 1,913 (31%) required a bed in the intensive care unit. The median length of stay in the emergency room was 17 hours [9 to 33 hours]. Hospitalization for infection/sepsis was an independent predictor of prolonged intensive care unit stay (OR 2.75 95%CI 1.38 - 5.48, p = 0.004), but waiting time for intensive care unit admission was not. The mortality rate was higher in Group 3 (38%) than in Group 1 (31%) but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Delayed admission into the intensive care unit from the emergency room did not result in an increased intensive care unit stay or mortality.

Effect of vildagliptin versus glibenclamide on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: a randomized controlled trial.

AIMS: Several trials have reported that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM), improve endothelial function. The current study investigated the effects of vildagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, compared to glibenclamide on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and blood pressure in patients with T2DM and hypertension. METHODS: Patients aged over 35 years with T2DM and hypertension, but without cardiovascular disease, were randomly allocated to treatment with vildagliptin (n = 25) or glibenclamide (n = 25). Both groups took metformin. Endothelial function was evaluated by peripheral artery tonometry (Endo-PAT 2000) to calculate the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and arterial stiffness. Primary outcome was change in the RHI after 12 weeks of treatment. Twenty-four-hour non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed using a Mobil-O-Graph® 24-h PWA monitor. Arterial stiffness was assessed using the augmentation index corrected for 75 bpm (AIx75), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central systolic blood pressure (cSBP). RESULTS: There were no changes in the RHI in the vildagliptin group (before 2.35 ± 0.59; after 2.24 ± 0.60; p value = NS) or in the glibenclamide group (before 2.36 ± 0.52; after 2.34 ± 0.50; p value = NS), with no differences between groups (p value = NS). There was also no difference between vildagliptin and glibenclamide treatment in respect to AIx75 (p value = NS), cSBP (p value = NS) or PWV (p value = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Vildagliptin and glibenclamide similarly do not change the endothelial function and arterial stiffness after 12 weeks of treatment in diabetic and hypertensive patients without cardiovascular disease. Thus, vildagliptin has a neutral effect on vascular function. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02145611, registered on 11 Jun 2013.

Predictors of mortality in cardiac surgery: brain natriuretic peptide type B.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated whether the preoperative serum concentration of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients that underwent cardiac surgery. METHODS: We continuously evaluated 488 patients that underwent cardiac valve surgery or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) between January of 2009 and July of 2012. Follow up of these patients were done prospectively for 30 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Data analysis showed that the overall mortality rate was equal to 9.6%, Receiver Operating Charactheristic (ROC) curve analysis found the optimal cut-off value of BNP equal to 382 pg/mL for overall mortality (AUC=0.73, 95% CI=0.66 to 0.81, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the value of BNP higher than 382 pg/mL (P=0.033, HR=2.05, 95% CI=1.6 to 3.98) was an independent predictor of overall mortality at 30 days postoperatively. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the preoperative serum concentration of BNP is an independent predictor of mortality in patients undergoing valve surgery or coronary artery bypass graft.

Predictors of mortality in cardiac surgery: brain natriuretic peptide type B / Preditores de mortalidade em cirurgia cardíaca: peptídeo natriurético cerebral tipo B

Abstract Objective: We evaluated whether the preoperative serum concentration of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients that underwent cardiac surgery. Methods: We continuously evaluated 488 patients that underwent cardiac valve surgery or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) between January of 2009 and July of 2012. Follow up of these patients were done prospectively for 30 days postoperatively. Results: Data analysis showed that the overall mortality rate was equal to 9.6%, Receiver Operating Charactheristic (ROC) curve analysis found the optimal cut-off value of BNP equal to 382 pg/mL for overall mortality (AUC=0.73, 95% CI=0.66 to 0.81, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the value of BNP higher than 382 pg/mL (P=0.033, HR=2.05, 95% CI=1.6 to 3.98) was an independent predictor of overall mortality at 30 days postoperatively. Conclusion: We concluded that the preoperative serum concentration of BNP is an independent predictor of mortality in patients undergoing valve surgery or coronary artery bypass graft. .

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar se a concentração sérica pré-operatória de peptídeo natriurético cerebral tipo B (BNP) é preditora de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Foram avaliados 488 pacientes consecutivamente submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca valvar ou à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio no período de janeiro de 2009 a julho de 2012. Estes foram seguidos, prospectivamente, por 30 dias de pós-operatório. Resultados: Em nossa casuística, a mortalidade geral foi igual a 9,6% e 52% dos pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Análise de curva ROC (Receiver Operating Charactheristic) encontrou o valor de corte ótimo de BNP igual a 382 pg/mL para mortalidade geral (AUC=0,73, IC95%=0.66 a 0,81, P<0.001). Análise multivariada mostrou que o valor de BNP > 382 pg/mL (P=0,033, HR=2,05, IC 95%=1,06 a 3,98) foi preditor independente de mortalidade geral em 30 dias de pós-operatório. Conclusão: A concentração sérica pré-operatória do BNP é um preditor independente de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar ou de revascularização do miocárdio. .

Effects of the use of mechanical ventilation weaning protocol in the Coronary Care Unit: randomized study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare mechanical ventilation weaning based on a protocol using the spontaneous breathing trial against mechanical ventilation weaning without a standardized protocol in heart patients. METHODS: Prospective, open, randomized study. In 2006, 36 patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for over 24 hours were randomized into two groups: control group - eighteen patients whose mechanical ventilation weaning was performed according to the different procedures adopted by the multidisciplinary team; and experimental group - eighteen patients weaned according to previously established protocol. RESULTS: Control group patients started the weaning process sooner than experimental group patients (74.7 ± 14.7 hours vs. 185.7 ± 22.9 hours, P=0.0004). However, after the experimental group patients were ready for weaning, the extubation was carried out more rapidly than in the control group (149.1 ± 3.6 min vs. 4179.1 ± 927.8 min, P < 0.0001) with significantly lower reintubation rates (16.7% vs. 66.7%, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: The use of a specific protocol based on the spontaneous breathing trial for mechanical ventilation weaning in heart patients had better outcomes than weaning carried out without a standardized protocol, with shorter weaning times and lower reintubation rates.

Efeitos da aplicação de protocolo de desmame de ventilação mecânica em Unidade Coronária: estudo randomizado / Effects of the use of mechanical ventilation weaning protocol in the Coronary Care Unit: randomized study

OBJETIVO: Comparar o desmame da ventilação mecânica realizado segundo a aplicação de protocolo baseado no teste de respiração espontânea e o mesmo procedimento realizado sem padronização, em pacientes cardiopatas. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, aberto e randomizado. Em 2006, 36 pacientes em ventilação mecânica há mais de 24 horas foram randomizados em dois grupos: grupo controle: 18 pacientes foram submetidos ao desmame da ventilação mecânica de acordo com os procedimentos adotados pela equipe multiprofissional e grupo experimental: 18 pacientes foram submetidos ao desmame de acordo com protocolo previamente estabelecido. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes do grupo controle iniciaram o desmame precocemente em relação ao grupo experimental (74,7 ± 14,7 horas vs. 185,7 ± 22,9 horas; P=0,0004), Porém, após os pacientes do grupo experimental estarem aptos ao desmame, este foi realizado em um tempo mais curto em relação ao grupo controle (149,1 ± 3,6 min vs. 4179,1 ± 927,8 min; P < 0,0001) com taxas de reintubação significativamente menores (16,7 por cento vs. 66,7 por cento; P = 0,005). CONCLUSÃO: O uso de um protocolo específico, baseado no Teste de Respiração Espontânea para desmame de ventilação mecânica, em pacientes cardiopatas, teve resultados melhores do que o desmame realizado sem um protocolo padronizado, com menor tempo de desmame e menores taxas de reintubação.

OBJECTIVE: To compare mechanical ventilation weaning based on a protocol using the spontaneous breathing trial against mechanical ventilation weaning without a standardized protocol in heart patients. METHODS: Prospective, open, randomized study. In 2006, 36 patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for over 24 hours were randomized into two groups: control group - eighteen patients whose mechanical ventilation weaning was performed according to the different procedures adopted by the multidisciplinary team; and experimental group - eighteen patients weaned according to previously established protocol. RESULTS: Control group patients started the weaning process sooner than experimental group patients (74.7 ± 14.7 hours vs. 185.7 ± 22.9 hours, P=0.0004). However, after the experimental group patients were ready for weaning, the extubation was carried out more rapidly than in the control group (149.1 ± 3.6 min vs. 4179.1 ± 927.8 min, P < 0.0001) with significantly lower reintubation rates (16.7 percent vs. 66.7 percent, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: The use of a specific protocol based on the spontaneous breathing trial for mechanical ventilation weaning in heart patients had better outcomes than weaning carried out without a standardized protocol, with shorter weaning times and lower reintubation rates.

Aspirina, ticlopidina e clopidogrel nas síndromes isquêmicas miocárdicas instáveis com e sem supradesnível do segmento ST / Aspirin, ticlopidine and clopidogrel in acute coronary syndromes

Os antiplaquetários representam importante estratégia de tratamento para pacientes com síndromes coronárias agudas.Em decorrência do importante papel da aspirina e das robustas evidências de benefício na doença isquêmica do coração, seu emprego passou a abranger praticamente todas as modalidades de tratamento clínico, procedimentos percutâneos invasivos e intervenções cirúrgicas relacionadas à doença arterial coronária. Porém, apesar dos benefícios decorrentes do uso de aspirina, pacientes com síndrome coronáriana aguda ainda apresentam risco considerável de eventos cardiovasculares indesejáveis a curto prazo, como morte, reinfarto e acidente vascular cerebral. Derivados tienopiridínicos como ticlopidina e clopidogrel agregaram benefícios ao tratamento desses pacientes, agindo de maneira sinérgica à aspirina. Com perfil mais seguro e menos efeitos adversos comparativamente à ticlopidina, o clopidogrel foi testado em estudos clínicos controlados, randopmizados conduzidos internacionalmente, envolvendo grande número de pacientes com síndromes coronárias agudas com indiscutível demonstração de benefícios em ampla gama de situações clínicas. Características farmacológicas...

Antiplatelet agents represent an important treatment strategy for patients with acute coronary syndromes. Due to the important role of aspirin and robust evidence of benefit in ischemic heart disease, its use was expanded to include virtually all forms of medical treatment, invasive percutaneous procedures and surgical interventions related to coronary artery disease. But despite the benefits of aspirin, patients with acute coronary syndromes still present considerable risk of short and long-term adverse cardiovascular events, such as death, reinfarction and stroke. Thienopyridine derivatives like ticlopidine and clopidogrel have added benefits to the treatment of these patients acting in synergism with aspirin. With a safer profile and less adverse effects as compared to ticlopidine, clopidogrel has been tested in controlled, randomized, international clinical trials involving a large number of patients with acute coronary syndromes clearly showing to be beneficial in a wide range of clinical situations. Pharmacological characteristics of clopidogrel as time of onset, need of metabolization for a therapeutic effect and irreversible platelet receptors blockade still limit its use, as well as the possibility of gene polymorphism of cytochrome P450, drug interactions and resistance to its effect and to aspirin. This review briefly addresses the main scientific studies evaluating the effects of these drugs in acute coronary syndromes with emphasis on new knowledge about aspirin and clopidogrel, drug interaction, use of genetic and platelet adhesiveness tests and the impact of recent scientific studies in the daily practice.

Acute kidney injury after on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

BACKGROUND: The acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disease for which there is no accepted standard definition nowadays. The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) represents an attempt to standardize the criteria for diagnosis and staging of acute renal dysfunction based on recently published RIFLE criteria, that means, (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage kidney disease). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and associated mortality of AKI in patients submitted to on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (on-pump CABG). METHODS: A total of 817 patients were divided into two groups: negative AKI (-), with 421 patients (51.5%), and positive AKI (+), with 396 patients (48.5%). Increase of 0.3 mg/dL in creatinine or of 50% in creatinine's basal value was considered as AKI. RESULTS: The rate of patient's mortality with or without AKI within 30 days after cardiac surgery was 12.6% and 1.4%, respectively (p<0.0001). In a multivariate logistic regression model, AKI after on-pump CABG was an independent predictor of death within 30 days (OR=6.7; p=0.0002). This group of patients presented a longer period of permanency in intensive care unit (ICU) [median 2 days (2 to 3) versus 3 days (2 to 5); p=0.0001] and a bigger proportion of patients with prolonged permanence in intensive care (>14 days) (14 versus 2%; p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: In the studied population, even a discrete alteration in renal function, based on AKIN criteria, was an independent predictor of death in 30 days after on-pump CABG.

Lesão renal aguda após revascularização do miocárdio com circulação extracorpórea / Lesión renal aguda post-revascularización del miocardio con circulación extracorpórea / Acute kidney injury after on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery

FUNDAMENTO: A lesão renal aguda (LRA) é uma doença complexa para a qual, atualmente, não há uma definição padrão aceita. A AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) representa uma tentativa de padronização dos critérios para diagnóstico e estadiamento da LRA, baseando-se nos critérios RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, e end-stage kidney disease), publicados recentemente. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a incidência e mortalidade associada à LRA em pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio (RM) com circulação extracorpórea (CEC). MÉTODOS: O total de 817 pacientes foi dividido em dois grupos: LRA negativa (-), com 421 pacientes (51,5 por cento), e LRA positiva (+), com 396 pacientes (48,5 por cento). Foi considerado LRA a elevação da creatinina em 0,3 mg/dl ou aumento em 50 por cento da creatinina em relação a seu valor basal. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade em 30 dias dos pacientes com e sem LRA foi de 12,6 por cento e 1,4 por cento, respectivamente (p < 0,0001). Em um modelo de regressão logística multivariada, LRA após RM com CEC foi preditora independente de óbito em 30 dias (OR 6,7 - p = 0,0002). Esse grupo de pacientes teve maior tempo de permanência em UTI [mediana 2 dias (2 a 3) vs. 3 dias (2 a 5) - p < 0,0001)] e uma maior proporção de pacientes com permanência prolongada na terapia intensiva (> 14 dias) - 14 por cento vs. 2 por cento; p < 0,0001. CONCLUSÃO: Na população estudada, mesmo uma discreta alteração da função renal baseada nos critérios do "Acute Kidney Injury Network - AKIN" foi preditora independente de óbito em 30 dias após RM com CEC.

BACKGROUND: The acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disease for which there is no accepted standard definition nowadays. The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) represents an attempt to standardize the criteria for diagnosis and staging of acute renal dysfunction based on recently published RIFLE criteria, that means, (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage kidney disease). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and associated mortality of AKI in patients submitted to on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (on-pump CABG). METHODS: A total of 817 patients were divided into two groups: negative AKI (-), with 421 patients (51.5 percent), and positive AKI (+), with 396 patients (48.5 percent). Increase of 0.3 mg/dL in creatinine or of 50 percent in creatinine's basal value was considered as AKI. RESULTS: The rate of patient's mortality with or without AKI within 30 days after cardiac surgery was 12.6 percent and 1.4 percent, respectively (p<0.0001). In a multivariate logistic regression model, AKI after on-pump CABG was an independent predictor of death within 30 days (OR=6.7; p=0.0002). This group of patients presented a longer period of permanency in intensive care unit (ICU) [median 2 days (2 to 3) versus 3 days (2 to 5); p=0.0001] and a bigger proportion of patients with prolonged permanence in intensive care (>14 days) (14 versus 2 percent; p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: In the studied population, even a discrete alteration in renal function, based on AKIN criteria, was an independent predictor of death in 30 days after on-pump CABG.

FUNDAMENTO: Lesión renal aguda (LRA) es una compleja enfermedad, la que, actualmente, no tiene definición patrón acepta. AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) representa una tentativa de estandardización de criterios para el diagnostico y estadiamiento de LRA basado en los criterios RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, y end-stage kidney disease) publicados recientemente. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la incidencia y mortalidad asociada a LRA en pacientes sometidos a revascularización del miocardio (RM) con circulación extracorpórea (CEC). MÉTODOS: El total de 817 pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos: LRA negativa (-), con 421 pacientes (51,5 por ciento), y LRA positiva (+), con 396 pacientes (48,5 por ciento). LRA fue considerada la elevación de creatinina en 0,3 mg/dl el aumento en 50 por ciento de creatinina en relación a su valor basal. RESULTADOS: La mortalidad dentro de 30 días de los pacientes con y sin LRA ha sido de 12,3 y 1,4 por ciento, respectivamente (p<0,0001). En un modelo de regresión logística multivariado, LRA tras RM con CEC fue predictora independiente de óbito en 30 días (OR=6,7; p=0,0002). Ese grupo de pacientes tuvo el mayor tiempo de permanencia en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) (6,0±9,5 días versus 3,4±4,0 días; p<0,0001) y una proporción de pacientes con permanencia prolongada en la terapia intensiva (>14 días), 14 versus 2 por ciento; p<0,0001. CONCLUSIÓN: En la población estudiada, mismo una discreta alteración de la función renal basada en los criterios AKIN ha sido predictora independiente de óbito, en 30 días tras RM con CEC.

Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in different forms of coronary disease.

BACKGROUND: Several infectious agents have been investigated since the association between atherosclerosis and infection was demonstrated; however, the results of these studies are contradictory. OBJECTIVE: To test the association between serum titers of anti-Chlamydia and anti-Mycoplasma antibodies in different forms of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six patients were divided in 4 groups: ACS with ST-segment elevation (32 patients), ACS without ST-segment elevation (30 patients), chronic coronary artery disease (30 patients) and blood donors without known coronary disease (34 patients--control group). In the two first groups, serum samples were collected at hospital admission (first 24 hours of hospitalization) and after a 6-month follow-up. In the other two groups, only a basal sample was collected. Anti-Chlamydia and anti-Mycoplasma antibodies were measured by indirect immunofluorescence in all samples. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the basal sample and the one measured after a 6-month follow-up in patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation for Chlamydia (650+/-115.7 versus 307+/-47.5, p=0.0001) as well as Mycoplasma (36.5+/-5.0 versus 21.5+/-3.5, p=0.0004). The groups with ACS had higher anti-Chlamydia and anti-Mycoplasma serum antibody levels in the basal measurement, when compared to the patients with chronic coronary disease and the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The present study showed an association between the serum titers of anti-Chlamydia and anti-Mycoplasma antibodies in the acute phase of patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction.

The importance of troponin I in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the postoperative of coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to establish a cut-off value for troponin I by correlating it to occurrence of postoperative myocardial infarction. METHODS: 180 consecutive patients with coronary disease referred for surgery were included. The mean age of the patients were 60.6 (+/-9.3) years, with 119 (66.1%) males and 61 (33.9%) females. The patients were divided into two groups: group without myocardial infarction (A)--170 patients--and with myocardial infarction (B)--10 patients.The troponin I was collected from each patient at the beginning of anesthesia and on the second postoperative day by correlating it to presence or not of postoperative myocardial infarction. StatsDirect 1.6.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Preoperative troponin I was 1.0 (+/-6) ng/ml as mean. Univariate logistic regression showed correlation of troponin I of the second postoperative day with myocardial infarction (P=0.0005). ROC curve was used to define the cutoff value, and 6.1 ng/ml (sensitivity=90.0%, specificity=82.1%, OR=49.8 with CI=95% 6.1- 410.4, P<0.0001) were found. CONCLUSION: The chance of a patient with postoperative myocardial infarction to present troponin I equal to or higher than 6.1 ng/ml is 49.8-fold higher than the chance of a patient without infarction to present troponin I higher than this value.

Prevalência de Chlamydia Pneumoniae e Mycoplasma Pneumoniae em diferentes formas da doença coronariana / Prevalencia de Chlamydia Pneumoniae y Mycoplasma Pneumoniae en diferentes formas de la enfermedad coronaria / Prevalence of Chlamydia Pneumoniae and Mycoplasma Pneumoniae in different forms of coronary disease

FUNDAMENTO: Vários agentes infecciosos foram investigados desde que se demonstrou a associação entre infecção e aterosclerose, porém os resultados desses estudos são conflitantes. OBJETIVO: Testar a associação entre títulos séricos de anticorpos anti-Chlamydia e anti-Mycoplasma em diferentes formas de síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). MÉTODOS: Cento e vinte e seis pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos: SCA com elevação do segmento ST (32 pacientes), SCA sem elevação do segmento ST (30 pacientes), doença arterial coronariana crônica (30 pacientes) e doadores de sangue sem doença coronariana conhecida (34 pacientes - grupo-controle). Nos primeiros dois grupos, amostras de soro foram coletadas na admissão (primeiras 24 horas de hospitalização) e após 6 meses de seguimento. Nos outros dois grupos, colheu-se apenas uma amostra basal. Em todas as amostras, anticorpos IgG anti-Chlamydia e anti-Mycoplasma foram dosados por imunofluorescência indireta. RESULTADOS: Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre a medida basal e após 6 meses de seguimento nos pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST, tanto para Chlamydia (650±115,7 vs. 307±47,5, p = 0,0001) quanto para Mycoplasma (36,5±5,0 vs. 21,5±3,5, p = 0,0004). Os grupos com SCA tiveram níveis séricos de anticorpos anti-Chlamydia e anti-Mycoplasma mais altos na dosagem basal, em relação aos pacientes com doença arterial coronariana crônica e grupo-controle, mas as diferenças obtidas não tiveram significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostrou associação entre os títulos de anticorpos anti-Chlamydia e anti-Mycoplasma na fase aguda dos pacientes com angina instável ou infarto do miocárdio.

BACKGROUND: Several infectious agents have been investigated since the association between atherosclerosis and infection was demonstrated; however, the results of these studies are contradictory. OBJECTIVE: To test the association between serum titers of anti-Chlamydia and anti-Mycoplasma antibodies in different forms of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six patients were divided in 4 groups: ACS with ST- segment elevation (32 patients), ACS without ST-segment elevation (30 patients), chronic coronary artery disease (30 patients) and blood donors without known coronary disease (34 patients - control group). In the two first groups, serum samples were collected at hospital admission (first 24 hours of hospitalization) and after a 6-month follow-up. In the other two groups, only a basal sample was collected. Anti-Chlamydia and anti-Mycoplasma antibodies were measured by indirect immunofluorescence in all samples. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the basal sample and the one measured after a 6-month follow-up in patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation for Chlamydia (650±115.7 versus 307±47.5, p=0.0001) as well as Mycoplasma (36.5±5.0 versus 21.5±3.5, p=0.0004). The groups with ACS had higher anti-Chlamydia and anti-Mycoplasma serum antibody levels in the basal measurement, when compared to the patients with chronic coronary disease and the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The present study showed an association between the serum titers of anti-Chlamydia and anti-Mycoplasma antibodies in the acute phase of patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction.

FUNDAMENTO: Se han investigado diversos agentes infecciosos desde que se evidenció la asociación entre infección y aterosclerosis, sin embargo esos estudios ofrecen resultados conflictivos. OBJETIVO: Probar la asociación entre títulos séricos de anticuerpos anti-Chlamydia y anti-Mycoplasma en diferentes formas de síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA). MÉTODOS: Se dividieron a 126 pacientes en 4 grupos: SCA con elevación del segmento ST (32 pacientes), SCA sin elevación del segmento ST (30 pacientes), enfermedad arterial coronaria crónica (30 pacientes) y donadores de sangre sin enfermedad coronaria conocida (34 pacientes - grupo-control). En los primeros dos grupos, muestras de suero se colectaron al ingreso (primeras 24 horas de hospitalización) y tras 6 meses de seguimiento. En los otros dos grupos, se colectó solamente una muestra basal. En todas las muestras, se dosificaron anticuerpos IgG anti-Chlamydia y anti-Mycoplasma por inmunofluorescencia indirecta. RESULTADOS: Se observaron diferencias significativas entre la medida basal y tras 6 meses de seguimiento en los pacientes con infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, tanto para Chlamydia (650±115,7 vs 307±47,5, p = 0,0001) como para Mycoplasma (36,5±5,0 vs 21,5±3,5, p = 0,0004). Los grupos con SCA tuvieron niveles séricos de anticuerpos anti-Chlamydia y anti-Mycoplasma más altos en la dosificación basal, con relación a los pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria crónica y grupo-control, sin embargo las diferencias obtenidas no tuvieron significancia estadística. CONCLUSIÓN: El presente estudio reveló asociación entre los títulos de anticuerpos anti-Chlamydia y anti-Mycoplasma en la fase aguda de los pacientes con angina inestable o infarto de miocardio.

Importância da troponina I no diagnóstico do infarto do miocárdio no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização / The importance of troponin I in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the postoperative of coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um valor de corte para a troponina I, correlacionando-a com a ocorrência de infarto do miocárdio pós-cirúrgico (IAMPC). MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 180 pacientes consecutivos portadores de coronariopatia obstrutiva com indicação cirúrgica. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 60,6 ± 9,3 anos, sendo 119 (66,1 por cento) do sexo masculino e 61 (33,9 por cento), do feminino. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo sem infarto (A) - 170 pacientes - e infartado (B) - 10 pacientes. Foram coletados de cada um troponina I, ao momento da indução anestésica e ao segundo dia do pósoperatório, e correlacionada com a presença ou não de IAMPC. A análise estatística foi feita com a ajuda do programa StatsDirect 1.6.0 para Windows. RESULTADOS: A troponina I pré-operatória apresentou uma média de 1,0 ± 6 ng/ml. A regressão logística univariada mostrou correlação da troponina I do segundo dia de pós-operatório com IAMPC com P=0,0005. A curva ROC determinou um valor de corte de 6,1 ng/ml, sensibilidade = 90,0 por cento e especificidade = 82,1 por cento, OR = 49,8 (IC 95 por cento 6,1-410,4) com P<0,0001. CONCLUSÃO: A chance de um paciente com infarto pósoperatório apresentar troponina igual ou superior a 6,1 ng/ml é 49,8 vezes maior do que a de um paciente que não infartou apresentar troponina acima desse nível.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to establish a cut-off value for troponin I by correlating it to occurrence of postoperative myocardial infarction. METHODS: 180 consecutive patients with coronary disease referred for surgery were included. The mean age of the patients were 60.6 (±9.3) years, with 119 (66.1 percent) males and 61 (33.9 percent) females. The patients were divided into two groups: group without myocardial infarction (A) - 170 patients - and with myocardial infarction (B) - 10 patients.The troponin I was collected from each patient at the beginning of anesthesia and on the second postoperative day by correlating it to presence or not of postoperative myocardial infarction. StatsDirect 1.6.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Preoperative troponin I was 1.0 (±6) ng/ml as mean. Univariate logistic regression showed correlation of troponin I of the second postoperative day with myocardial infarction (P=0.0005). ROC curve was used to define the cutoff value, and 6.1 ng/ml (sensitivity=90.0 percent, specificity=82.1 percent, OR=49.8 with CI=95 percent 6.1- 410.4, P<0.0001) were found. CONCLUSION: The chance of a patient with postoperative myocardial infarction to present troponin I equal to or higher than 6.1 ng/ml is 49.8-fold higher than the chance of a patient without infarction to present troponin I higher than this value.

Preoperative nonlinear behavior in heart rate variability predicts morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to demonstrate that a reduction in the nonlinear behavior of heart rate variability (HRV) in the preoperative period in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) triggers higher morbidity and mortality rates in the postoperative stay. MATERIAL/METHOD: Seventy patients (59+/-10.3 years) were included. HRV was captured by a Polar Advanced S810 heart rate monitor and analyzed using the nonlinear variables detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), autocorrelation (tau), Lyapunov exponent (LE), and the Poincaré plot (PP). Based on two scenarios, death vs. non-death (scenario 1) and events vs. their absence (scenario 2), the occurrence of neurological complications, infections, kidney failure, arrhythmia, and death were evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and odds ratio (95% CI) were recorded. RESULTS: In scenario 1, significant differences were found for DFA, alpha-2, LE, PP[SD1], and PP[SD2], with p-values of 0.0172, 0.0343, 0.0159, 0.0069, and 0.0287, respectively. In scenario 2, differences were found for alpha-1, alfa-2, tau, LE, PP[SD1], and PP[SD2], with p-values of 0.0066, 0.0426, 0.0188, 0.0108, 0.0005, and 0.0158, respectively. The best areas under ROC curve were seen in scenario 1, with values of 0.72 (tau), 0.77 (LE), and 0.78 (PP[SD1]). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of HRV in the nonlinear domain in the preoperative period in patients undergoing elective CABG surgery may detect subgroups with a high risk for postoperative complications, at least with the assistance of some of the variables, and it can become a new prognostic tool for assessing patients scheduled to undergo other major surgeries.

[Bilateral ostial coronary lesion in cardiovascular syphilis: case report]. / Lesão bilateral dos óstios coronários na sífilis cardiovascular: relato de caso.

Syphilis is an infectious disease occurring through a series of frequently overlapping stages. It can impair the cardiovascular and neurological system. In 30% of the non treated patients, syphilis develops its tertiary form. We report a case of a 46-year-old male patient admitted due to edema pulmonary and acute coronary syndrome with left bundle branch block, submitted to fibrinolytic therapy successfully. Coronary angiography showed a 90% ostial lesion of left main coronary artery and occlusion of the right coronary artery ostium. VDRL was titrated to 1/128. The patient was undergone to CABG and was discharged after treatment with crystalline penicillin.

Lesão bilateral dos óstios coronários na sífilis cardiovascular: relato de caso / Bilateral ostial coronary lesion in cardiovascular syphilis: case report

A sífilis é uma doença infecciosa que se desenvolve em estágios e pode acometer o sistema cardiovascular e neurológico. Em 30 por cento dos pacientes não tratados, a sífilis desenvolve sua forma terciária. Relatamos o caso de um homem de 46 anos, admitido por edema pulmonar agudo por cardiopatia isquêmica com bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo, submetido a terapia fibrinolítica com sucesso. Angiografia coronária mostrou lesão ostial de 90 por cento na artéria coronária esquerda e oclusão do óstio da artéria coronária direita. Os títulos de VDRL foram de 1/128. O paciente foi submetido a revascularização do miocárdio e recebeu alta após tratamento antibiótico com penicilina cristalina.

Syphilis is an infectious disease occurring through a series of frequently overlapping stages. It can impair the cardiovascular and neurological system. In 30 percent of the non treated patients, syphilis develops your tertiary form. We report a case of a 46-year-old male patient admitted due to edema pulmonary and acute coronary syndrome with left bundle branch block, submitted to fibrinolytic therapy successfully. Coronary angiography showed a 90 percent ostial lesion of left main coronary artery and occlusion of the right coronary artery ostium. VDRL was titrated to 1/128. The patient was undergone to CABG and was discharged after treatment with crystalline penicillin.