Antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of avocado oil and extract (Persea americana Mill) against rotenone using monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero).

Oxidative stress is known to be involved in development of numerous diseases including cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, kidney and cancer. Thus, investigations that mimic oxidative stress in vitro may play an important role to find new strategies to control oxidative stress and subsequent consequences are important. Rotenone, widely used as a pesticide has been used as a model to simulate oxidative stress. However, this chemical was found to produce several diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and cytoprotective effect of avocado (Persea americana Mill) extract and oil in monkey kidney epithelial cells (VERO) exposed to rotenone. VERO cells were exposed to IC50 of rotenone in conjunction with different concentrations of avocado extract and oil (ranging from 1 to 1000 µg/ml), for 24 hr. Subsequently, cell viability and oxidative metabolism were assessed. Data demonstrated that avocado extract and oil in the presence of rotenone increased cellular viability at all tested concentrations compared to cells exposed only to rotenone. In addition, extract and avocado oil exhibited antioxidant action as evidenced by decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide ion, and lipid peroxidation, generated by rotenone. Further, avocado extract and oil appeared to be safe, since these compounds did not affect cell viability and or generate oxidative stress. Therefore, avocado appears to display a promising antioxidant potential by decreasing oxidative stress.

Characterization of Boar Studs in Brazil / Caracterização das centrais de coleta e processamento de sêmen no Brasil

ABSTRACT: Understanding the flow of processes in swine production systems and how they work is fundamental to improving reproductive performance. We surveyed 32 boar studs in Brazil, representing 61.53% of the total in the country. Commercial lines were the most common breed (59.38%) used in the studs. Individual pens and stalls were the most commonly used as housing system (71.9%), and 81.25% of the studs reported having some form of thermal control system. For most of the studs (62.51%), average weekly sperm concentration was higher than 200 million cells per mL. Also, for most studs (71.88%) average weekly ejaculate volume was more than 250 mL. In 46.88% of the studs each ejaculate yielded 26 to 40 semen doses. In 6.25% of the studs, 3.5 billion sperm cells per dose were used for artificial, intracervical insemination. Sperm concentration in 46.88% of the studs was determined using a computer-assisted system analysis. The assessment of sperm quality was conducted using morphology, concentration, and microbiological testing. Employees working on semen collection had formal education of elementary/middle school (34.38%) and high school (37.5%). Most of the laboratory technicians had frequented high school (75%). The most time-consuming task was semen processing, taking 16 to 25 h a week (46.8%) and 6 to 10 h was allotted for the cleaning of stud facilities (46.8%). The data collected in the present study allow greater knowledge of this important part in the pig production chain in Brazil.

RESUMO: O entendimento dos processos na suinocultura e como estes funcionam é fundamental para o incremento da performance reprodutiva. Por via eletrônica, foi realizada uma investigação com 32 centrais de coleta e processamento de sêmen no Brasil, representando 61,53% do total no país. O número médio de reprodutores por central foi de 122. Reprodutores da linhagem comercial foram os mais frequentemente (59,38%) utilizados nas centrais. As baias para alojamento individual dos reprodutores foram as mais comuns (71,9%) e 81,25% das centrais relataram possuir algum sistema de climatização. Na maioria das centrais (62,51%), a média da concentração espermática foi maior que 200 milhões de espermatozoides/mL. Da mesma forma, a maioria das centrais (71,88%) apresentaram um volume do ejaculado superior a 250 mL. Em 46,88% das centrais um ejaculado produziu de 26 a 40 doses inseminantes. Em 6,25% das centrais eram utilizadas uma concentração de 3,5 bilhões de espermatozoides por dose inseminante na inseminação intracervical. A concentração espermática em 46,88% das centrais era determinada através do sistema CASA. A avaliação da qualidade espermática era realizada através da análise de morfologia, concentração e exame microbiológico das doses inseminantes. Os colaboradores envolvidos com a coleta de sêmen tinham nível de instrução fundamental (43,38%) e médio (37,5%). A maioria dos técnicos no laboratório das centrais tinham ensino médio (75%). A atividade que mais consumia tempo foi o processamento do sêmen, com 16 a 25 horas/semana (46,8%) e 6 a 10 horas era utilizada na limpeza das instalações (46,8%). Os dados coletados no presente estudo permitem um maior conhecimento desse elo da cadeia produtiva da suinocultura no Brasil.

High prevalence of porcine circovirus 2, porcine parvovirus, and pathogenic leptospires in mummified swine fetuses in Southern Brazil / Alta prevalência de parvovírus suíno, circovírus suíno 2 e leptospiras patogênicas em fetos suínos mumificados na região Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Modern swine production employs a high degree of technology and is organized in various production stages, in which reproduction is one of the most significant. However, reproductive losses associated to fetal death are still high. Fetal losses, including fetal mummification, may occur at a rate below 1.5% in a sound herd. The causes of fetal death can be very diverse, and include various infectious agents. Therefore, investigating the causes of fetal losses is important in the decision-making process related to the control and prophylaxis of the herd. The goal of this study was to carry out a molecular survey, analyzing porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), and pathogenic Leptospira as potential agents related to fetal death in swine farms in Southern Brazil. We collected samples from three farms with a mummified index ≥ 2.5%. Fragments of brain, lung, kidney, liver, and heart were sampled for PCR analysis. Out of 100 samples examined, 87, 68, and 22 were positive for PCV2, PPV, and Leptospira spp., respectively. Moreover, we also identified coinfections with two and three pathogens in the same sample. Our findings contribute to the spreading of scientific knowledge related to infectious causes (PPV, PCV2, and pathogenic leptospires) of fetal losses in swine, as evidenced by the high frequencies of the investigated agents.

RESUMO: A produção moderna de suínos emprega um alto grau de tecnologia e é organizada em várias etapas de produção, nas quais a reprodução é uma das mais importantes. No entanto, as perdas reprodutivas associadas à morte fetal ainda são altas. Perdas fetais, incluindo mumificação, podem ocorrer em taxa abaixo de 1,5% em rebanhos sadios. As causas da morte fetal podem ser diversas, incluindo causas infecciosas. Portanto, a investigação de causas relacionadas à ocorrência de perdas fetais é importante no processo relacionado ao controle e profilaxia do rebanho. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento molecular, incluindo circovírus suíno 2 (PCV2), parvovírus suíno (PPV), e leptospiras patogênicas como potenciais agentes relacionados à morte fetal em suínos no sul do Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de três granjas com índice de fetos mumificados ≥ 2,5%. Fragmentos de cérebro, pulmão, rim, fígado e coração foram amostrados para análise por PCR. Das 100 amostras examinadas, 87 foram positivas para PCV2, 68 foram positivas para PPV e 22 foram positivas para Leptospira spp. Além disso, também identificamos co-infecções com dois e três patógenos em uma mesma amostra. Os resultados encontrados contribuem para a disseminação do conhecimento científico relacionado às causas infecciosas (PCV2, PPV e Leptospiras patogênicas) relacionadas às perdas fetais em suínos, assim como evidenciam a alta frequência dos agentes pesquisados.

The variability of ovum pick-up response and in vitro embryo production from monozygotic twin cows.

Oocytes were recovered by ovum pick up (OPU) from nine pairs of monozygotic twin German Simmental cows. The hypothesis was that there is less variability between identical twins versus among non-related individuals in the variation in the recovery of oocytes by OPU and in the efficiency of in vitro embryo production. Estrous cycles were synchronized with two doses of cloprostenol, 11 days apart. Beginning 3-4 days after synchronized estrus, OPU was done twice weekly (every 3 or 4 days; total of 11 sessions). The influence of repeated OPU on estrous cyclicity was established by estrus detection, plasma progesterone concentrations, and ovarian ultrasonography. There were no differences among days of collection for the number and quality of cumulus oocyte-complexes (COCs), and rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation. A total of 1,661 COCs, including 657 (39.6%) good-quality COCs, were recovered. From 1,457 (87.7%) cultured COCs, 827 zygotes cleaved and 314 blastocysts were produced on Day 7. The total number of COCs and the blastocyst rates varied among pairs of monozygotic twins; within pairs, only slight differences were observed. In conclusion, recovery of COCs and production of embryos had substantially less variation within pairs of monozygotic twins than among non-related cattle.

Hormonal induction of ovulation and artificial insemination in suckled beef cows under nutritional stress.

The objective was to develop a program for inducing estrus (followed by insemination) of suckled beef cows under nutritional stress (poor body condition). A total of 123 cows, from 60 to 75 days postpartum, were classified according to their body condition score (BCS; range from 1 to 5, in increments of 0.5) and allocated into two groups. On Day 0 (without regard to stage of the estrous cycle), cows (n = 59) in the hormone induction (HI) treatment group were given an intravaginal device (IVD) containing 250 mg of medroxiprogesterone acetate (MAP) and an i.m. injection of 2.5 mg estradiol benzoate (EB). On Day 6, these cows were given 500 IU eCG i.m. and calves were weaned for 96 h. The IVD were removed on Day 7. Cows detected in estrus by 45 h after IVD removal were inseminated 12 h after standing estrus; cows not in estrus by 45 h after IVD removal received an i.m. injection of 100 microg gonadorelin (GnRH) and were inseminated 16-18 h later. In the control group (C), cows (n = 64) only had their calves weaned at Day 6 (for 96 h), with estrus detection and AI from Days 6 to 11. Overall, the BCS ranged from 2.0 to 3.0. In the treatment group, estrus and pregnancy rates in cows with BCS 2.0 (20 and 30%, respectively) was lower (P < 0.05) than those with BCS 3.0 (50 and 66.6%, respectively), but did not differ (P > 0.05) from BCS 2.5 (23.3 and 47.6%). In C group, only 2 of 66 cows were detected in estrus and bred (neither was pregnant). In conclusion, the program for induction of ovulation using MAP, EB, eCG and GnRH increased the pregnancy rate in beef cows in poor body condition, enabling AI to be done in a 63-h interval.