Infective Endocarditis Risk with Melody versus Sapien Valves Following Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation (TPVI) is an effective non-surgical treatment method for patients with right ventricle outflow tract dysfunction. The Medtronic Melody and the Edwards Sapien are the two valves approved for use in TPVI. Since TPVI patients are typically younger, even a modest annual incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) is significant. Several previous studies have shown a growing risk of IE after TPVI. There is uncertainty regarding the overall incidence of IE and differences in the risk of IE between the valves. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases from inception to 1 January 2023 using the search terms 'pulmonary valve implantation', 'TPVI', or 'PPVI'. The primary outcome was the pooled incidence of IE following TPVI in Melody and Sapien valves and the difference in incidence between Sapien and Melody valves. Fixed effect and random effect models were used depending on the valve. Meta-regression with random effects was conducted to test the difference in the incidence of IE between the two valves. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies (including 10 Melody valve studies, 8 Sapien valve studies, and 4 studies that included both valves (572 patients that used the Sapien valve and 1395 patients that used the Melody valve)) were used for the final analysis. Zero IE incidence following TPVI was reported by eight studies (66.7%) that utilized Sapien valves compared to two studies (14.3%) that utilized Melody valves. The pooled incidence of IE following TPVI with Sapien valves was 2.1% (95% CI: 0.9% to 5.13%) compared to 8.5% (95% CI: 4.8% to 15.2%) following TPVI with Melody valves. Results of meta-regression indicated that the Sapien valve had a 79.6% (95% CI: 24.2% to 94.4%, p = 0.019; R2 = 34.4) lower risk of IE incidence compared to the Melody valve. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of IE following TPVI differs significantly. A prudent valve choice in favor of Sapien valves to lower the risk of post-TPVI endocarditis may be beneficial.

Intracoronary Imaging Versus Coronary Angiography Guidance for Implantation of Second and Third Generation Drug Eluting Stents in a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Intracoronary imaging (ICI) facilitates stent implant by characterizing the lesion calcification, providing accurate vessel dimensions, and optimizing the stent results. We sought to investigate the outcomes of routine ICI versus coronary angiography (CA) to guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with second- and third-generation drug-eluting stents. A systematic search of PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane databases was conducted from their inception to July 16, 2022 for randomized controlled trials comparing routine ICI with CA. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events. The secondary outcomes of interest were target lesion revascularization, target vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and cardiac and all-cause mortality. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled incidence and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 9 randomized controlled trials with 5,879 patients (2,870 ICI-guided and 3,009 CA-guided PCI) met the inclusion criteria. The ICI and CA groups were similar in demographic characteristics and co-morbidity profiles. Compared with CA, patients in the routine ICI-guided PCI group had lower rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.78, p <0.0001), target lesion revascularization (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.83, p = 0.002), target vessel revascularization (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.00, p = 0.05), and myocardial infarction (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.95, p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in stent thrombosis or cardiac/all-cause mortality between the 2 strategies. In conclusion, routine ICI-guided PCI strategy, compared with CA guidance alone, is associated with improved clinical outcomes, largely driven by lower repeat revascularization.

RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION IN SEPSIS: AN UPDATED NARRATIVE REVIEW.

ABSTRACT: Sepsis is a multisystem disease process, which constitutes a significant public health challenge and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Among other systems, sepsis is known to affect the cardiovascular system, which may manifest as myocardial injury, arrhythmias, refractory shock, and/or septic cardiomyopathy. Septic cardiomyopathy is defined as the reversible systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction of one or both ventricles. Left ventricle dysfunction has been extensively studied in the past, and its prognostic role in patients with sepsis is well documented. However, there is relatively scarce literature on right ventricle (RV) dysfunction and its role. Given the importance of timely detection of septic cardiomyopathy and its bearing on prognosis of patients, the role of RV dysfunction has come into renewed focus. Hence, through this review, we sought to describe the pathophysiology of RV dysfunction in sepsis and what have we learnt so far about its multifactorial nature. We also elucidate the roles of different biomarkers for its detection and prognosis, along with appropriate management of such patient population.

Impact of sex on in-hospital mortality and 90-day readmissions in patients undergoing transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR): Analysis from the nationwide readmission database.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sex differences in in-hospital mortality and 90-day readmission rates among patients undergoing transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) in the United States of America. BACKGROUND: Women have higher rates of mortality and rehospitalization than men following many cardiac procedures. TMVR has grown as an alternative to mitral valve surgery for patients at high surgical risk. The rates of TMVR mortality and rehospitalization by sex are unknown. METHODS: We analyzed the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) from 2016 to 2019 to identify hospitalizations for TMVR. Sex differences in in-hospital mortality and 90-day readmissions were determined using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Between 2016 and 2019, 4109 hospitalizations for TMVR were identified, comprised of 1758 (42.8%) men and 2351 (57.2%) women. The median age was 74 years for both men and women. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality during index hospitalization (6.51% vs. 6.69%; p = 0.852) and all-cause 90-day readmission (28.19% vs. 29.59%; p = 0.563) between men and women. Across the study period, trend analysis did not reveal a significant change in in-hospital mortality (men p = 0.087, women p = 0.194) or 90-day readmission rates (men p = 0.569, women p = 0.454). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing TMVR, in-hospital mortality and 90-day readmissions are similar between men and women. Between 2016 and 2019, TMVR in-hospital mortality and 90-day readmission rates remained unchanged. Further research is necessary to confirm these findings.

Impact of prior coronary artery bypass grafting on periprocedural and short-term outcomes of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The effect of prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) on the outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) remains incompletely characterized. In this meta-analysis, we investigated the impact of prior CABG on TAVR outcomes. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases from inception to 24 July 2022, using the search terms 'TAVR', 'CABG', 'peri-procedural complications', and 'mortality'. The major outcomes were peri-procedural complications, intraprocedural mortality, 30-day mortality, and 30-day cardiac mortality. We used random-effects models to aggregate data and to calculate pooled incidence and risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among 116 results from the systematic search, a total of 8 studies (5952 patients) were included. Compared to patients without previous CABG, patients with prior CABG undergoing TAVR were younger, predominantly male sex, had more comorbidities, higher rates of peri-procedural myocardial infarction (MI) [relative risk (RR) 1.93; 95% CI, 1.09-3.43; P = 0.03], but lower rates of stroke (RR 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51-0.99; P = 0.04), major vascular complications (RR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51-0.95; P = 0.02), and major bleeding (RR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56-0.88; P = 0.002). There were no significant differences between the two cohorts in rates of pacemaker implantation, cardiac tamponade, acute kidney injury, intra-procedural mortality, 30-day mortality, and 30-day cardiac mortality. CONCLUSION: Among patients undergoing TAVR, a history of prior CABG was not associated with an increased risk of periprocedural complications (except for acute MI) or short-term mortality compared to those without CABG.

Diagnostic Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Intracoronary Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients With a Working Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction With Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

We aimed to study the efficacy of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) in detecting the etiology of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane databases. Search terms used: Myocardial infarction, Coronary angiography, Normal coronary arteries, CMR, and OCT. Inclusion criteria was fulfilled by 18 studies. Meta-analysis was performed with 15 studies. A total of 2697 patients were included. The mean age of all the patients was 51.5 and 56.4% were men. CMR established diagnosis in 74% of the patients; 29% had acute myocarditis, 18% had true myocardial infarction and 12% had takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Combining OCT with CMR was better at finding the etiology than either modality individually. The findings of this study conclude that CMR is integral in identifying the etiology of MINOCA. Coupling OCT and CMR is better than either technique individually at finding the cause.

Comparison of Transfemoral versus Transsubclavian/Transaxillary access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Femoral access is the gold standard for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Safe alternative access, that represents about 15 % of TAVR cases, remains important for patients without adequate transfemoral access. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing transfemoral (TF) access versus transsubclavian or transaxillary (TSc/TAx) access in patients undergoing TAVR. We searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL Register, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov (inception through May 24, 2022) for studies comparing (TF) to (TSc/TAx) access for TAVR. A total of 21 studies with 75,995 unique patients who underwent TAVR (73,203 transfemoral and 2,792 TSc/TAx) were included in the analysis. There was no difference in the risk of in-hospital and 30-day all-cause mortality between the two groups (RR 0.64, 95 % CI 0.36-1.13, P = 0.12) and (RR 0.95, 95 % CI 0.64-1.41, P = 0.81), while 1-year mortality was significantly lower in the TF TAVR group (RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.67-0.93, P = 0.005). No significant differences in major bleeding (RR 0.82, 95 % CI 0.65-1.03, P = 0.09), major vascular complications (RR 1.14, 95 % CI 0.75-1.72, P = 0.53), and stroke (RR 0.66, 95 % CI 0.42-1.02, P = 0.06) were observed. In patients undergoing TAVR, TF access is associated with significantly lower 1-year mortality compared to TSc/TAx access without differences in major bleeding, major vascular complications and stroke. While TF is the preferred approach for TAVR, TSc/TAx is a safe alternative approach. Future studies should confirm these findings, preferably in a randomized setting.

Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: A Review of Contemporary Diagnosis, Risk Stratification and Management.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) can have a wide range of hemodynamic effects, from asymptomatic to a life-threatening medical emergency. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated with high mortality and requires careful risk stratification for individualized management. PE is divided into three risk categories: low risk, intermediate-risk, and high risk. In terms of initial therapeutic choice and long-term management, intermediate-risk (or submassive) PE remains the most challenging subtype. The definitions, classifications, risk stratification, and management options of intermediate-risk PE are discussed in this review.

Early Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Chemotherapeutic regimens have cardiotoxic properties and thorax irradiation is associated with accelerated coronary artery disease (CAD). There is limited data regarding the influence of cancer on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as cancer patients were not routinely included in the PCI trials. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the early outcomes of PCI between patients with active/historical cancer and patients without a cancer history. A systematic search was made in the PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane databases using the search terms "PCI" and "Cancer". The major outcomes were in-hospital mortality, in-hospital cardiovascular mortality, 30-day mortality, and peri-procedural complications. We used random effects model to aggregate data and calculate pooled incidence and risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 7 studies were included, out of which 4 studies reported in-hospital mortality. Compared to patients without cancer, patients with active/historical cancer undergoing PCI had higher rates of in-hospital mortality (relative risk [RR] 1.89; 95% CI 1.33-2.70; P = 0.0004), in-hospital cardiovascular mortality (RR 2.21; 95% CI 1.19-4.08; P = 0.01), 30-day mortality (RR 2.01; 95% CI 1.24-3.27; P = 0.005), and peri-procedural blood transfusion (RR 1.73; 95% CI 1.02-2.95; P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in peri-procedural myocardial re-infarction, new-onset heart failure, shock, and stroke between the two cohorts. In conclusion, Among patients undergoing PCI, active/historical cancer was associated with worse early mortality compared to patients without a history of cancer. Management of cancer patients undergoing PCI should be individualized and involve multi-specialist team discussion to narrow the mortality gap.

Meta-Analysis Comparing Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Versus Systemic Anticoagulation Alone for Submassive Pulmonary Embolism.

The optimal therapy for submassive pulmonary embolism (sPE), defined by right ventricular dysfunction without hemodynamic instability, is uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) versus systemic anticoagulation (SA) alone in patients with sPE. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar (from inception through May 2022) for studies comparing outcomes of CDT versus SA in sPE. Studies were identified, and data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. We used a random-effects model to calculate risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Outcomes included in-hospital, 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality, major and minor bleeding, and need for blood transfusion. A total of 12 studies (1 randomized, 11 observational) with 9,789 patients were included. Compared with SA, CDT was associated with significantly lower in-hospital mortality (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.56, p <0.00001), 30-day mortality (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.73, p = 0.004), 90-day mortality (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.72, p = 0.004), and a tendency toward lower 1-year mortality (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.05, p = 0.07). The risks of major bleeding (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.57 to 3.01, p = 0.53), minor bleeding (RR 1.67, 95% CI 0.77 to 3.63, p = 0.20), and the rates of blood transfusion (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.15, p = 0.08) were similar between the 2 strategies. In conclusion, in patients with sPE, CDT is associated with significantly lower in-hospital, 30-day, and 90-day mortality and a tendency toward lower 1-year mortality with similar bleeding rates compared with SA. This study expands the evidence supporting CDT as first-line therapy for sPE, and randomized controlled trials are indicated to confirm our findings.

Right atrial appendage thrombus in a patient with a left atrial appendage occlusion device.

Management of right atrial appendage (RAA) thrombus is a clinical dilemma. We describe a case of incidentally found RAA thrombus in a patient with a left atrial appendage closure device (WATCHMAN). Options for the management of RAA thrombus include observation, anticoagulation, thrombolytics, or surgical extraction. Size, mobility, site of attachment of the thrombi, patient factors (e.g., bleeding risk), and other indications for anticoagulation may be used to guide management.

Elevated troponin in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding: prevalence, predictors and outcomes.

Background: Cardiac troponin (cTn) can also be elevated in patients with non-cardiac illnesses. The utility of elevated cTn in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (AGIB) is unclear. Methods: We retrospectively identified all patients admitted with AGIB who had cTn ordered. We assessed the prevalence, predictors and mortality. Results: A total of 172 patients with AGIB were included in the study, of whom 17% had abnormal cTn. Predictors of elevated cTn were advanced age, lower BMI, coronary artery disease and chronic kidney disease. The abnormal cTn group had more cardiac consultation and procedures and longer length of stay. However, there was no difference in mortality between the two groups. Conclusion: Elevated cTn in patients with AGIB was associated with more cardiology consultation and downstream cardiac testing, greater delay to endoscopic evaluation and longer length of stay, without significantly affecting the mortality.

Cardiac troponin (cTn) is a type of protein found in the heart muscles. It is released into the bloodstream when heart muscles become damaged. However, cTn can also be elevated in patients with non-cardiac illnesses, such as critically ill patients and patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (AGIB). This study analyzed the relationship between elevated cTn and the outcomes (including prevalence, predictors and mortality) in patients with AGIB. A total of 172 patients with AGIB were evaluated. They were divided into groups based on the presence of elevated cTn. The prevalence of elevated cTn in AGIB patients was 17%. Older age, lower BMI, coronary artery disease and chronic kidney disease were found to be some of the factors that can predict cTn elevation in AGIB patients. AGIB patients with elevated cTn had more cardiology service consultations and procedures and longer lengths of hospital stay. However, there was no effect of elevated cTn on the death rate of AGIB patients.

Comparing Optical Coherence Tomography and Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Trends and Outcomes 2010-2019.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) optimize percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) by characterizing lesion morphology, accurately measuring vessel dimensions, and optimizing stent characteristics. We sought to compare the utilization of OCT and IVUS to guide inpatient PCI and their relative association with in-hospital mortality and readmission rates. We queried the National Readmission Database to identify patients undergoing intracoronary imaging-guided PCI from 2010 to 2019 and compared outcomes and readmission rates between patients undergoing OCT-guided PCI and IVUS-guided PCI. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to generate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of adverse outcomes between the 2 groups. Of 3,71,450 intracoronary imaging-guided PCI admissions, OCT (n = 12,808) was used less frequently than IVUS (n = 358,642). The use of OCT-guided PCI increased from 0.1% in 2010 to 0.6% in 2019 while the rate of IVUS-guided PCI increased from 7.2% in 2010 to 9.4% in 2019 (both ptrend <0.001). Patients undergoing OCT compared to IVUS had lower in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.69, P = 0.015) and 30-day readmission rate (aOR 0.91, P = 0.040) with no statistical difference in 90-day readmission rate (aOR 0.93, P = 0.065). Heart failure was the most common cause of 30-day and 90-day readmissions in both cohorts. There was no difference in the rate of acute kidney injury between the 2 modalities. In this in-patient admission database of intracoronary imaging-guided PCI, OCT-guided PCI during index hospitalization appears to be associated with lower in-hospital mortality and 30-day readmission rates compared to IVUS-guided PCI with no difference in terms of the 90-day readmission rates.

In-hospital mortality and readmission after ST-elevation myocardial infarction in nonagenarians: A nationwide analysis from the United States.

OBJECTIVES: To assess readmission rates in nonagenarians (age ≥ 90 years) with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) versus no pPCI. BACKGROUND: There are limited data exploring readmissions following STEMI in nonagenarians undergoing pPCI versus no pPCI. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the Nationwide Readmissions Database to identify nonagenarians hospitalized with STEMI. We divided the cohort into two groups based on pPCI status. We compared mortality during index hospitalization and during 30-day readmission, readmission rates, and causes of readmissions. RESULTS: We identified 58,231 nonagenarian STEMI hospitalizations between 2010 and 2018, of which 18,809 (32.3%) included pPCI, and 39,422 (67.7%) had no pPCI. Unadjusted unplanned 30-day readmission was higher in pPCI cohort (21.0% vs. 15.4%, p < 0.001). However, mortality during index hospitalization and during 30-day readmission were significantly lower in pPCI cohort (15.8% vs. 32.2%, p < 0.001; 7.4% vs. 14.2%, p < 0.001, respectively). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, hospitalizations that included pPCI had 25% greater odds of unplanned 30-day readmission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.39, p < 0.001) and 49% lower odds of in-hospital mortality during index hospitalization (aOR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.46-0.56, p < 0.001). Heart failure was the most common cause of readmission in both cohorts followed by myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: In nonagenarians with STEMI, pPCI is associated with slightly higher 30-day readmission but significantly lower mortality during index hospitalization and during 30-day readmission than no pPCI. Given the overwhelming mortality benefit with pPCI, further research is necessary to optimize the utilization of pPCI while reducing readmissions following STEMI in nonagenarians.

Trends, outcomes, and management of acute myocardial infarction in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.

OBJECTIVES: There is a paucity of data on the management and outcomes of chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) patients [including chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC)] presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: We utilized the National Inpatient Sample database (2001-2019) and studied the management and outcomes of CVH patients with AMI and stratified them by subtypes of CVH. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of adverse outcomes in CVH groups were compared to no-CVH groups using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 18,794,686 AMI admissions, 84,147 (0.45%) had a CVH diagnosis. CVH patients had increased odds of adverse outcomes including in-hospital mortality (aOR 1.40, 95%CI 1.31-1.49, p < 0.05), respiratory failure (1.11, 95%CI 1.04-1.17, p < 0.001), vascular complications (1.09, 95%CI 1.04-1.15, p < 0.001), acute kidney injury (1.36, 95%CI 1.30-1.42, p < 0.001), gastrointestinal bleeding (1.57, 95%CI 1.50-1.68, p < 0.001), cardiogenic shock (1.44, 95%CI 1.04-1.30, p < 0.001), sepsis (1.24, 95%CI 1.17-1.31, p < 0.001), and were less likely to undergo invasive management. On subgroup analysis, CHB had higher odds of adverse outcomes than the CHC group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CVH patients presenting with AMI are associated with worse clinical outcomes. CHB subgroup had worse outcomes compared to the CHC subgroup.

Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement Versus Conservative Treatment in Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: While aortic valve replacement (AVR) is indicated for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS), the appropriate management of asymptomatic severe AS remains unclear. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of surgical AVR (SAVR) versus conservative treatment in patients with asymptomatic severe AS. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar for studies comparing outcomes of SAVR versus conservative treatment in asymptomatic severe AS. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each individual study. Outcomes included all-cause mortality, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality, 30-day operative mortality, sudden cardiac death (SCD), heart failure hospitalization (HFH), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. RESULTS: A total of 8 studies with 2685 patients were included. The mean age was above 60 years, and the median follow-up duration was 4 years. Compared to conservative treatment, SAVR was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality (RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.23-0.64) and HFH rates (RR 0.18; 95% CI 0.05-0.71). There were no significant differences in cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.24; 95% CI 0.03-1.67), non-cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.49; 95% CI 0.23-1.03), 30-day operative mortality (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.10-2.32), SCD (RR 0.37; 95% CI 0.05-2.89), MI (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.04-5.52), and stroke rates (RR 1.20; 95% CI 0.35-4.11) between the two strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with asymptomatic severe AS, SAVR is associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality and HFH compared to conservative treatment. While SAVR is a promising option for asymptomatic severe AS, most studies were observational and nonrandomized; randomized trials are needed to establish a clear benefit.