Emergence, re-emergence, spread and host species crossing of Mycoplasma bovis in the Austrian Alps caused by a single endemic strain.

Mycoplasma (M.) bovis was identified and reported in Austria as agent of infection and disease in cattle only once, namely in 2005 associated with a case of mastitis in a smallholding, but in 2007 it unexpectedly emerged as the cause of a devastating disease outbreak in a dairy herd of 100 individuals and spill over infection to pigs, both kept on the same mountain pasture. In 2008, M. bovis remained endemic at a low level in this region followed by the re-emergence of the agent in 2009 and a dramatic spread of the disease to further Alpine areas and their foothills in 2010 and 2011. From these outbreaks, a total of 94 M. bovis isolates including 7 porcine isolates were selected for genotyping. Two molecular tools, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and multi-locus variable number of tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) were chosen to identify strain types involved in these outbreaks and to trace routes of infection and dynamics of dissemination. With both typing methods, the majority of Alpine isolates (96.8%) recovered over time from different areas and hosts was clustered into one group exhibiting a unique and indistinguishable profile which significantly differed from those of geographically unrelated strains including the type strain PG45 and 3 Alpine isolates which suddenly appeared and disappeared in 2009. Stability of the unique profile strongly indicated that a single M. bovis strain initiated the outbreak in 2007, crossed the host species barrier by infecting pigs, re-emerged in 2009 and became widespread in the Austrian Alps in 2010 and 2011. The remarkable dissemination and persistence of a single and unique M. bovis strain may reflect peculiarities of dairy management practices in the Alps based on Alpine transhumance and cooperative use of mountain pastures. As the source of the outbreak strain remains unknown, the findings of this study underscore the importance of continuous surveillance by monitoring further spread and persistence of M. bovis infections for effective control to minimize losses in Alpine dairy farming.

Mycoplasma mucosicanis sp. nov., isolated from the mucosa of dogs.

Fourteen Mycoplasma strains were isolated from the oral cavity and genital tract of asymptomatic dogs. Isolates had been preliminarily identified by conventional serological testing as Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, but in 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer PCR-RFLP assays the isolates exhibited an RFLP pattern distinct from M. bovigenitalium PG11(T). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene placed a representative of the isolates (strain 1642(T)) in the M. bovigenitalium subcluster of the Mycoplasma bovis cluster of mycoplasmas, with the highest sequence similarities to Mycoplasma californicum ST-6(T) (96.4 %), M. bovigenitalium PG11(T) (96.3 %) and Mycoplasma phocirhinis 852(T) (96.2 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities almost equidistant from three recognized species and results obtained by sequence analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, polar lipid profiles and serological reactions indicated that this organism represents a novel species of the genus Mycoplasma for which the name Mycoplasma mucosicanis sp. nov. is proposed, with strain 1642(T) ( = ATCC BAA-1895(T)  = DSM 22457(T)) as the type strain.