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1.
Food Chem ; 450: 139339, 2024 Aug 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38657343

ABSTRACT

Oxidative stress is prevalent in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and has been associated with high meat consumption. Carob Fruit Extract (CFE) contains phenolic compounds, making it a suitable functional ingredient. Current study aims to evaluate the effect of CFE-enriched meat (CFE-meat) consumption on the antioxidant status of proximal and distal colon, and its relationship with fecal phenolic compounds in late-stage T2DM rats. Three groups of eight rats were studied: 1) D, fed control-meat; 2) ED, fed CFE-meat since the beginning of the study; 3) DE, fed CFE-meat after confirming T2DM. CFE-meat consumption reduces colonic oxidative stress mainly in the proximal section and helps to ameliorate glutathione metabolism and antioxidant score. Difference between ED and DE groups were associated with colon homeostasis and T2DM progression suggesting greater fermentation but lower absorption in the DE group. CFE appears as a promising tool to improve the antioxidant status observed in late-stage T2DM.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Colon , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Fruit , Oxidative Stress , Phenols , Plant Extracts , Animals , Rats , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/metabolism , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Fruit/chemistry , Colon/metabolism , Colon/drug effects , Phenols/chemistry , Phenols/administration & dosage , Male , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Meat/analysis , Humans , Rats, Wistar , Plant Gums/chemistry , Plant Gums/administration & dosage , Galactans , Mannans
2.
Methods Cell Biol ; 185: 165-195, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38556447

ABSTRACT

The mucosal surface of gastrointestinal tract is lined with epithelial cells that establish an effective barrier between the lumen and internal environment through intercellular junctions, preventing the passage of potentially harmful substances. The "intestinal barrier function" consist of a defensive system that prevent the passage of antigens, toxins, and microbial products, while maintains the correct development of the epithelial barrier, the immune system and the acquisition of tolerance toward dietary antigens and intestinal microbiota. Intestinal morphology changes subsequent to nutritional variations, stress, aging or diseases, which can also affect the composition of the microbiota, altering the homeostasis of the intestine. A growing body of evidence suggests that alterations in intestinal barrier function favor the development of exaggerated immune responses, leading to metabolic endotoxemia, which seems to be the origin of many chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although the mechanisms are still unknown, the interaction between dietary patterns, gut microbiota, intestinal mucosa, and metabolic inflammation seems to be a key factor for the development of T2DM, among other diseases. This chapter details the different techniques that allow evaluating the morphological and molecular alterations that lead of the intestinal barrier dysfunction in a T2DM experimental model. To induce both diabetic metabolic disturbances and gut barrier disruption, Wistar rats were fed a high-saturated fat and high-cholesterol diet and received a single dose of streptozotocin/nicotinamide. This animal model may contribute to clarify the understanding of the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction on the late-stage T2DM etiology.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Rats , Animals , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Streptozocin/metabolism , Niacinamide/pharmacology , Niacinamide/metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Cholesterol/metabolism
3.
Food Funct ; 15(3): 1513-1526, 2024 Feb 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38229530

ABSTRACT

The impact of silicon as a functional ingredient in restructured meat (RM) on lipoprotein composition, metabolism, and oxidation on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) markers has never been studied. This study aims to evaluate the effect of silicon-enriched-meat consumption on lipidaemia, lipoprotein profile and metabolism, plasma arylesterase, and TBARS and their relationships with glycaemia, insulinaemia, and insulin-signaling markers in late-stage-T2DM rats fed a high-saturated-fat-high-cholesterol (HSFHC) diet. Saturated-fat diets with or without added cholesterol were formulated by mixing a 70% purified diet with 30% freeze-dried RM with or without added silicon. Three groups of seven Wistar rats each were tested. The ED group received the control RM in the framework of a high-saturated-fat diet as early-stage T2DM control. The other two groups received streptozotocin-nicotinamide administration together with the HSFHC diet containing the control RM (LD) or silicon-enriched RM (LD-Si). Scores were created to define the diabetic trend and dyslipidaemia. The ED rats showed hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, and triglyceride-rich-VLDLs, suggesting they were in early-stage T2DM. LD rats presented hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, and reduced HOMA-beta and insulin signaling markers typical of late-stage T2DM along with hypercholesterolaemia and high amounts of beta-VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles and low arylesterase activity. All these markers were significantly (p < 0.05) improved in LD-Si rats. The diabetic trend and diabetes dyslipidaemia scores showed a high and significant correlation (r = 0.595, p < 0.01). Silicon-enriched-meat consumption counterbalances the negative effects of HSFHC diets, functioning as an active hypolipemic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic dietary ingredient in a T2DM rat model, delaying the onset of late-stage diabetes.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Hypercholesterolemia , Hyperglycemia , Hyperlipidemias , Rats , Animals , Diet, Atherogenic , Silicon , Rats, Wistar , Insulin , Meat , Lipoproteins , Cholesterol , Blood Glucose
4.
J. negat. no posit. results ; 8(1): 417-439, Jun 7, 2023. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-220015

ABSTRACT

Introducción: En 2016, el Instituto Karolinska premió a Yoshinori Ohsumi con el Premio Nobel de Fisiologíay Medicina por sus estudios en autofagia. Posteriormente muchas investigaciones han demostrado laimportancia de este proceso en la salud. Métodos: Se revisan tres aspectos: a) la información del Comité del Nobel sobre las investigaciones delgalardonado; b) los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la autofagia; y c) la relación entre autofagia ysalud. Resultados: Se presentan los aspectos más relevantes de la investigación sobre la autofagia, desde lasinvestigaciones de De Duve con los lisosomas hasta algunos detalles moleculares relevantes. Se comentan datos biográficos de Ohsumi y aspectos de su investigación que llevaron al Nobel; tambiénlas características de los tres tipos de autofagia: macrofagia, microfagia y dependiente de chaperonas. Esteproceso es altamente dependiente del estado nutricional, del estrés y de la expresión de ciertos genes,particularmente los de autofagia (ATG). Alteraciones en la expresión o la existencia de polimorfismos enATG originan cambios significativos en la formación de los autofagosomas. Se explica la importancia en lasalud y algunas patologías muy prevalentes del reciclado de células completas y de sus componentesaislados, así como el papel de la interacción de algunos fármacos en la función autofágica. Conclusión: La autofagia es un proceso celular muy común, altamente dependiente del estado nutricionaly de la expresión y polimorfismos de los ATG. Es determinante en la maduración, desarrollo y salud, yparticipa de forma relevante en el envejecimiento y en la prevención de enfermedades degenerativas.(AU)


Introduction: In 2016, the Karolinska Institute awarded Yoshinori Ohsumi the Nobel Prize in Physiologyand Medicine for his studies on autophagy. Subsequently, many investigations have demonstrated the roleof this process in health. Methods: Three aspects are reviewed: a) the information given by the Nobel Committee on the laureate’sresearch; b) the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy; and c) the relationship between autophagyand health. Results: The most relevant aspects of autophagy research are presented, from De Duve's research withlysosomes to some relevant molecular details. Ohsumi's biographical data and aspects of his research thatled to the Nobel are discussed; also,the characteristics of the three types of autophagy: macrophagy, microphagy and chaperone-dependent. Autophagy is highly dependent on nutritional status, stress, and the expression of certain genes, particularlythe so-called autophagy-related genes (ATG). Alterations in the expression or the existence ofpolymorphisms in ATG cause significant changes in the formation of autophagosomes. The importance inhealth and some very prevalent pathologies of the recycling of whole cells and their isolated components isexplained, as well as the role of the interaction of some drugs in the autophagic function.Conclusion: Autophagy is a very common cellular process, highly dependent on nutritional status and ATGexpression and polymorphisms. It is determinant in maturation, development, and health, and participatesin a relevant way in aging and in the prevention of degenerative diseases.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Autophagy , Nobel Prize , Molecular Chaperones , Research
5.
Nutr. hosp ; 40(2): 457-464, mar.-abr. 2023. ilus
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-219345

ABSTRACT

Autophagy is a very active process that plays an important role in cell and organ differentiation and remodelling, being a crucial system to guarantee health. This physiological process is activated in starvation and inhibited in the presence of nutrients. This short review comments on the three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, as well as different aspects that control autophagy and its relationship with health and degenerative diseases. As autophagy is highly dependent on functional autophagy (ATG) proteins integrating the phagophore, the role of some key ATG genes and epigenes are briefly commented on. The manuscript deepens discussing some central aspects of type-2 diabetes mellitus and their relationship with the cell cleaning process and mitochondria homeostasis maintenance, as well as the mechanisms through which antidiabetic drugs affect autophagy. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether autophagy plays a casual or causal role in T2DM. (AU)


La autofagia es un proceso muy activo que juega un papel importante en la diferenciación y remodelación de células y órganos, siendo un sistema crucial para garantizar la salud. Este proceso fisiológico se activa en la inanición y se inhibe en presencia de nutrientes. En esta breve revisión se definen los tres tipos de autofagia: macroautofagia, microautofagia y autofagia mediada por chaperonas, y los diferentes aspectos que controlan la autofagia y su relación con la salud y las enfermedades degenerativas. Como la autofagia depende en gran medida de las proteínas funcionales de autofagia (ATG) que integran el fagóforo, se comenta brevemente el papel clave de algunos genes y epigenes de las ATG. El manuscrito profundiza discutiendo algunos aspectos centrales de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) y su relación con el proceso de limpieza celular y el mantenimiento de la homeostasis mitocondrial, así como los mecanismos a través de cuales los fármacos antidiabéticos afectan a la autofagia. Se necesitan estudios bien diseñados para dilucidar si la autofagia juega un papel de casualidad o causalidad en el desarrollo de la DMT2. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Autophagy/physiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Homeostasis , Mitochondria , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
6.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(6)2023 Mar 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36982444

ABSTRACT

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of risk factors, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension, which increase the probability of causing premature mortality. The consumption of high-fat diets (HFD), normally referred to high-saturated fat diets, is a major driver of the rising incidence of MS. In fact, the altered interplay between HFD, microbiome, and the intestinal barrier is being considered as a possible origin of MS. Consumption of proanthocyanidins (PAs) has a beneficial effect against the metabolic disturbances in MS. However, there are no conclusive results in the literature about the efficacy of PAs in improving MS. This review allows a comprehensive validation of the diverse effects of the PAs on the intestinal dysfunction in HFD-induced MS, differentiating between preventive and therapeutic actions. Special emphasis is placed on the impact of PAs on the gut microbiota, providing a system to facilitate comparison between the studies. PAs can modulate the microbiome toward a healthy profile and strength barrier integrity. Nevertheless, to date, published clinical trials to verify preclinical findings are scarce. Finally, the preventive consumption of PAs in MS-associated dysbiosis and intestinal dysfunction induced by HFD seems more successful than the treatment strategy.


Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Metabolic Syndrome , Proanthocyanidins , Humans , Animals , Mice , Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Proanthocyanidins/pharmacology , Proanthocyanidins/therapeutic use , Obesity/metabolism , Intestines , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Dysbiosis/complications
7.
Nutr Hosp ; 40(2): 457-464, 2023 Apr 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36927007

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Autophagy is a very active process that plays an important role in cell and organ differentiation and remodelling, being a crucial system to guarantee health. This physiological process is activated in starvation and inhibited in the presence of nutrients. This short review comments on the three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, as well as different aspects that control autophagy and its relationship with health and degenerative diseases. As autophagy is highly dependent on functional autophagy (ATG) proteins integrating the phagophore, the role of some key ATG genes and epigenes are briefly commented on. The manuscript deepens discussing some central aspects of type-2 diabetes mellitus and their relationship with the cell cleaning process and mitochondria homeostasis maintenance, as well as the mechanisms through which antidiabetic drugs affect autophagy. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether autophagy plays a casual or causal role in T2DM.


Introducción: La autofagia es un proceso muy activo que juega un papel importante en la diferenciación y remodelación de células y órganos, siendo un sistema crucial para garantizar la salud. Este proceso fisiológico se activa en la inanición y se inhibe en presencia de nutrientes. En esta breve revisión se definen los tres tipos de autofagia: macroautofagia, microautofagia y autofagia mediada por chaperonas, y los diferentes aspectos que controlan la autofagia y su relación con la salud y las enfermedades degenerativas. Como la autofagia depende en gran medida de las proteínas de autofagia funcional (ATG) que integran el fagóforo, se comenta brevemente el papel clave de algunos genes y epigenes de las ATG. El manuscrito profundiza discutiendo algunos aspectos centrales de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DMT2) y su relación con el proceso de limpieza celular y el mantenimiento de la homeostasis mitocondrial, así como los mecanismos a través de cuales los fármacos antidiabéticos afectan a la autofagia. Se necesitan estudios bien diseñados para dilucidar si la autofagia juega un papel de casualidad o causalidad en el desarrollo de la DMT2.


Subject(s)
Autophagy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Humans , Autophagy/physiology , Homeostasis , Mitochondria
8.
Gels ; 10(1)2023 Dec 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38247756

ABSTRACT

Oleogels (OG) and gelled emulsions (GE) were elaborated with a mixture of olive and chia oils (80:20 ratio) without and with the incorporation of the health-related compound curcumin. These were studied to evaluate the influence of the oil structuring system on the lipid hydrolysis and bioaccessibility of three healthy fatty acids (FA) (palmitic, oleic, and α-linolenic acids) and of curcumin, compared to the oil mixture (bulk oil, BO). The oil structuring system influenced the firmness and texture, and the presence of curcumin significantly altered the color parameters. GE showed higher lipid digestibility, with a greater proportion of absorbable fraction (higher content of free FA and monoacylglycerides) than OG, which behaved similarly to BO. The presence of curcumin affected the degree of lipolysis, reducing lipid digestibility in OG and increasing it in GE. As for FA bioaccessibility, although GE presented higher percentages overall, curcumin significantly increased and decreased FA bioaccessibility in OG and GE, respectively. The oil structuring system also influenced the bioaccessibility of curcumin, which was higher in GE. Therefore, when selecting an oil structuring system, their physicochemical properties, the degree of lipid hydrolysis, and the bioaccessibility of both curcumin and the FA studied should all be considered.

9.
J. negat. no posit. results ; 7(4): 366-375, Oct-Dic. 2022.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-216539

ABSTRACT

“Te la dan con queso” es un refrán que surgió a raíz de una estratagema de engaño, por parte de los bodegueros, para vender a mayor precio vinos de baja calidad. Este artículo comienza revisando aspectos básicos del nacimiento de la Nutrición como Ciencia comentando muy fugazmente sus etapas química, biológica, experimental, y metabólica, para luego reflexionar sobre el momento actual en el que la Nutrición se ha hecho muy plural y compleja. Hoy tratamos de encontrar las líneas maestras de una nutrición que sea adecuada, válida y eficaz para todos, tanto desde el punto de vista preventivo como curativo. Esta Nutrición, conocida con el nombre de Nutrición de Precisión, está basada en el estudio y conocimiento de la interacción de lo que comemos con nuestro genoma y el ambioma. Por eso denunciamos que personas sin formación en nutrición, se atrevan a dar consejos nutricionales casi dogmáticos, que crean hábitos incorrectos y situaciones de salud precarias. Para luchar contra los bulos y noticias erróneas sobre nutrición que aparecen continuamente en los medios de comunicación y en las redes sociales, y denunciar que "nos la dan con queso", están surgiendo nuevas metodologías (p. ej. los "Infogramas") que utilizan esquemas sencillos conteniendo información científica contrastada que se difunden en las propias redes sociales para intentar desmontar algunos "fakes" que se consideran virales.(AU)


"Que no te la den con queso" (free translation, “Don´t let someone pull the wool over your eyes”) is an expression that arose from a winemaker’s deception stratagem, to sell wines of poor quality at a high price. This article stars describing basic aspects of the beginning of Nutrition as a Science, commenting very briefly on its chemical, biological, experimental, and metabolic stages, to then reflect on the current moment in which Nutrition has become very plural and complex. Today we try to find the guidelines for an adequate, valid, and effective nutrition for everyone under a preventive and curative points of view. This Nutrition, known as Precision Nutrition, is based on the study and knowledge of the interaction among what we eat with, our genome. and the ambiome. That is why we denounce that people without training in nutrition dare to give almost dogmatic nutritional advice, which creates incorrect habits and precarious health situations. In order to fight against the hoaxes and erroneous news about nutrition that continually appear in the media and social networks, and to denounce that "someone is pulling the wood over our eyes”, new methodologies are emerging (e.g. "Infograms") that use simple diagrams containing contrasted scientific information that are disseminated in the social networks themselves to try to dismantle some "fakes" that are considered viral.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Nutrition Personnel , Food and Nutrition Education , 52503 , Diet, Food, and Nutrition , Genome , Feeding Behavior , Nutritional Sciences
10.
Sci Adv ; 8(46): eabq2733, 2022 Nov 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36383673

ABSTRACT

Adipogenesis is a tightly orchestrated multistep process wherein preadipocytes differentiate into adipocytes. The most studied aspect of adipogenesis is its transcriptional regulation through timely expression and silencing of a vast number of genes. However, whether turnover of key regulatory proteins per se controls adipogenesis remains largely understudied. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective form of lysosomal protein degradation that, in response to diverse cues, remodels the proteome for regulatory purposes. We report here the activation of CMA during adipocyte differentiation and show that CMA regulates adipogenesis at different steps through timely degradation of key regulatory signaling proteins and transcription factors that dictate proliferation, energetic adaptation, and signaling changes required for adipogenesis.

11.
Nutr Hosp ; 39(6): 1397-1407, 2022 Dec 20.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36327123

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Previous studies have pointed to a possible relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of the disease promoted by SARS-CoV-2, reducing respiratory and cardiovascular complications caused by a hyperreaction of the immune system known as "cytokine storm". This vitamin exerts multiple functions that depend on the presence and levels of different proteins, such as the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the vitamin D binding protein (DBP), and the existence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes that encode these proteins. The objective of this review is to assess whether some VDR and GC SNPs are risk factors for the most severe forms of COVID-19 disease and whether they condition the response to vitamin D supplementation. A search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scielo, finding that genotypes in patients affected by COVID-19, were rarely performed, although some studies find a relationship between different alleles and the severity of the disease. The ApaI polymorphism of the VDR gene stands out, as the minor allele "a" increases the risk of mortality from COVID-19 (OR = 11.828, CI: 2,493-56,104, p = 0.002). Results divergency in the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation suggest the need for a larger number of studies. In conclusion, the study of VDR and GC polymorphisms seems essential to effectively treat vitamin D deficiency and particularly to protect against COVID-19. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether plasma vitamin D levels play a role of casuality or causality.


Introducción: Estudios previos han señalado una posible relación entre la deficiencia de la vitamina D y la severidad de la enfermedad promovida por el SARS-CoV-2, reduciendo las complicaciones respiratorias y cardiovasculares causadas por una respuesta exacerbada del sistema inmune. Esta vitamina ejerce múltiples funciones que dependen de la presencia y niveles de diferentes proteínas, como el receptor de la vitamina D (VDR) y la proteína de unión de la vitamina D (DBP), y de la existencia de polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP) de los genes que codifican a estas proteínas. El objetivo de esta revisión es evaluar si algunos SNP de VDR y GC son factores de riesgo de las formas más severas de la enfermedad COVID-19 y si condicionan la respuesta a la suplementación con vitamina D. Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, Google Scholar y Scielo, encontrándose que son escasos los genotipados en pacientes afectados por COVID-19, aunque algunos trabajos hallan una relación entre diferentes alelos y la severidad de la enfermedad. Destaca el polimorfismo ApaI del gen VDR, el cual alelo menor "a" aumenta el riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 (OR = 11,828, CI: 2.493-56.104, p = 0,002). La divergencia de resultados en la eficacia de la suplementación de vitamina D sugiere la necesidad de un mayor número de estudios. En conclusión, el estudio de polimorfismos VDR y GC resulta fundamental para tratar eficazmente la deficiencia de vitamina D y en particular en la protección frente a COVID-19. Se necesitan estudios bien diseñados para dilucidar si los niveles plasmáticos de vitamina D juegan un papel de casualidad o causalidad.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Receptors, Calcitriol , SARS-CoV-2 , Vitamin D Deficiency , Vitamin D-Binding Protein , Vitamin D , Humans , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/mortality , Genotype , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics , Vitamin D/metabolism , Vitamin D Deficiency/complications , Vitamin D Deficiency/genetics , Vitamin D-Binding Protein/genetics
12.
Nutr. hosp ; 39(6): 1397-1407, nov.-dic. 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-214849

ABSTRACT

Estudios previos han señalado una posible relación entre la deficiencia de la vitamina D y la severidad de la enfermedad promovida por el SARS-CoV-2, reduciendo las complicaciones respiratorias y cardiovasculares causadas por una respuesta exacerbada del sistema inmune. Esta vitamina ejerce múltiples funciones que dependen de la presencia y niveles de diferentes proteínas, como el receptor de la vitamina D (VDR) y la proteína de unión de la vitamina D (DBP), y de la existencia de polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP) de los genes que codifican a estas proteínas. El objetivo de esta revisión es evaluar si algunos SNP de VDR y GC son factores de riesgo de las formas más severas de la enfermedad COVID-19 y si condicionan la respuesta a la suplementación con vitamina D. Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, Google Scholar y Scielo, encontrándose que son escasos los genotipados en pacientes afectados por COVID-19, aunque algunos trabajos hallan una relación entre diferentes alelos y la severidad de la enfermedad. Destaca el polimorfismo ApaI del gen VDR, el cual alelo menor “a” aumenta el riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 (OR = 11,828, CI: 2.493-56.104, p = 0,002). La divergencia de resultados en la eficacia de la suplementación de vitamina D sugiere la necesidad de un mayor número de estudios. En conclusión, el estudio de polimorfismos VDR y GC resulta fundamental para tratar eficazmente la deficiencia de vitamina D y en particular en la protección frente a COVID-19. Se necesitan estudios bien diseñados para dilucidar si los niveles plasmáticos de vitamina D juegan un papel de casualidad o causalidad. (AU)


Previous studies have pointed to a possible relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of the disease promoted by SARS-CoV-2, reducing respiratory and cardiovascular complications caused by a hyperreaction of the immune system known as “cytokine storm”. This vitamin exerts multiple functions that depend on the presence and levels of different proteins, such as the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the vitamin D binding protein (DBP), and the existence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes that encode these proteins. The objective of this review is to assess whether some VDR and GC SNPs are risk factors for the most severe forms of COVID-19 disease and whether they condition the response to vitamin D supplementation. A search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scielo, finding that genotypes in patients affected by COVID-19, were rarely performed, although some studies find a relationship between different alleles and the severity of the disease. The ApaI polymorphism of the VDR gene stands out, as the minor allele “a” increases the risk of mortality from COVID-19 (OR = 11.828, CI: 2,493-56,104, p = 0.002). RESULTS divergency in the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation suggest the need for a larger number of studies. In CONCLUSION, the study of VDR and GC polymorphisms seems essential to effectively treat vitamin D deficiency and particularly to protect against COVID-19. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether plasma vitamin D levels play a role of casuality or causality. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Pandemics , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/mortality , Vitamin D , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , Vitamin D Deficiency , Receptors, Calcitriol , Vitamin D-Binding Protein
13.
Mol Nutr Food Res ; 66(24): e2200104, 2022 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36213967

ABSTRACT

SCOPE: Hypercholesterolemia increases the risk of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in the late-stage. Consumption of bioactive compounds as functional ingredients would help achieve therapeutic goals for cholesterolemia. Silicon has demonstrated a hypocholesterolemic effect and the ability to reduce fat digestion. However, it is unclear whether silicon exerts such effect in late-stage T2DM (LD) and the intestinal mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three groups of eight rats were included: early-stage T2DM control (ED), LD, and the LD group treated with silicon (LD-Si) once the rats were diabetic. Morphological alterations of the duodenal mucosa, and levels of markers involve in cholesterol absorption and excretion, beside cholesterolemia, and fecal excretion were assayed. Silicon included as a functional ingredient significantly reduces cholesterolemia in part due to: 1) reducing cholesterol intestinal absorption by decreasing the absorptive area and Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase-2 (ACAT2) levels; and 2) increasing cholesterol excretion to the lumen by induction of the liver X receptor (LXR) and consequent increase of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter (ABCG5/8). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide insight into the intestinal molecular mechanisms by which silicon reduces cholesterolemia and highlights the efficacy of the consumption of silicon-enriched functional foods in late-stage T2DM.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Rats , Animals , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5 , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Silicon/pharmacology , Lipoproteins/metabolism , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology , Cholesterol , Liver/metabolism
14.
An. R. Acad. Nac. Farm. (Internet) ; 87(3): 221-237, julio- septiembre 2021. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-207497

ABSTRACT

La fritura repetida de alimentos produce termooxidación y polimerización, potencialmente negativas para la salud. Se desconoce cómo reacciona el sistema gastrointestinal frente a estos compuestos. Las proantocianidinas poseen propiedades antioxidantes e hipolipemiantes. Hipotetizamos que un extracto de algarrobo rico en proantocianidinas (CFE) mejora la defensa del intestino frente a la agresión termooxidativa. Se estudió, en el aceite de girasol, la termooxidación producida por la fritura repetida de pescado y, en ratas Wistar, el efecto de administrar conjuntamente aceite de fritura y CFE sobre: la digestión de los compuestos termooxidados, la lipemia postprandial, las proteínas implicadas en la absorción de lípidos, y la actividad y expresión antioxidante y de hemo-oxigenasa-1 en intestino delgado. Doce ratas Wistar, macho, de 200-250 g fueron canuladas durante una semana con la mezcla del aceite termooxidado-CFE o con aceite termooxidado. Se cuantificó la alteración termooxidativa en el aceite de fritura y en la grasa post-prandial del lumen gastrointestinal, la lipemia postprandial, las proteínas NPC1L1, ACAT-2 y MTP, y el estado antioxidante en duodeno, yeyuno e íleon. Se encontraron niveles elevados de compuestos de polimerización y triglicéridos oxidados en el aceite de girasol y en la grasa del lumen gastrointestinal. La administración de aceite de girasol termooxidado-CFE disminuye la digestibilidad del aceite y de los compuestos poliméricos/termooxidados, aminora la lipemia postprandial, eleva NPC1L1, ACAT-2 y MTP, y mejora el estado antioxidante intestinal y la excreción de polímeros fecales. El empleo de CFE reduce la lipemia postprandial y garantiza un estado antioxidante intestinal adecuado frente a lípidos termooxidados.(AU)


The repeated frying of food in sunflower oil produces thermo-oxidation and polymerization, potentially negative for health. The reaction of the gastrointestinal system to these compounds is unknown. Proanthocyanidins have antioxidant and lipid-lowering properties. We hypothesize that a carob-fruit extract rich in proanthocyanidins (CFE) improves the defense of the intestine against thermo-oxidative aggression. In sunflower oil, the thermo-oxidation produced by repeated frying of fish was studied while, in Wistar rats, the effect of jointly administering altered sunflower oil and CFE on: the digestion of thermo-oxidized compounds, postprandial lipaemia, proteins involved in lipid absorption, antioxidant and hemoxygenase-1 activity and expression in the small intestine. Twelve male Wistar rats, 200-250 g were cannulated for one week with the mixture of the thermo-oxidized oil-CFE or the thermo-oxidized oil. Thermo-oxidation was determined in sunflower oil and in the postprandial-fat of the gastrointestinal lumen, postprandial lipaemia, the proteins NPC1L1, ACAT-2 and MTP, and the antioxidant status in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. High thermo-oxidation and polymerization levels were found on sunflower oil and fat in the gastrointestinal lumen. The administration of thermo-oxidized sunflower oil-CFE decreases the digestibility of the oil and the polymeric/thermo-oxidized compounds, reduces postprandial lipaemia, increases NPC1L1, ACAT-2, and MTP, and improves the intestinal antioxidant status and excretion of fecal polymers. The use of CFE reduces postprandial lipaemia and guarantees an adequate intestinal antioxidant status against thermo-oxidized lipids.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Sunflower Oil , Prosopis , Proanthocyanidins , Dietary Fiber , Hyperlipidemias , Antioxidants , 24439 , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
15.
J. negat. no posit. results ; 6(8): 1049-1063, Ago. 2021. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-223358

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Este trabajo reúne información preliminar sobre un proyecto cuya hipótesis es que la inclusión de errores en algunos temas por parte del profesor induce a los alumnos a buscarlos, localizarlos, discutirlos y conocerlos, llevando a un mejor conocimiento de la asignatura y por tanto a adquirir las competencias que marca el Plan Bolonia.Métodos: El proyecto que se concibió para aplicar un método basado en el error, pero con potenciación mediante gamificación en cinco asignaturas de tres grados de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. A causa de la pandemia COVID-19 se tuvieron que modificar algunos objetivos planificados al solicitar la concesión del proyecto, obteniéndose datos objetivos, muchos aun sin evaluar totalmente, de dos asignaturas. Un 10% de los temas explicados tenían errores. Se hicieron evaluaciones con la plataforma Kahoot! y mediante cuestionarios tipo test. Las preguntas tenían cuatro posibles respuestas, de las que solo una era cierta. Se realizaron además un examen parcial liberatorio y un examen final donde se ubicaron preguntas de los temas con errores y sin errores.Resultados: Aunque muchos datos están aún siendo evaluados estadísticamente para conocer el grado de contribución de los temas con errores respecto a sin errores, así como de la gamificación, los resultados sugieren una nota superior y del orden de un 8,2% en los temas con errores. Estas diferencias fueron mucho mayores en el caso de los alumnos de Farmacia (15%, p<0,05) que del Doble grado de Farmacia y Nutrición Humana y Dietética (-4,3%, no significativa). Los alumnos de Farmacia mostraron una nota final superior en relación con el curso anterior, aspecto que no aconteció con los del doble grado. La gamificación se consideró, particularmente efectiva en los alumnos de Farmacia como una iniciativa estimulante y válida.(AU)


Introduction: This work gathers information about a project not yet completed which hypothesis is that the inclusion of errors, by the teacher, in some lessons induces students to search, find, discuss and know them, leading to a better knowledge of the subject and therefore, acquire the competencies set by the Bologna plan.Methods: A method based on error but enhanced by gamification in five subjects of three degrees of the Complutense University of Madrid was conseived. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the planned objectives set when applying for the funding of the project had to be modified. Having objective data, although part still has not been evaluated. A total of 10% of lessons with errors were introduced. Evaluations were conducted with the Kahoot! platform and through multiple choice questionnaires. The questions had four possible answers, of which only one was correct. In addition, partial and final examination were also carried out with questions about the lessons taught with errors and without errors.Results: Although many data are still being statistically evaluated to know the degree of contribution of the topics with errors vs. without errors, as well as gamification, the results suggest a higher score (8.2%) in the topics with errors. These differences were much greater in the case of Pharmacy students (15%, p <0.05) than in the Double degree of Pharmacy and Human Nutrition and Dietetics (-4.3%, not significant). Pharmacy students showed a higher final grade in relation to the previous year, an aspect that did not happen with the double degree students. Gamification was considered particularly effective in Pharmacy students as a stimulating and valid initiative.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Education/methods , Education/statistics & numerical data , Problem-Based Learning/methods , Problem-Based Learning/statistics & numerical data , Teaching/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , 52503 , 50054 , Spain
16.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(8)2021 Apr 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33917044

ABSTRACT

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity. This review delves into the applications of algae and their components in T2DM, as well as to ascertain the mechanism involved (e.g., glucose absorption, lipids metabolism, antioxidant properties, etc.). PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were used. Papers in which whole alga, algal extracts, or their isolated compounds were studied in in vitro conditions, T2DM experimental models, and humans were selected and discussed. This review also focuses on meat matrices or protein concentrate-based products in which different types of alga were included, aimed to modulate carbohydrate digestion and absorption, blood glucose, gastrointestinal neurohormones secretion, glycosylation products, and insulin resistance. As microbiota dysbiosis in T2DM and metabolic alterations in different organs are related, the review also delves on the effects of several bioactive algal compounds on the colon/microbiota-liver-pancreas-brain axis. As the responses to therapeutic diets vary dramatically among individuals due to genetic components, it seems a priority to identify major gene polymorphisms affecting potential positive effects of algal compounds on T2DM treatment.


Subject(s)
Biological Products/chemistry , Biological Products/pharmacology , Food Ingredients/analysis , Functional Food/analysis , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Microalgae/chemistry , Animals , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Biological Products/therapeutic use , Biomarkers , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Disease Management , Disease Susceptibility , Dysbiosis , Energy Metabolism/drug effects , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Microalgae/classification , Microbiota
17.
Food Res Int ; 141: 110124, 2021 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33641991

ABSTRACT

Epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that dietary fiber and proanthocyanidins play an important role on gut microbiota (GM), colonic integrity and body health. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent disease in which the modifications in the GM and colonic markers stand out. This manuscript hypothesizes the consumption of functional meat enriched in carob fruit extract [CFE; CFE-restructured meat (RM)] ameliorates the dysbiosis and colonic barrier integrity loss in a late-stage T2DM rat model induced by the conjoint action of a high-saturated-fat/high-cholesterol diet (Chol-diet) and a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) plus a nicotinamide (NAD) injection. Three groups of eight rats were used: (1) D group, a T2DM control group, fed the Chol-diet; (2) ED group, a T2DM preventive strategy group fed the CFE-Chol-diet since the beginning of the study; and (3) DE group, a T2DM curative treatment group, fed the CFE-Chol-diet once the diabetic state was confirmed. The study lasted 8 weeks. Amount and variety of GM, feces short-chain-fatty acids (SCFAs), colonic morphology [crypt depth and density, goblet cells, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) indexes] and tight junctions were evaluated. A global colonic index combining 17 markers (GCindex) was calculated. ED rats displayed higher levels of GM richness, SCFAs production, crypt depth, and goblet cells than the D group. DE group showed lower Enterobacteriaceae abundance and greater TUNEL index and occludin expression in the distal colon than D counterpart. GCindex differentiated the colonic health status of the experimental groups in the order (ED > DE > D; P < 0.001) as a 17-51 range-quotation, ED, DE, and D groups displayed the values 43, 32.5, and 27, respectively. Thus, CFE-RM used as a T2DM preventive therapy could induce higher GM richness, more adequate SCFAs production, and better colonic barrier integrity. Furthermore, CFE-RM used with curative purposes induced more modest changes and mainly at the distal colonic mucosa. Further studies are needed to confirm this study's results, to ascertain the benefits of consuming proanthocyanidins-rich fiber during different T2DM stages.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Animals , Colon , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Fruit , Galactans , Mannans , Meat , Plant Gums , Rats
18.
Adv Nutr ; 12(4): 1514-1539, 2021 07 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33578416

ABSTRACT

High meat consumption has been associated with increased oxidative stress mainly due to the generation of oxidized compounds in the body, such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-nonenal, oxysterols, or protein carbonyls, which can induce oxidative damage. Meat products are excellent matrices for introducing different bioactive compounds, to obtain functional meat products aimed at minimizing the pro-oxidant effects associated with high meat consumption. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the concept and preparation of healthy and functional meat, which could benefit antioxidant status. Likewise, the key strategies regarding meat production and storage as well as ingredients used (e.g., minerals, polyphenols, fatty acids, walnuts) for developing these functional meats are detailed. Although most effort has been made to reduce the oxidation status of meat, newly emerging approaches also aim to improve the oxidation status of consumers of meat products. Thus, we will delve into the relation between functional meats and their health effects on consumers. In this review, animal trials and intervention studies are discussed, ascertaining the extent of functional meat products' properties (e.g., neutralizing reactive oxygen species formation and increasing the antioxidant response). The effects of functional meat products in the frame of diet-gene interactions are analyzed to 1) discover target subjects that would benefit from their consumption, and 2) understand the molecular mechanisms that ensure precision in the prevention and treatment of diseases, where high oxidative stress takes place. Long-term intervention-controlled studies, testing different types and amounts of functional meat, are also necessary to ascertain their positive impact on degenerative diseases.


Subject(s)
Meat Products , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Humans , Malondialdehyde , Meat/analysis , Oxidative Stress
19.
J. negat. no posit. results ; 5(12): 1575-1598, dic. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-200240

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: La fibra dietética es un componente nutricional fundamental, destacando su acción moduladora sobre la microbiota intestinal. El consumo de alimentos de origen vegetal y por ende el de la fibra dietética, tanto en España como en otros muchos países, se ha reducido. Los alimentos funcionales parecer ser una buena alternativa alimentaria para paliar este déficit. OBJETIVOS: 1. Revisar el concepto de fibra dietética. 2. Conocer la situación real de consumo de fibra dietética en España y en otros países europeos en diferentes intervalos de edad. 3. Estudiar los efectos principales del consumo de la fibra dietética y en particular de proantocianidinas (PA) con respecto a la microbiota intestinal. 4. Revisar el concepto de alimento funcional y las posibilidades de incorporar fibra dietética y PA a diferentes alimentos de alto consumo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El principal motor de búsqueda ha sido la base de datos PubMed, aunque también se ha hecho uso de Google Scholar, ResearchGate y sciELO. Se han revisado artículos científicos, libros, e informes en fuentes fiables y contrastadas. También se han consultado documentos oficiales, como el Informe de Consumo de Alimentos en España de 2018, publicado por el Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación; la página web de la AESAN y los Reglamentos vigentes de alimentación. RESULTADOS: Se confirma que las ingestas reales de fibra dietética en distintos países de la Unión Europea incluyendo a España, son inferiores de las ingestas dietéticas de referencia (IDR) para la mayoría de los intervalos de edad. Esta inadecuación se exacerba al aumentar la edad. En el artículo se proponen estrategias para alcanzar las IDR, en particular incorporando fibra dietética en alimentos de consumo muy frecuente (p.ej. matrices cárnicas). Se revisa el concepto de alimento funcional y aquellas publicaciones que estudian los efectos de las proantocianidinas (PA) en la recuperación de la microbiota intestinal a otra similar a la que poseen individuos sanos. Se comentan los mecanismos mediante los cuales la microbiota es capaz de hidrolizar las PA y liberar metabolitos con acción protectora intestinal y sistémica. CONCLUSIONES: Dado que modificar los hábitos de consumo por parte de la población parece tarea difícil, se plantea la alternativa de formular alimentos funcionales enriquecidos en fibra dietética y PA. La evidencia positiva creciente observada en cárnicos funcionales enriquecidos con fibra de algarrobo rica en PA sugiere la importancia de continuar investigando en este campo y de iniciar la formulación de nuevos alimentos funcionales (p.ej. cereales, cremas, gominolas, etc.) enriquecidos en este tipo de fibra dietética rica en PA, que propicien un adecuado consumo y los beneficios de sus propiedades funcionales


INTRODUCTION: Dietary fiber is an essential nutritional component, which, its modulating action on gut microbiota must be outlined. The consumption of foods of vegetable origin, and therefore, the dietary's fiber consumption, in Spain, as well as in some other countries, has been reduced. Functional foods have been found to be a great food alternative to solve this dietary deficiency. OBJECTIVES: 1. To review dietary's fiber concept. 2. To get to know the real consumption situation of dietary fiber in Spain, in other European countries; in different age groups. 3. To study the main effects related to dietary fiber consumption, particularly the effects of PA with respect to the gut microbiome. 4. To revise functional foods concept, and the possibilities of incorporating dietary fiber and PA into different highly consumed foods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The main research engine has been the PubMed database, although it has also been used Google Scholar, ResearchGate and SciELO. At the same time scientific articles, books and reports from reliable and corroborated sources have been revised. In addition, official documents have been consulted, as the 2018 Spanish Foods Consumption Report, published by the Spanish Ministry of Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación; the AESAN website, and the current food regulations. RESULTS: It is proved that the real dietary fiber intakes in different European countries, including in Spain, are far below the dietary reference intakes (DRI), in most of the studied age ranges. In this article, there are proposed strategies to achieve these DRI, particularly adding dietary fiber into highly consumed foods (i.e. meat matrices). The concept of functional foods is reviewed, and some of the most relevant publications reporting the effects of proanthocyanidins (PA) in relationship to the gut microbiome recovery, and its change to another related to the healthy people's microbiome. The mechanisms by which the gut microbiome is able to hydrolyse the PA, and consequently release metabolites with gut and systemic protective activity, is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Given that modifying the population consumption habits seems a difficult task, the alternative of formulating functional foods enriched with dietary fiber and PA it is suggested. The increasing positive evidence observed derived from the consumption of functional meat products to which carob fruit fiber has been added, suggests the relevance of continuing investigating on this field, and therefore start the formulation of new functional foods (i.e. cereals, creams, sweets, etc.) enriched with this PA-enriched fiber, which would lead to an adequate dietary fiber consumption and the benefits from its functional functions


Subject(s)
Humans , Functional Food , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Proanthocyanidins/administration & dosage , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Feeding Behavior , Recommended Dietary Allowances , Europe
20.
Foods ; 9(11)2020 Nov 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33147776

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the effect of the type of the emulsifying protein (EP) (sodium caseinate (SC) and whey protein isolate (WPI)) on both oil-in-water liquid-like emulsions (Es) and the corresponding cold gelled emulsions (GEs), and also the effect of addition of carob extract rich in condensed tannins (T). The systems, intended as functional food ingredients, were studied in various different respects, including rheological behaviour, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion with determination of the release of non-extractable proanthocyanidins (NEPA) from T, antioxidant activity and lipolysis. EP significantly affects the rheological behaviour of both Es and GEs. T incorporation produced a structural reinforcement of GEs, especially in the case of SC. The digests from Es displayed a higher antioxidant activity than those from GEs. T lipase inhibition was observed only in the formulations with WPI. Our results highlight the importance, in the design of functional foods, of analyzing different variables when incorporating a bioactive compound into a food or emulsion in order to select the better combination for the desired objective, owing to the complex interplay of the various components.

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