ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mycotoxin monitoring in cereal grains has great importance in the food and feed industries. This study evaluated mycotoxin contamination in corns with different endosperm textures in 2 years of cultivation. Samples of dent, semi-dent, flint and semi-flint corns from field experiments were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS: Occurrences of fumonisins B1 (FB1 ) and B2 (FB2 ) in 2020 were 45.72% (mean 270 µg kg-1 ) and 35.89% (94.97 µg kg-1 ), respectively, and 68.98% (446 µg kg-1 ) and 45.83% (152 µg kg-1 ) in 2021. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 was 11.96% (0.16 µg kg-1 ) in 2020 and 11.11% (0.13 µg kg-1 ) in 2021. In 2020, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenona (ZEA) presented occurrences of 1.28% and 1.70%, with means of 4.08 and 2.45 µg kg-1 , respectively. In 2021, results were 8.33% (31.00 µg kg-1 ) for DON and 8.79% (4.38 µg kg-1 ) for ZEA. Citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X did not occur in 2020 but presented 1.66%, 0.83%, and 2.50% positive rates in 2021, respectively. In 2020, flint corn presented the lowest concentration of FB1 whereas dent corn presented the highest concentration of FB1 and FB2 (P < 0.05). In 2021, dent corn presented the highest means of FB1 , FB2 and diacetoxyscirpenol (P < 0.05). Dent and semi-dent presented the highest concentration of nivalenol (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The endosperm texture influenced mycotoxin contamination in corn grains, especially FB1 and FB2 , which had the highest concentration in dent corn in the 2 years of this study. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Callosities , Citrinin , Fumonisins , Mycotoxins , Mycotoxins/analysis , Zea mays/chemistry , Endosperm/chemistry , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Food Contamination/analysis , Fumonisins/analysis , Citrinin/analysis , Edible Grain/chemistryABSTRACT
A determinação do volume de água disponível às plantas é fundamental para o correto manejo da irrigação e definição quanto ao uso dos solos agrícolas. Os principais fatores que exercem influência na retenção e disponibilidade de água às plantas são a textura e a estrutura do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a influência da textura na retenção da água, na condição de ponto de murcha permanente (PMP) das plantas (-1,5MPa), sendo utilizado um psicrômetro modelo WP4-T. Determinaram-se a textura de 100 amostras de solo e o teor de água no PMP. Os resultados indicaram que, em potenciais maiores que -1,0MPa, o psicrômetro mostrou-se pouco preciso, não se recomendando a sua utilização nessa condição. O PMP aumentou de 0,059 para 0,29g g-1, quando o teor de argila aumentou de 120 para 779g kg-1. Obteve-se um bom ajuste dos resultados do teor de água no PMP em função do teor de argila do solo, e 91 por cento da variação do teor de água no PMP puderam ser atribuídos à variação no teor de argila. Conclui-se que o psicrômetro é um equipamento que pode ser utilizado para determinar o PMP, e a equação PMP (g g-1)=0,0003*Argila (g kg-1)+0,0118 pode ser utilizada para estimar o PMP.
The determination of the available water to plants is essential to right irrigation management and definition regarding the use in agricultural soils. The main factors that exert influence on retention and availability of water to plants are texture and soil structure. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of the texture on water retention in the condition of permanent wilting point (PWP) of plants (-1,5MPa) using a WP4-T Dewpoint Potentia Meter. The texture of 100 soil sample and soil moisture at PWP was determined. Results indicated that, in potentials higher than -1,0MPa, WP4-T seemed not very precise, therefore its use is not recommended in this condition. PWP increased from 0,059 to 0,29g g-1, while the clay content increased from 120 to 779g kg-1. It was obtained a good adjustment of the results of water content at PWP based on clay content of soil, being that 91 percent of variation in water content at PWP could be attributed to variation in clay content. It was concluded that WP4-T is an equipment that can be used to determine PWP and the equation PWP (g g-1)=0,0003 * Clay(g kg-1)+0,0118 can be used to estimate PWP.
ABSTRACT
A avaliação da qualidade física dos solos agrícolas tem assumido importância cada vez maior, principalmente em áreas sob sistema plantio direto, uma vez que nesse sistema de manejo ocorrem importantes alterações na estrutura do solo. A resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RP), o intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) e a densidade relativa (DR) têm sido apresentados como opções para essa avaliação. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar e modelar a RP em função da umidade e densidade do solo e determinar o IHO em função da DR em dois sistemas de manejo. Amostras de solo com estrutura preservada foram coletadas na camada de 0-5cm, em solo sob plantio direto (PD) e plantio direto escarificado (PDE) há seis meses. Em laboratório, determinou-se a RP utilizando penetrômetro eletrônico e efetuou-se um ajuste estatístico individual para cada manejo à equação de Busscher. No PDE, para uma mesma densidade e umidade do solo, a RP foi menor que no PD, e a diferença na RP foi maior entre os dois manejos quando a umidade do solo no campo foi menor. O IHO foi maior no PDE até a DR 0,9. Os resultados permitem concluir que a RP é um parâmetro sensível para determinar a qualidade estrutural do solo e que o PDE reduziu significativamente a RP e aumentou o IHO, o que proporcionará melhores condições para o desenvolvimento radicular das plantas por um período de tempo maior.
The assessment of the physical quality of agricultural soils has taken on added importance, especially in areas under no tillage, as important changes to soil structure occur as a result of this type of management. Soil resistance to penetration (RP), the least limit water range (LLWR) and relative density (RD) have been used as evaluation parameters. The aim of this study was to assess and model RP as a function of soil moisture and density and to determine the LLWR as a function of RD under two management systems. Samples of soils under no tillage (NT) and chiseled no tillage (CNT) for six months and whose structure had been preserved were collected at a depth of 0 to 5cm. In the laboratory, RP was assessed using an electronic penetrometer and each management system was statistically adjusted to Busscher's equation. In CNT soils, RP was lower for the same density and moisture, and lower than the PD, whereas the difference in RP was larger between the two management systems when soil moisture in the field was lower. The LLWR was higher under CNT up to an RD of 0.9. Results allow us to conclude that RP is a sensitive parameter for determining the physical quality of the soil and that CNT significantly reduced RP and increased the LLWR, providing favorable conditions for root growth for a longer time period.
