ABSTRACT
Chemoresistance is a major factor driving tumour relapse and the high rates of cancer-related deaths. Understanding how cancer cells overcome chemotherapy-induced cell death is critical in promoting patient survival. One emerging mechanism of chemoresistance is the tumour cell secretome (TCS), an array of protumorigenic factors released by tumour cells. Chemotherapy exposure can also alter the composition of the TCS, known as therapy-induced TCS, and can promote tumour relapse and the formation of an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME). Here, we outline how the TCS can protect cancer cells from chemotherapy-induced cell death. We also highlight recent evidence describing how therapy-induced TCS can impact cancer stem cell (CSC) expansion and tumour-associated immune cells to enable tumour regrowth and antitumour immunity.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Tumor Microenvironment/immunology , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Apoptosis/drug effects , Apoptosis/immunology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/immunology , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology , Humans , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects , Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology , Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology , Tumor Escape/drug effects , Tumor Escape/immunology , Tumor Microenvironment/drug effectsABSTRACT
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks targeted therapies and has a worse prognosis than other breast cancer subtypes, underscoring an urgent need for new therapeutic targets and strategies. IRE1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor, whose activation is predominantly linked to the resolution of ER stress and, in the case of severe stress, to cell death. Here we demonstrate that constitutive IRE1 RNase activity contributes to basal production of pro-tumorigenic factors IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1, GM-CSF, and TGFß2 in TNBC cells. We further show that the chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel, enhances IRE1 RNase activity and this contributes to paclitaxel-mediated expansion of tumor-initiating cells. In a xenograft mouse model of TNBC, inhibition of IRE1 RNase activity increases paclitaxel-mediated tumor suppression and delays tumor relapse post therapy. We therefore conclude that inclusion of IRE1 RNase inhibition in therapeutic strategies can enhance the effectiveness of current chemotherapeutics.
