ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of oncologic mortality worldwide. Liver transplantation represents a curative option for patients with significant liver dysfunction and absence of metastases. However, this therapeutic option is associated with significant blood loss and frequently requires various transfusions and intraoperative blood salvage for autotransfusion (IBS-AT) with or without a leukocyte reduction filter. This study aimed to analyze available evidence on long-term oncologic outcomes of patients undergoing liver transplantation for HCC with and without IBS-AT. METHODS: Per PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of keywords "Blood Salvage," "Auto-transfusion," "Hepatocellular carcinoma," and "Liver-transplant" was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS. Studies comparing operative and postoperative outcomes were screened and analyzed for review. RESULTS: Twelve studies totaling 1704 participants were included for analysis. Length of stay, recurrence rates, and overall survival were not different between IBS-AT group and non IBS-AT group. CONCLUSION: IBS-AT use is not associated with increased risk of recurrence in liver transplant for HCC even without leukocyte filtration. Both operative and postoperative outcomes are similar between groups. Comparison of analyzed studies suggest that IBS-AT is safe for use during liver transplant for HCC.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Irritable Bowel Syndrome , Liver Neoplasms , Liver Transplantation , Humans , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Blood Transfusion, Autologous/adverse effects , Liver Transplantation/adverse effects , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/etiology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/etiology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/surgery , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Hypothyroidism (Hypo) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. Hypo rapidly induces Ca2+ mishandling and contractile dysfunction (CD), as well as atrophy and ventricular myocytes (VM) remodeling. Hypo decreases SERCA-to-phospholamban ratio (SERCA/PLB), and thereby contributes to CD. Nevertheless, detailed spatial and temporal Ca2+ cycling characterization in VM is missing, and contribution of other structural and functional changes to the mechanism underlying Ca2+ mishandling and CD, as transverse tubules (T-T) remodeling, mitochondrial density (Dmit) and energy availability, is unclear. Therefore, in a rat model of Hypo, we aimed to characterize systolic and diastolic Ca2+ signaling, T-T remodeling, Dmit, citrate synthase (CS) activity and high-energy phosphate metabolites (ATP and phosphocreatine). We confirmed a decrease in SERCA/PLB (59%), which slowed SERCA activity (48%), reduced SR Ca2+ (19%) and blunted Ca2+ transient amplitude (41%). Moreover, assessing the rate of SR Ca2+ release (dRel/dt), we found that early and maximum dRel/dt decreased, and this correlated with staggered Ca2+ transients. However, dRel/dt persisted during Ca2+ transient relaxation due to abundant late Ca2+ sparks. Isoproterenol significantly up-regulated systolic Ca2+ cycling. T-T were unchanged, hence, cannot explain staggered Ca2+ transients and altered dRel/dt. Therefore, we suggest that these might be caused by RyR2 clusters desynchronization, due to diminished Ca2+-dependent sensitivity of RyR2, which also caused a decrease in diastolic SR Ca2+ leak. Furthermore, Dmit was unchanged and CS activity slightly decreased (14%), however, the ratio phosphocreatine/ATP did not change, therefore, energy deficiency cannot account for Ca2+ and contractility dysregulation. We conclude that decreased SR Ca2+, due to slower SERCA, disrupts systolic RyR2 synchronization, and this underlies CD.
