ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Converting the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap to a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap has been reported for breast reconstruction. The goal of this article is to evaluate the donor site after harvesting a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in patients who underwent breast surgery and to show the advantages of sparing the latissimus dorsi muscle on the function of the shoulder. METHODS: Between 2002 and 2004, 22 patients who had a partial breast reconstruction using a pedicled thoracodorsal artery perforator flap were enrolled in a functional study to evaluate shoulder function postoperatively. Latissimus dorsi muscle strength, shoulder mobility, and latissimus dorsi thickness were measured by using the MicroFet2, a goniometer, and ultrasound examination, respectively. The measurements of the operated and contralateral (unoperated) sides were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: When comparing the operated sides to the unoperated sides, latissimus dorsi strength seemed to be maintained after surgery. Shoulder mobility was also similar in all movements, but both active and passive forward elevation and passive abduction were reduced significantly after surgery, and latissimus dorsi thickness was not affected by harvesting the thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps. No seroma formation was found in any of the donor sites. CONCLUSIONS: Donor-site morbidity after harvesting a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap was reduced to a minimum. Therefore, perforator flaps should be considered in reconstruction whenever adequate perforators can be identified and safely dissected.
Subject(s)
Joint Diseases/physiopathology , Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Shoulder Joint , Surgical Flaps , Tissue and Organ Harvesting/adverse effects , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Female , Humans , Joint Diseases/etiology , Lymph Node Excision , Mammaplasty , Mastectomy , Middle Aged , Range of Motion, Articular , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy , Surgical Flaps/adverse effects , Surgical Flaps/blood supply , Surgical Flaps/innervationABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Transoesophageal endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a minimally invasive procedure to demonstrate unresectability in lung cancer patients with enlarged malignant mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN). We compared the performance of EUS-FNA to show malignant invasion in enlarged versus small MLN. METHODS: A single center analysis was performed in lung cancer patients with a suspicion for malignant MLN invasion based on the available imaging. In these patients, EUS-FNA was presumed to impact the diagnostic course since patients underwent surgical-pathologic verification only when EUS-FNA did not demonstrate MLN invasion. RESULTS: We evaluated 100 lung cancer patients in whom MLN invasion was presumed based on the available imaging. In 75 patients (75%), there was at least one enlarged MLN, whereas in 25 patients (25%), only small MLN were found. The sensitivity and negative predictive value to detect malignancy in enlarged MLN was 96% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87-99) and 67% (95% CI, 29-92), respectively. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of EUS-FNA in small MLN was 93% (95% CI, 66-99) and 92% (95% CI, 61-99), respectively. EUS-FNA prevented a surgical (mediastinal) intervention in 88 and 52% of the patients with enlarged or small MLN, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: As the sensitivity to detect malignant MLN invasion is comparably high for both enlarged and small but suspected MLN, clinicians should consider EUS-FNA even in case computed tomography-scan shows no enlarged MLN. The impact of EUS-FNA to avoid surgical mediastinal interventions is greater when enlarged MLN are present. The moderate negative predictive value of EUS-FNA makes surgical-pathologic verification still compulsory, regardless of the size of the MLN.
