ARMS2 A69S polymorphism is associated with the number of ranibizumab injections needed for exudative age-related macular degeneration in a pro re nata regimen during 4 years of follow-up.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be strongly associated with the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have an influence on recurrence rate of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) activity during 4-year ranibizumab treatment for exudative AMD. METHODS: This prospective study included 103 treatment-naïve patients (103 eyes) that received initially a loading dose of 3 monthly ranibizumab injections and thereafter, were treated according to an as-needed regimen for a 4-year follow-up period. Baseline values, visual outcome, and recurrence rate were examined. CFH Y402H and ARMS2 A69S polymorphisms were determined and their association with lesion recurrence and visual outcome was analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc comparison tested by Fisher's LSD method. Multivariate linear regression analysis was then used to identify factors associated with recurrence rate. RESULTS: The cumulative total mean number of ranibizumab injections at the end of each year of the follow-up was 5.3 ± 1.8, 9.2 ± 2.9, 12.6 ± 4.6, and 15.7 ± 6.1. There was great inter-patient variability. Nineteen eyes (18.5%) did not experience recurrence during the first year, and five (4.8%) still displayed inactive CNV after 4 years of follow-up. No significant association was found between the number of injections and mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) change or final BCVA at the end of the study period. Genotypes had no influence on baseline characteristics or visual outcome but a significant association was found between the A69S polymorphism and the number of injections needed by the patients. Homozygous for the T risk allele required more retreatments over the 48-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The ARMS2 A69S polymorphism was associated with CNV recurrence rate in our patient cohort. Prediction of a greater risk of recurrence could help to design more appropriate follow-up treatment strategies for patients with neovascular AMD.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Polymorphisms and Serum VEGF Levels in Women With Epithelial Ovarian Cancer, Benign Tumors, and Healthy Ovaries.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the relation of 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) gene in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), compared with patients carrying benign tumors or healthy ovaries. We studied serum VEGF levels and the relation with SNPs and association between VEGF SNPs and haplotypes with progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with cancer. METHODS: The genotyping of VEGF gene polymorphisms (-2578 C/A, -1154 G/A, -460 T/C, +405 G/C, +936 C/T) was performed in DNA isolated from blood samples of 100 women. The different genotypes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Vascular endothelial growth factor protein concentration was assessed in serum using solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: We found statistically significant differences in the distribution of VEGF genotypes among the 3 groups of patients: -2578 C/A between those with EOC and healthy ovary (P = 0.04), -460 T/C between those with EOC and healthy ovary (P = 0.03), and -460 T/C between those with benign tumors and healthy ovary (P = 0.02). Vascular endothelial growth factor serum levels were analyzed in patients with EOC. Higher levels were found in patients with clear cell carcinoma compared with those with serous, mucinous, or endometrioid tumors (P < 0.05). No clear association was observed between VEGF SNPs and serum VEGF levels. There was no significant correlation between VEGF SNPs and PFS. In haplotype analysis, CGTCT and CGTGT showed worse prognosis without reaching the statistical significance. CGCGC and AGTGC haplotypes had statistically significant differences among patients with EOC, benign tumors, and healthy ovaries (Ps = 0.046 and 0.041, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of VEGF genotypes was different in patients with EOC, compared with those with benign tumors or women with healthy ovaries. Vascular endothelial growth factor serum levels were higher in patients with clear cell carcinoma. No correlation was found with improved PFS, but CGTCT and CGTGT haplotypes showed worse prognosis.

Bladder carcinoma data with clinical risk factors and molecular markers: a cluster analysis.

Bladder cancer occurs in the epithelial lining of the urinary bladder and is amongst the most common types of cancer in humans, killing thousands of people a year. This paper is based on the hypothesis that the use of clinical and histopathological data together with information about the concentration of various molecular markers in patients is useful for the prediction of outcomes and the design of treatments of nonmuscle invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC). A population of 45 patients with a new diagnosis of NMIBC was selected. Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (MIBC), carcinoma in situ (CIS), and NMIBC recurrent tumors were not included due to their different clinical behavior. Clinical history was obtained by means of anamnesis and physical examination, and preoperative imaging and urine cytology were carried out for all patients. Then, patients underwent conventional transurethral resection (TURBT) and some proteomic analyses quantified the biomarkers (p53, neu, and EGFR). A postoperative follow-up was performed to detect relapse and progression. Clusterings were performed to find groups with clinical, molecular markers, histopathological prognostic factors, and statistics about recurrence, progression, and overall survival of patients with NMIBC. Four groups were found according to tumor sizes, risk of relapse or progression, and biological behavior. Outlier patients were also detected and categorized according to their clinical characters and biological behavior.

p16 gene methylation in colorectal cancer patients with long-term follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: p16 gene plays an important role in the cell cycle regulation and is considered an important tumor suppressor gene. Several mechanisms of gene inactivation have been described; in this study we have focused on p16 gene promoter methylation. In colorectal cancer p16 gene methylation is a frequent event. METHODS: 326 patients with sporadic colorectal cancer were included. DNA was extracted from tumor tissue samples obtained during the surgical procedure. Promoter methylation was analyzed using bisulfite modification and was detected by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Frequency of p16 methylation was analyzed and compared with other clinicopathological variables. RESULTS: p16 gene methylation was detected in 24.8% of patients. Methylation was associated with differentiation grade and with tumor location: methylation was frequent in poorly differentiated tumors and had low frequency in distal colon. The p16 promoter methylation discriminated a subgroup of patients with better prognosis in poorly differentiated tumors. CONCLUSIONS: p16 methylation was a frequent event in our population and was able to induce differences in the overall survival of patients with poorly differentiated tumors.

Metilación de p16 en pacientes intervenidos de cáncer colorrectal tras un largo periodo de seguimiento / p16 gene methylation in colorectal cancer patients with long-term follow-up

Introducción: el gen p16 está implicado en la regulación del ciclo celular y se considera un importante gen supresor de tumores. Objetivos: se han descrito diferentes mecanismos de inactivación génica, en este estudio nos hemos centrado en la metilación del promotor del gen p16. En el cáncer colorrectal la metilación de p16 es una alteración frecuente. Material y métodos: se incluyeron 326 pacientes con cáncer colorrectal esporádico. El ADN se extrajo de muestras tumorales obtenidas durante la cirugía. La metilación del promotor se analizó mediante un proceso de modificación con bisulfito y posterior PCR cuantitativa especifica para metilación. Se analizó la frecuencia de la metilación de p16 y se comparó con las variables clinicopatológicas. Resultados: la metilación del gen p16 se detectó en el 24,8% de los pacientes. La metilación de p16 se relacionó con el grado de diferenciación y con la localización tumoral: la metilación fue mas frecuente en los tumores pobremente diferenciados y tuvo una baja frecuencia en el colon distal. La metilación del promotor de p16 discrimina un subgrupo de pacientes con mejor pronóstico en los tumores pobremente diferenciados. Conclusiones: la metilación de p16 es un evento frecuente en nuestra población y es capaz de inducir diferencias en la supervivencia global de los pacientes con tumores moderadamente diferenciados(AU)

Introduction: p16 gene plays an important role in the cell cycle regulation and is considered an important tumor suppressor gene. Several mechanisms of gene inactivation have been described; in this study we have focused on p16 gene promoter methylation. In colorectal cancer p16 gene methylation is a frequent event. Methods: 326 patients with sporadic colorectal cancer were included. DNA was extracted from tumor tissue samples obtained during the surgical procedure. Promoter methylation was analyzed using bisulfite modification and was detected by quantitative methylation- specific PCR. Frequency of p16 methylation was analyzed and compared with other clinicopathological variables. Results: p16 gene methylation was detected in 24,8% of patients. Methylation was associated with differentiation grade and with tumor location: methylation was frequent in poorly differentiated tumors and had low frequency in distal colon. The p16 promoter methylation discriminated a subgroup of patients with better prognosis in poorly differentiated tumors. Conclusions: p16 methylation was a frequent event in our population and was able to induce differences in the overall survival of patients with poorly differentiated tumors(AU)

Actualidad y futuro en las técnicas de cuantificiación de células tumorales circulantes: su importancia en tumores sólidos epiteliales / Current and future techniques for quantifying circulating tumor cells: importance in solid epithelial tumors

Las metástasis de los tumores sólido se producen cuando las células de un carcinoma primario o metastásico migran en el sistema circulatorio y proliferan en lugares distantes del organismo. Los carcinomas son de origen epithelial, y no es habitual que estas células se encuentren en el torrente circulatorio. La presencia de células tumorales circulantes (CTC) en sangre periférica detectadas con CellSearch(R) Circulating Tumor Cell System, está asociada a menor supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE) y menor supervivencia global (SG) en pacientes de cáncer de mama, colorrectal y de próstata metastatizante. Esta prueba sirve para ayudar en la monitorización de pacientes con cáncer de mama, colorrectal o próstata. Además, en el presente artículo revisamos otras técnicas de detección de células tumorales circulantes y su aplicabilidad (AU)

Cancer metastasis occurs when cells shed from a primary or metastatic tumor, enter the circulation, and begin to grow in distant locations of the body. Carcinomas are derived from epithelial cells that are not normally found in circulation. The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the peripheral blood, as detected by the CellSearch(R) Circulating Tumor Cell Kit, is associated with disease free survival and decreased overall survival in patients treated for metastatic breast, colorectal or prostate cancer. The test is to be used as an aid in the monitoring of patients with metastatic breast, colorectal or prostate cancer. In our article we will evaluate other methods of analysing circulating tumor cells and their clinical application (AU)

Circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer: timing of blood extraction for analysis.

PURPOSE: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be detected in the peripheral blood of around 50% of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Their numbers are an independent predictor of the patient's progression-free survival (PFS) and of overall survival (OS). However, to date, none of the studies carried out with the most commonly used system of CTC determination (the CellSearch System, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration) has examined the intra-patient variation in CTC numbers, a variation that could impact on prognosis assessment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To evaluate possible circadian variations in the number of CTCs in patients with breast cancer a pilot study was conducted in which these cells were quantified 12 h apart (at 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. of the same day) in a cohort of hospitalized patients with metastatic breast cancer. RESULTS: Out of the 58 patients included in the study, 51 were evaluable. No statistically significant differences between day-time and night-time CTC numbers were observed (p=0.8427, Wilcoxon matched pair test). Only two of the patients were classified in different prognostic categories in the morning and night determinations (5 or more CTCs=poor prognosis group; <5 CTCs=good prognosis group). The prognostic classification of the remaining 49 patients was the same at 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. CONCLUSION: The number of peripheral blood CTCs in metastatic breast cancer patients is not significantly different at 8:00 a.m. from that at 8:00 p.m. and, as such, indicates a lack of circadian rhythm with respect to CTC numbers in these patients.

Pérdida de heterocigosidad en la región 9p21 como mecanismo de inactivación del gen supresor p16 / Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 9p21 as mechanism of inactivation of the p16 tumor suppresor gene

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la LOH en la región 9p21 (locus D9S1747) en una población de pacientes con carcinoma renal mediante el análisis de los polimorfismos de microsatélites. MÉTODO: Hemos estudiado una serie de 40 pacientes diagnosticados de carcinoma renal esporádico, analizando la LOH en 9p21 mediante el análisis de polimorfismos de microsatélites. RESULTADOS: El 23,7 por ciento de los pacientes presentaba LOH en 9p21, no relacionándose esta alteración genética con ninguna de las características tumorales estudiadas. CONCLUSIONES: - En nuestra serie de pacientes el 23,7 por ciento presentaba LOH en la región 9p21 - El 26,9 por ciento de los carcinomas de células renales convencionales presentaban LOH, el 25 por ciento de los carcinomas papilares y el 25 por ciento de los carcinomas de túbulos de Bellini, el resto de los tipos histológicos no presentaban LOH (AU)

Receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGFR) en el pronóstico del carcinoma vesical. Experiencia a 5 años / Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the prognosis of bladder cancer: 5-years experience

MÉTODO: Durante el periodo comprendido entre Noviembre de 1992 y Noviembre de 1993 realizamos un estudio prospectivo, seleccionando un total de 20 controles y 61 carcinomas vesicales. Se determinó la expresión del receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGFR) por RIA y se trataron de correlacionar con los resultados del los análisis histológicos y de la evolución clínica. El periodo de seguimiento comprende Noviembre de 1992 y Julio de 1998. Se evaluó la asociación entre variables cualitativas con el test de 2 o la prueba exacta de Fisher, se contrastó la hipótesis de tendencia ordinal de proporciones en el caso de variables ordinales, y se analizó el comportamiento de las variables cuantitativas mediante el test de la t de Student y/o el análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) Se estimaron las funciones de supervivencia por el método de Kaplan-Meier, y se realizó la comparación de las funciones de supervivencia mediante el test exacto de Breslow. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. El paquete informático utilizado para el análisis fue SPSS para Windows versión 7.0.RESULTADOS: Los valores de EGFR fueron superiores en pacientes con carcinoma vesical que en controles (14,48 vs 2,54 fmol/mg de proteína). Se detectaron niveles de EGFR superiores en tumores superficiales en comparación con los tumores infiltrantes (27,03 fmol/mg de proteína vs 10,05 fmol/mg) (P=0,000). Los tumores peor diferenciados expresaron mayores concentraciones de EGFR (6,73, 14,48, y 17,07 fmol/mg de proteína para los grados I, II, y III respectivamente) (p<0,05). Los valores de EGFR fueron mayores en pacientes que fallecieron por cáncer en el seguimiento (64,8) en comparación con los que fallecieron por otra causa (47,5) y con los que permanecen vivos y en seguimiento (42). El incremento en los valores de EGFR no supuso riesgo de muerte por cáncer (P=0,1269, NS). El análisis del grado de diferenciación tumoral demostró que, para los grados más agresivos, la positividad a EGFR supuso una disminución de la supervivencia. La supervivencia tanto en tumores superficiales como infiltrantes, no pareció variar de modo significativo según el nivel de EGFR. La determinación de EGFR no fue de utilidad en la predicción de recidiva, y, unos valores incrementados de EGFR no supusieron mayor riesgo de recidiva. CONCLUSIONES: 1) No pudo establecerse un patron Trabajo subvencionado por la Fundación para la Investigación en Urología (AUE) de normalidad para EGFR. 2) EGFR no resultó de utilidad en la obtención de subgrupos de riesgo de muerte.3) El conocimiento de estas proteínas sintetizadas por oncogenes está abriendo nuevos caminos en la lucha contra el cáncer (AU)