Changes in mortality by tuberculosis in non-industrialized Coimbra (Portugal): Trends between 1861 and 1914.

Considering that before antibiotics and vaccination the course of tuberculosis depended mostly on the patient's immune response, this study tested the hypothesis that the mortality profile remained similar during the transition from the 19th to 20th century. The biographical data of the individuals buried in the Coimbra Municipal Cemetery of Conchada were analysed, and the records of those who were born in the city and had tuberculosis registered as the cause of death were analysed using SPSS. The years of death were grouped: 1861-1870 (n = 124, 22.5%), 1871-1880 (n = 234, 42.4%), and 1910-1914 (5 years, n = 194, 35.1%). Mortality by tuberculosis has increased over the years. A total of 552 individuals, 242 females (43.8%) and 310 males (56.2%) died of tuberculosis (p < 0.05). The mean age at death (min = 11 days, max = 86 years) decreased over time, respectively 51.8, 53.1, and 35.8 years-old for individuals >20. Deaths by pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 38, 1861-1870; n = 115, 1910-1914) and meningeal tuberculosis (n = 0, 1861-1870; n = 48, 1910-1914) increased over time, whereas scrofula decreased (n = 23, 1861-1870; n = 3, 1910-1914). Only a 12 years-old male (0.2%) died of bone tuberculosis. Infant (0-3 years-old) mortality occurred mainly (50.5%,48/95) between July and October. The hypothesis tested was not confirmed. Death by tuberculosis has increased, which may be a consequence of population growth, deterioration of the living conditions, and/or changes in bacterial virulence and/or in the host immune system.

Changes in mortality in a non-industrialized Portugal: Coimbra Municipal Cemetery records (1861-1914) and identified osteological collections.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if there were changes in mortality knowing that industrialization was a slow and late process in Portugal. MATERIALS: The biographic information (1) of the individuals buried at the Coimbra Municipal Cemetery, considering three quinquennia: 1861-1865 (n = 1111, 18.3%), 1870-1974 (n = 2602, 42.7%), 1910-1914 (n = 2374, 39.0%), related to the periods before, during and at the end of the second industrialization and (2) of the Coimbra identified osteological collections (CIOC, N = 1796) composed of individuals who were born and died in the city. METHODS: Excel databases with the biographic information were analyzed with SPSS. RESULTS: Data from the cemetery show statistically significant differences between sexes and age-at-death mortalities. Non-adult mortality (higher in the age range from 1 to 7 years) has decreased over time which has increased mean age-at-death. The main adult occupations are domestic work (females) and craft activities (males). Child labor is common after the age of 14. The main causes of death (in both cemetery and CIOC records) were infections, respiratory diseases, heart disease, and malignant neoplasm. Among the communicable diseases, tuberculosis accounted for the highest number of deaths. The identified individuals have lesions compatible with tuberculosis and sinusitis while malignant neoplasms are more difficult to identify. The high prevalence of heart disease can overshadow other causes of death. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of industrialization, tuberculosis, heart disease, and malignant neoplasms increased over time, while respiratory diseases decreased. SIGNIFICANCE: Mortality profile changed between 1861-1864 and 1910-1914 in Coimbra. LIMITATIONS: The causes of death were studied, but not all diseases. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Study of other cemetery records for further comparison.

Differential diagnosis of a diffuse sclerosis in an identified male skull (early 20th century Coimbra, Portugal): A multimethodological approach for the identification of osteosclerotic dysplasias in skeletonized individuals.

OBJECTIVE: This work aims to discuss the difficulties in diagnosing osteosclerotic changes in skeletonized individuals and to raise awareness of osteosclerotic dysplasias as a group of rare ancient diseases. MATERIALS: The skull of a 62-year-old male individual from the International Exchange Skull Collection, curated by the University of Coimbra, who died in 1928 presenting albuminous nephritis (Bright disease)/uraemia as the registered cause of death. METHODS: The skull was macroscopically and radiologically examined and bone elemental analysis was investigated. The genealogy and medical records of the individual were also searched. RESULTS: The lesions are in accordance with an osteosclerotic process possibly pointing to osteosclerosis, osteosclerotic metaphyseal dysplasia, or dysosteosclerosis, but osteoclasia with hyperphosphatasia, endosteal hyperostosis, sclerosteosis, or osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS: Representativeness of the skeleton is a crucial feature in diagnosing rare diseases and, to avoid a misdiagnosis, the final diagnosis should include a group of diseases rather than a definite disease. SIGNIFICANCE: Difficulties in diagnosing rare diseases are discussed and best approaches in the study osteosclerotic dysplasias in skeletonized individuals are offered in the light of current clinical knowledge. LIMITATIONS: The absence of the postcranial skeleton and of pathognomonic lesions associated with osteosclerotic dysplasias limits diagnosis. Although rare diseases often have a genetic basis, specific genetic testing for the diagnosis of rare diseases in paleopathological cases are not yet available. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future genetic studies might help narrow down the diagnosis.

A new approach to recording nasal fracture in skeletonized individuals.

OBJECTIVE: This work describes a new method for recording nasal fracture in skeletonized individuals, suitable for use in biocultural studies of violence and fracture in past societies. METHODS: The method consists in recording the 'side of fracture', 'side of deviation', 'type of fracture', 'other facial fractures', and stage of 'bone remodeling'. RESULTS: A lateral impact force to the facial area is typical of interpersonal violence. This may result in a unilateral nasal fracture and/or a laterally deviated nose. Given the predominance of right-handedness in human populations, side of fracture and, especially, side of deviation, may be useful indices of interpersonal violence. As regards fracture type, although a distal fracture of the nasal bones is the most common type, their comminution may be associated with higher impact forces. The presence of other facial fractures may also be an indicator of high-energy impacts. CONCLUSIONS: Different patterns of nasal trauma may be consistent with different etiologies. SIGNIFICANCE: The method is focused at improving our ability to distinguish the direction and type of impact that caused the injury and, in particular, whether, at a population or sub-group level, such injuries are likely to be predominantly due to violence or to other causes. LIMITATIONS: Well healed fractures of the nasal bones or injury to the septum may be difficult to identify. Also, it is not possible to confirm if nasal and other facial fractures are temporally concurrent. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: To test this method using skeletal collections with known trauma history or 3D prints of modern nasal injuries of known etiologies.

Differentiating between rhinosinusitis and mastoiditis surgery from postmortem medical training: A study of two identified skulls and hospital records from early 20th century Coimbra, Portugal.

Differentiating between medical procedures performed antemortem, perimortem or postmortem in skeletal remains can be a major challenge. This work aims to present evidence of procedures to treat rhinosinusitis (RS) and mastoiditis, suggest criteria for the diagnosis of frontal sinus disease, and frame the individuals described in their medical historical context. In the International Exchange collection, the skull (878) of a 24-year-old male, who died in 1933 due to frontal sinusitis and meningitis, presents evidence of a trepanation above the right frontonasal suture, and micro/macroporosity on the superciliary arches. The available Coimbra University Hospitals archives (1913-1939) reported that 46 females and 59 males (aged 15 months-84 y.o., x̄=35.33) underwent surgery to treat RS, primarily by trepanation (94.3%). In a search for similar evidence in the collection, the skull of a 42-year-old female (85), who died in 1927 due to sarcoma in the abdomen, shows four quadrangular holes located above the right supraorbital notch, right and left maxilla, and left mastoid process. The number/location of the holes and cut marks point to postmortem medical training (possible dissection). This paper discusses the value of information from historical contexts to differentiate between surgery and medical training in the paleopathological record.