Omics to Unveil Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis and Biomarkers: Focus on Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Metabolomics.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, resulting from either body's inability to produce or effectively utilize insulin. There are several types of DM, but the most common are type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). DM is a complex disease and a global health concern, and the current clinical markers, such as fasting glucose, are helpful in the diagnosis of DM, but are not specific and sensitive, especially when measured on the beginning of the pathogenesis. Therefore, there is a pressing need to discover new early biomarkers that can provide an early diagnosis. Omics is an important field for the discovery of potential new biomarkers, especially proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics, where techniques such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance are utilized to identify novel DM biomarkers and their pathways. In this review, we report papers that applied omics in the context of DM to identify new markers and their relationship with this disease, with the aim of elucidating new diagnostic techniques for the main types of DM.

Increased Risk of Falling in Older Adults When Coordinating Obstacle Avoidance and Grasping.

This study aimed to investigate the kinematic changes in obstacle avoidance and prehension tasks performed simultaneously by older adults with a history of falls at different levels of task difficulty. Twenty-six older adults were divided into faller and nonfaller groups. The experimental protocol was divided into two different tasks: walking with obstacle avoidance and walking with obstacle avoidance combined with a reach-to-grasp task. Two types of sensors (Kinect v2 and Leap Motion Controller, respectively) were used to analyze gait and grasp. Fallers presented kinematic changes associated with the grasping task during obstacle avoidance, such as a decrease in the velocity of the center of mass and the step length, an increase in the step width, a decrease in toe-obstacle horizontal distance, and an increase in vertical foot clearance distance, and an increase in movement time in the grasping task compared with nonfallers. To cope with the obstacle avoidance demands of both walking and grasping, fallers turned to a specific sequencing strategy. While slowing down, they attended first to the grasping task and then to crossing the obstacle on the floor.

Effect of Biosilicate® Addition on Physical-Mechanical and Biological Properties of Dental Glass Ionomer Cements.

This study investigated the influence of incorporating Biosilicate® on the physico-mechanical and biological properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). This bioactive glass ceramic (23.75% Na2O, 23.75% CaO, 48.5% SiO2, and 4% P2O5) was incorporated by weight (5%, 10%, or 15%) into commercially available GICs (Maxxion R and Fuji IX GP). Surface characterization was made by SEM (n = 3), EDS (n = 3), and FTIR (n = 1). The setting and working (S/W time) times (n = 3) and compressive strength (CS) were analyzed (n = 10) according to ISO 9917-1:2007. The ion release (n = 6) was determined and quantified by ICP OES and by UV-Vis for Ca, Na, Al, Si, P, and F. To verify cell cytotoxicity, stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) were exposed to eluates (n = 3, at a ratio of 1.8 cm2/mL) and analyzed 24 h post-exposure. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175, NCTC 10449) was analyzed by direct contact for 2 h (n = 5). The data were submitted for normality and lognormality testing. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were applied for the working and setting time, compressive strength, and ion release data. Data from cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity were submitted for Kruskal-Wallis' testing and Dunn's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Among all experimental groups, only those with 5% (wt) of Biosilicate® showed better surface quality. Only M5% showed a comparable W/S time to the original material (p = 0.7254 and p = 0.5912). CS was maintained for all Maxxion R groups (p > 0.0001) and declined for Fuji IX experimental groups (p < 0.0001). The Na, Si, P, and F ions released were significantly increased for all Maxxion R and Fuji IX groups (p < 0.0001). Cytotoxicity was increased only for Maxxion R with 5% and 10% of Biosilicate®. A higher inhibition of S. mutans growth was observed for Maxxion R with 5% of Biosilicate® (less than 100 CFU/mL), followed by Maxxion R with 10% of Biosilicate® (p = 0.0053) and Maxxion R without the glass ceramic (p = 0.0093). Maxxion R and Fuji IX presented different behaviors regarding Biosilicate® incorporation. The impacts on physico-mechanical and biological properties were different depending on the GIC, but therapeutic ion release was increased for both materials.

Associação entre marcadores inflamatórios e o padrão locomotor durante a ultrapassagem de obstáculos em idosos / Association between inflammatory markers and locomotor pattern during obstacle avoidance in older adults

Resumo Objetivo investigar a associação dos biomarcadores inflamatórios na tarefa de ultrapassagem de obstáculos com diferentes níveis de complexidade manipulados pela característica do obstáculo (sólido e frágil) em idosos. Método 17 idosos (≥60 anos) foram avaliados em dois momentos: 1) Análise do padrão locomotor durante a ultrapassagem de obstáculo em duas condições (sólido e frágil). As variáveis estudadas, para membros de abordagem e suporte foram: velocidade, comprimento, largura e duração da passada, distância horizontal pé-obstáculo, distância horizontal obstáculo-pé, distância vertical pé-obstáculo e Máxima elevação do pé. 2) A análise dos biomarcadores interleucina 6 (IL-6) e proteína C Reativa (PCR) foi realizada por meio de coleta de sanguínea. A análise de regressão linear múltipla foi realizada para verificar associação entre o padrão locomotor e os biomarcadores inflamatórios (IL-6 e PCR) com nível de significância de p≤0,05. Resultados A análise de regressão mostrou que a Interleucina 6 apresentou associação com as seguintes variáveis: 1) largura da passada na condição obstáculo sólido, 2) máxima elevação do pé (membro de suporte) para ultrapassagem do obstáculo frágil, 3) distância horizontal pé-obstáculo (membro de abordagem) na condição de obstáculo sólido, 4) máxima elevação do pé (membro de abordagem) para ultrapassagem do obstáculo frágil, 5) máxima elevação do pé (membro de abordagem) para ultrapassagem do obstáculo sólido. A PCR apresentou associação com a variável Distância Horizontal Pé-Obstáculo (membro de abordagem) apenas para a condição de obstáculo frágil. Conclusão Os biomarcadores inflamatórios apresentam uma associação com o comportamento locomotor em idosos, independente da condição de fragilidade do obstáculo.

Abstract Objective to investigate the association of inflammatory biomarkers on the locomotor pattern during obstacle avoidance with different levels of complexity manipulated by the characteristic of the obstacle (solid and fragile) in older adults. Method 17 older adults (≥60 years old) were evaluated in two moments: 1) Analysis of the locomotor pattern during obstacle crossing in two conditions (solid and fragile). The variables studied for trailing and leading limbs were: speed, length, width and duration of the stride, horizontal foot-obstacle distance, horizontal obstacle-foot distance, vertical foot-obstacle distance and Maximum foot elevation. 2) Blood collection, for analysis of the inflammatory biomarkers Interleukin 6 (IL6) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to verify association between locomotor pattern and inflammatory biomarkers (IL6 and CRP) with a significance level of p≤0.05. Results The regression analysis showed that Interleukin 6 was associated with the following variables: 1) stride width in the solid obstacle condition, 2) maximum foot elevation (leading limb) to avoidance the fragile obstacle, 3) horizontal foot-obstacle distance (trailing limb) in solid obstacle condition, 4) maximum foot elevation (trailing limb) to avoidance the fragile obstacle, 5) maximum foot elevation (trailing limb) to avoidance the solid obstacle. C-Reactive Protein was associated with the horizontal foot-obstacle distance (trailing limb) only for the fragile obstacle condition. Conclusion Inflammatory biomarkers are associated with the locomotor pattern in older adults, regardless of the fragility of the obstacle.

Effect of a Self-Assembly Peptide on Surface Roughness and Hardness of Bleached Enamel.

After bleaching, enamel surfaces are damaged, contributing to erosion and tooth sensitivity. Although fluoride is used after bleaching to try and revert alterations, it is not capable of repairing tooth structure. This study compared the effect of a self-assembly peptide (P11-4), with and without fluoride, and sodium fluoride (NaF 2%) on the Knoop microhardness (KHN) and surface roughness (Ra (µm)) of bleached enamel with an in-office bleaching regimen. Enamel blocks of bovine teeth (5 × 5 × 2 mm) with standardized surface hardness were bleached with 35% carbamide peroxide, following the manufacturer's instructions. The teeth were randomly divided into the following groups (n = 7) according to post-bleaching treatment: no treatment (negative control) (C-); 2% NaF (NaF); Curodont™ Repair (Repair); and Curodont™ Protect (Protect). Specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37 °C. To evaluate the effect of the post-bleaching treatments, KHN and Ra were measured before bleaching (baseline) and 24 h and 7 days after bleaching. Data were submitted to repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α = 0.05). There were significant interactions between the study factors (p = 0.001). After 7 days, Repair (572.50 ± 79.04) and Protect (583.00 ± 74.76) specimens showed increased surface KHN, with values higher than the NaF (465.50 ± 41.50) and C- (475.22 ± 58.95) baseline values. There was no significant difference in KHN at 24 h among groups (p = 0.587). At 24 h after bleaching, Repair was significantly different from all groups (p < 0.05). Repair showed the lowest Ra (µm) values (0.133 ± 0.035). After seven days, there was no significant difference in Ra values among groups when compared to the baseline. The use of P11-4-based materials after bleaching resulted in the fastest recovery to baseline enamel properties.

Postural control performance of active and inactive older adults assessed through postural tasks with different levels of difficulty

Abstract Aim: To investigate postural control between active (AOA) and inactive (IOA) older adults and active young adults (YA) due to the difficulty level of the postural task. Methods: 25 active YA, 31 AOA, and 30 IOA were invited to perform postural tasks with eyes open and closed: bipedal stance on a rigid surface, bipedal stance on an unstable surface, semi-tandem stance on a rigid surface, and semi-tandem stance on an unstable surface. Results: IOA (0.74 cm) presented higher COP displacement amplitude in the mediolateral direction than AOA (0.64 cm) only in bipedal stance on an unstable surface with eyes closed condition (p ≤ 0.0001). In relation to frequency variables, IOA (0.37 Hz) presented a greater frequency band with 50% of the spectral power in the mediolateral direction than AOA (0.28 Hz) in all experimental conditions, except for semi-tandem stance on a rigid surface (p ≤ .0001). AOA (0.62 cm - 0.28 Hz) and IOA (0.67 cm - 0.37 Hz) presented an increase in time/frequency variables in both directions (anterior-posterior and mediolateral) than YA (0.52 cm - 0.17 Hz) (p ≤ 0.0001) that indicates a worse performance of postural control as the level of task difficulty increased, such as unstable base with eyes open and closed. Conclusion: Older adults tend to present greater COP sway and velocity when subjected to complex tasks compared with younger, which is more evident in older adults physically inactive. This could be considered an adaptive strategy by older adults to minimize the risk of losing balance and, consequently, falling.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercially available regimen vs brushing alone on established plaque and gingivitis on adolescents: Study protocol for a randomized, controlled, blind clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Dental biofilm accumulation and poor personal oral hygiene are known major risk factors for gingivitis and halitosis. However, it is not clear how studies compare the effectiveness of hygiene regimens, associated with outcomes centered on patients. METHODS: A randomized, blind, controlled clinical trial involving 58 participants aged from 12 to 17 years, who search the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, will be conducted. Immediately, the volunteers will be inserted into Group 1 (commercially available hygiene regimen) or Group 2 (tooth brushing alone). In Group 1, participants will receive Colgate Total 12 toothpastes, Plax mouthwashes and Colgate Ultrasoft toothbrushes, while Group 2 will use Colgate Cavity Protection toothpastes and Colgate Ultrasoft toothbrushes. The interventions will be conducted in the periods of 1, 3, and 6 months after the baseline, when the evaluations will also be performed. Biofilm and halitosis indexes will be evaluated. Data regarding discomfort, satisfaction and the socioeconomic/individual characteristics will also be computed. DISCUSSION: Although toothbrushing has shown positive effects in decreasing biofilm and in gingival health, there is no comparison in the literature of different brushing regimens with halitosis measurement in adolescents. In addition, the effectiveness of these protocols would be confirmed from the acceptability of the volunteers.

Resveratrol in Alzheimers disease: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutic potential / Resveratrol na doença de Alzheimer: uma revisão sobre fisiopatologia e potencial terapêutico

ABSTRACT Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of cognitive function. The presence of senile plaques is one of the pathological markers of the disease and is associated with the onset of neuroinflammatory mechanisms. The exact pathophysiology of AD has not been completely understood, and there are no curative therapies yet. Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a polyphenol that is noted for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: To review the role of resveratrol in the pathophysiological aspects of AD. Methods: This study carried out a literature review using PubMed/Medline, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Web of Sciences, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Library databases. Original research articles, describing both in vitro and in vivo experiments, published between 2008 and 2018, were included. Results: We identified 667 articles, of which 619 were excluded because they were repeated or did not follow the inclusion criteria. The present study includes the remaining 48 articles. Discussion: Resveratrol demonstrates beneficial and protective effects in AD models and seems to provide a promising therapeutic alternative. Conclusion: Although resveratrol appears to mitigate some pathophysiological aspects of AD, further studies are needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this compound in humans.

RESUMO Introdução: A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é neurodegenerativa e caracterizada por perda progressiva e irreversível da função cognitiva. A presença de placas senis é um dos marcadores patológicos da doença e está associada ao aparecimento de mecanismos neuroinflamatórios. A fisiopatologia exata da DA ainda não é completamente compreendida, e ainda não existem terapias curativas. O resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihidroxi-trans-estilbeno) é um polifenol conhecido por suas propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias. Objetivo: Revisar o papel do resveratrol nos aspectos fisiopatológicos da DA. Métodos: Este estudo realizou uma revisão narrativa da literatura a partir das bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Web of Science, SCOPUS e Cochrane Library. Foram incluídos artigos originais, realizados in vitro e in vivo, publicados entre 2008 e 2018. Resultados: Foram identificados 667 artigos, dos quais 619 foram excluídos por estarem repetidos ou não se enquadrarem nos critérios de inclusão. O presente estudo inclui os 48 artigos restantes. Discussão: O resveratrol demonstra efeitos benéficos e protetores em modelos de DA, bem como parece fornecer uma alternativa terapêutica promissora. Conclusão: Embora o resveratrol pareça atenuar alguns aspectos fisiopatológicos da DA, são necessários mais estudos para comprovar a segurança e a eficácia deste composto em seres humanos.

Resveratrol in Alzheimer's disease: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutic potential.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of cognitive function. The presence of senile plaques is one of the pathological markers of the disease and is associated with the onset of neuroinflammatory mechanisms. The exact pathophysiology of AD has not been completely understood, and there are no curative therapies yet. Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a polyphenol that is noted for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE: To review the role of resveratrol in the pathophysiological aspects of AD. METHODS: This study carried out a literature review using PubMed/Medline, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Web of Sciences, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Library databases. Original research articles, describing both in vitro and in vivo experiments, published between 2008 and 2018, were included. RESULTS: We identified 667 articles, of which 619 were excluded because they were repeated or did not follow the inclusion criteria. The present study includes the remaining 48 articles. DISCUSSION: Resveratrol demonstrates beneficial and protective effects in AD models and seems to provide a promising therapeutic alternative. CONCLUSION: Although resveratrol appears to mitigate some pathophysiological aspects of AD, further studies are needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this compound in humans.

Perfil clínico, sociodemográfico e epidemiológico da mulher com câncer de mama / Perfil clínico, socio-demográfica y epidemiológica de las mujeres con cáncer de mama / Clinical, sociodemographic and epidemiological profile of woman withbreast cancer

Objective: to describe the main clinical, therapeutic and epidemiological characteristics of women diagnosed with breast cancer in the Pérola Byington Hospital, between the years 2000 and 2006. Methods: This was a crosssectional study and quantitative nature. Data collection was performed using a structured form. Results: Most of the women were married, white, with low education, catholic and housewives. About 75% had at least one pregnancy, and 33.1% breastfed. Just over 30% had hormone replacement. Smokers were 14.7% and 2.7% were ex-smokers. The initial clinical staging of highest incidence are the II and III, representing together 66.5% of cases. Before the first consultation, 91.3% of women had no diagnosis of breast cancer and no prior treatment. Conclusion: Knowing the profile of women affected by breast cancer is essential for targeting of resources and decision-making.

Objetivo: descrever as principais características clínico-terapêuticas e epidemiológicas de mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama no Hospital Pérola Byington, entre os anos de 2000 e 2006. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal e natureza quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um formulário estruturado. Resultados: A maior parte das mulheres era casada, branca, com baixa escolaridade, católica e do lar. Cerca de 75% tiveram pelo menos uma gravidez, e 33,1% amamentaram. Pouco mais de 30% fizeram reposição hormonal. Eram fumantes 14,7%, e 2,7% ex-fumantes. Os estadiamentos clínicos iniciais de maior incidência são os II e III, juntos representam 66,5% dos casos. Cerca de 91,3% das mulheres não apresentavam diagnóstico do tumor de mama e nem tratamento anterior à primeira consulta. Conclusão: Conhecer o perfil das mulheres acometidas pelo câncer de mama é imprescindível para o direcionamento de recursos e tomadas de decisão.

Objetivo: describir las principales características clínicas, terapéuticas y epidemiológicas de las mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama en el Hospital Pérola Byington, entre los años 2000 y 2006. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal y de naturaleza cuantitativa. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante un formulario estructurado. Resultados: La mayoría de las mujeres estaban casadas, blancas, con bajo nivel de educación, católica y dueña de casa. Aproximadamente el 75% tenía al menos un embarazo, y el 33,1% con leche materna. Algo más del 30% tenían de reemplazo hormonal. Las fumadoras eran el 14,7% y el 2,7% ex-fumadoras. La estadificación clínica inicial de mayor incidencia son la IIy III, en conjunto representan 66,5% de los casos. Sobre el 91,3% de las mujeres no tenían un diagnóstico de tumor de mama y no se sometieron a tratamiento previo a la primera consulta. Conclusión: Conocer el perfil de las mujeres afectadas por cáncer de mama es esencial para la orientación de los recursos y la toma de decisiones.

Síndrome de Burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva em um hospital universitário / Burnout Syndrome in nursing staff working in the Intensive Care Units of a university hospital

Objetivo: investigar a ocorrência da Síndrome de Burnout em enfermeiros que trabalham nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de um Hospital Universitário da cidade do Recife. Método: estudo descritivo, de caráter exploratório, do tipo corte transversal. A população será constituída pela totalidade dos enfermeiros que prestam assistência em terapia intensiva no referido hospital, o que corresponde a uma amostra de 43 enfermeiros (as). A coleta de dados será realizada por meio de questionário auto-aplicável, o Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) onde será investigado o desgaste do profissional. Resultados esperados: será utilizado para análise dos dados o SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), considerando os resultados estatisticamente significantes se p < 0,05, com intervalo de 95% de confiança. Espera-se conhecer o desgaste dos trabalhadores.(AU)