ABSTRACT
Aging typically manifests itself in a variety of physical and cognitive alterations and challenges that are not always easily accepted. Feeling dissatisfied with these changes can also affect the mood and self-esteem of older people causing body image problems. The present study focuses on body satisfaction in Spanish older people (176 participants; M and SD = 64.03 ± 1 8.06; age range 50 to over 75) by employing experimental research to test whether psychosocial interventions may have a positive impact. Our aims are threefold: (1) To describe the body satisfaction of older people considering intervening variables, such as age, gender, having a stable partner, time of the year, and place of residence; (2) to compare body satisfaction improvement in older people participating in a specific body satisfaction program designed for this purpose versus a non-specific program run by the Spanish Red Cross; and (3) to examine the relationship between age, gender, having a stable partner, time of the year, place of residence, body satisfaction and participating in the experimental condition. The IMAGINA specific body image program yielded a significant improvement in body satisfaction when compared with the non-specific program in both men and women regardless of marital status and in some age groups: 50 to 54 years old, 60 to 64 years old, and 65 to 69. Male participants, as well as singles, were more satisfied with their bodies, and the contrary was true for divorced and separated. The IMAGINA program was particularly useful in participants with more body image problems. As shown, the pressure to fit beauty standards and related problems do not go away with age, a fact that is embodied and experienced differently in men and women.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión es conocer las características de los niños que presentan problemas alimentarios evitativo/restrictivos en la infancia incidiendo especialmente en los que presentan neofobia alimentaria así como su relación con el consumo de frutas y verduras. Métodos: Se ha realizado una extensa búsqueda de publicaciones científicas utilizando las palabras clave «food neophobia», «children», «picky eating», «fussy eating», «feeding problems» y «food preferences» en bases de datos electrónicas especializadas seleccionando finalmente 61 artículos para la revisión. Resultados: La neofobia alimentaria tiene un gran impacto y una repercusión directa en el consumo de diferentes alimentos y, especialmente, en la ingesta de frutas y verduras, confirmando que los niños neofóbicos presentan dietas menos saludables que sus compañeros neofílicos. La revisión muestra también que los problemas alimentarios de neofobia alimentaria y alimentación «caprichosa» no están claramente diferenciados, y que las consecuencias nutricionales son prácticamente idénticas. Conclusiones: La neofobia se asocia a un problema alimentario que implica un bajo consumo de frutas y verduras en la infancia y, por tanto, debe ser tomado en consideración desde la perspectiva de la nutrición comunitaria. También hay que señalar que el papel de los progenitores es fundamental en el mantenimiento o disminución de la neofobia (AU)
Objective: The aim of this review is to identify the characteristics of children that present avoidant/restrictive feeding problems in infancy focusing specially on those that present food neophobia as well as its relationship with the intake of fruits and vegetables. Methods: An extensive search of scientific publications using the keywords «food neophobia», «children», «picky eating», «fussy eating», «feeding problems» and «food preferences» in specialised electronic databases has been carried out, finally selecting 61 articles for the review. Results: Food neophobia has an impact and direct repercussion on consumption of different foods, particularly in the intake of fruits and vegetables, confirming that neophobic children have less healthy diets than their neophilic peers. The review also shows that both food neophobia and picky/fussy eating are not clearly differentiated eating problems, and that the nutritional consequences are virtually identical. Conclusions: Food neophobia is a feeding problem that implies a low intake of fruits and vegetables in infancy and therefore, it should be taken into account from the standpoint of the community nutrition. It should also be noted that the role of parents is fundamental in the maintenance or reduction of neophobia (AU)
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Feeding and Eating Disorders , Food Preferences , Fruit , Vegetables , Feeding Behavior , Rejection, Psychology , Child NutritionABSTRACT
El estudio tuvo dos objetivos: 1) Explorar las relaciones que existen entre la conducta antisocial (autoevaluada y evaluada por los padres) y variables como empatía, inteligencia emocional, autoestima, y dimensiones de personalidad (neuroticismo, extraversión, apertura, amabilidad, responsabilidad), e 2) Identificar variables que predicen la conducta antisocial. La muestra fue de 3.026 participantes de 12 a 18 años. Con un diseño descriptivo y correlacional se administraron 6 instrumentos de evaluación. Los resultados mostraron que los adolescentes y jóvenes de ambos sexos, con altas puntuaciones en conducta antisocial tenían significativamente: 1) menor capacidad de empatía (para ponerse en el punto de vista de otro); 2) menor capacidad de regulación emocional (control de estados emocionales); 3) menor nivel de amabilidad (cordialidad, altruismo); 4) menor nivel de responsabilidad (voluntad para lograr objetivos académicos); 5) mayor nivel de neuroticismo (inestabilidad emocional, sentimientos negativos); y 6) mayor nivel de extraversión (sociabilidad, asertividad, excitación). Las relaciones entre conducta antisocial y autoestima no fueron concluyentes. Bajo nivel de empatía, de amabilidad, de responsabilidad, alto nivel de neuroticismo, de extraversión, y mayor edad predijeron la conducta antisocial. La discusión enfatiza la importancia de implementar programas que fomenten el desarrollo socioemocional (comunicación, empatía, emociones, conducta prosocial ) para prevenir la conducta antisocial (AU)
The study had two goals: 1) To explore the relations between antisocial behavior (self-assessed and parent-assessed) and variables such as empathy, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and personality dimensions (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, responsibility); and 2) To identify variables that predict antisocial behavior. The sample is made up of 3,026 participants aged between 12 and 18 years. Using a descriptive and correlational design, 6 assessment instruments were administered. The results showed that adolescents young people of both sexes, with high scores in antisocial behavior had significantly: 1) less capacity for empathy (take on the others viewpoint); 2) less capacity for emotional regulation (control of moods); 3) lower level of agreeableness (cordiality, altruism); 4) lower level of responsibility (will to achieve academic goals); 5) higher level of neuroticism (emotional instability, negative feelings); and 6) higher level of extraversion (sociability, assertiveness, excitement). The relations between antisocial behavior and self-esteem were inconclusive. Low levels of empathy, agreeableness, and responsibility, and high levels of neuroticism, extraversion, and being older predicted antisocial behavior. The discussion emphasizes the importance of implementing programs that promote socio-emotional development (communication, empathy, emotions, prosocialbehavior ) to prevent antisocial behavior (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Antisocial Personality Disorder/psychology , Emotional Intelligence , Empathy , Interpersonal Relations , Self ConceptABSTRACT
Las Redes Sociales (RS) influyen en la corporalidad de los adolecentes y en otras variables psicológicas a través de las publicaciones virtuales. Uno de los fenómenos más extendidos es el sexting que se ha incrementado en adolescentes y es objeto de seria preocupación. Objetivos: a) Conocer el uso de RS; b) Analizar la frecuencia de publicaciones virtuales estéticas frente a eróticas en adolescentes en función del género. Instrumentos: CIV-RS. Cuestionario de Imagen Virtual de las Redes Sociales(Maganto y Peris, 2011). Participantes: 100 adolescentes de ambos sexos (13-15años). Resultados: El uso de las RS está extendido, sin apenas diferencias de sexo. La imagen virtual es preferentemente estética, pero en un porcentaje preocupante publican imágenes con contenido sensual, erótico y provocador. Además, los adolescentes publican fotografías sin consentimiento y temen arrepentirse de algunas fotografías publicadas. Conclusiones: Es un reto conocer el uso y los riesgos de las RS, a fin de desarrollar programas preventivos (AU)
Body image and other psychological variables have been influenced by social networks. One of the most widespread phenomena is the sexting that has increased in adolescents and is of serious concern. Objectives: a) know the use of RS; b) Analyze the frequency of aesthetic versus erotic virtual publications in adolescents according to sex. Assessment instruments: Virtual image of the social network questionnaire (Maganto y Peris, 2011). Participants: 100 adolescents boys and girls from 13 to 15 years. Results: The use of the social network is widespread, not just statistical differences of sex. The virtual image is mostly aesthetic, but they published a high percentage of erotic, sensual and provocative photography. In addition, adolescents publish photographs without consent, and probably in the future they repent of the photographs that have been published. Conclusions: Is a challenge to know the use and risks of social networks in order to develop preventive programmes (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Social Networking , Psychology, Adolescent/trends , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Mental Health , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Se evaluó la existencia de diferencias de género en preadolescentes en la presencia de comportamientos desadaptativos de tipo internalizado y externalizado en condiciones de adversidad familiar. Se tomó una muestra de 133 niños y niñas de 11 a 13 años, elegidos al azar en 6 escuelas de alta vulnerabilidad social de la comuna de Concepción, Chile. La presencia de indicadores de adversidad familiar fue evaluada a través de una entrevista semiestructurada desarrollada por la OMS. Los comportamientos desadaptativos fueron valorados a través de informes de madres y profesores como a través de autoinformes. Aun cuando los niños presentaban más comportamientos desadaptativos, no se observó una vulnerabilidad particular de éstos a la existencia de un ambiente familiar adverso. En cambio, en las niñas sí se observó, en los autoinformes de síntomas, una mayor vulnerabilidad que en los niños en la expresión de síntomas emocionales al encontrarse en un ambiente familiar negativo
The existence of gender differences among pre-teenagers was examined concerning maladaptive behaviors under adverse family conditions. A sample of 133 boys and girls aged 11 to 13 years old, randomly chosen from 6 high socially vulnerable schools in Comuna Concepción (Chile). The presence of family adversity indicators was assessed by means of a semi-structured in terview developed by WHO. Maladaptive behaviors were assessed through reports by mothers and teachers and by self-reports. Even though children showed more maladaptive behaviors, no special vulnerability was observed to the existence of an adverse family environment. However, girls showed in self-reports a significant in crease than the boys in the expression of emotional symptoms due to the negative family environment
