Use and misuse of the emergency room by patients with eating disorders in a matched-cohort analysis: What can we learn from it?

We examined the pattern of access to hospital emergency room (hER) in 2018-2021 among patients with eating disorders (ED) from Florence, Italy, diagnosed during 1994-2018, using a matched cohort design. We included 902 ED patients and an equal number of sex-, age-, and residence-matched individuals. We fitted conditional Poisson regression models with robust variance estimator to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals. ED patients accessed hER more than twice as often as matched individuals: the IRR was 2.11 (1.21-3.70), 2.02 (1.36-3.00), and 2.49 (1.71-3.61) among AN, BN, and BED patients. Factors associated with increased hER use were older age (≥40 years; for AN patients, also younger age, <20 years), BMI ≤ 16 kg/m2 (for AN), and psychopathological severity. The rise in access to hER was particularly marked during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic and declined only partially thereafter. Acute psychiatric symptoms and non-specific medical conditions represented the main causes of increased access to hER. Use of hER was more often inappropriate among ED patients than matched individuals. Integration of primary and mental health care may be necessary to counteract the high and often inappropriate use of hER by patients with ED.

The presentations/physician ratio predicts door-to-physician time but not global length of stay in the emergency department: an Italian multicenter study during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

To investigate the effects of the dramatic reduction in presentations to Italian Emergency Departments (EDs) on the main indicators of ED performance during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. From February to June 2020 we retrospectively measured the number of daily presentations normalized for the number of emergency physicians on duty (presentations/physician ratio), door-to-physician and door-to-final disposition (length-of-stay) times of seven EDs in the central area of Tuscany. Using the multivariate regression analysis we investigated the relationship between the aforesaid variables and patient-level (triage codes, age, admissions) or hospital-level factors (number of physician on duty, working surface area, academic vs. community hospital). We analyzed data from 105,271 patients. Over ten consecutive 14-day periods, the number of presentations dropped from 18,239 to 6132 (- 67%) and the proportion of patients visited in less than 60 min rose from 56 to 86%. The proportion of patients with a length-of-stay under 4 h decreased from 59 to 52%. The presentations/physician ratio was inversely related to the proportion of patients with a door-to-physician time under 60 min (slope - 2.91, 95% CI - 4.23 to - 1.59, R2 = 0.39). The proportion of patients with high-priority codes but not the presentations/physician ratio, was inversely related to the proportion of patients with a length-of-stay under 4 h (slope - 0.40, 95% CI - 0.24 to - 0.27, R2 = 0.36). The variability of door-to-physician time and global length-of-stay are predicted by different factors. For appropriate benchmarking among EDs, the use of performance indicators should consider specific, hospital-level and patient-level factors.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Point-of-Care Ultrasound Integrated into Clinical Examination for Acute Diverticulitis: A Prospective Multicenter Study.

PURPOSE: Diverticulitis is a common cause of abdominal pain and CT scan is commonly used for its diagnosis in the emergency department (ED). The diagnostic performance of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) integrated into a clinical exam for diverticulitis is still not established. We evaluate the accuracy of clinical-sonographic assessment for the diagnosis of diverticulitis and whether POCUS could improve the selection of patients needing CT scan for complicated diverticulitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a multicentric observational study involving adult patients suspected of having diverticulitis presenting at 4 EDs. 21 sonographer physicians were asked to diagnose diverticulitis and complicated diverticulitis based on clinical-sonographic assessment. The final diagnosis was established by two reviewers, blinded to POCUS, based on data collected during the one-month follow-up comprehensive CT scan. RESULTS: Among 393 enrolled patients, 218 (55.5 %) were diagnosed with diverticulitis and 33 (8 %) had complicated diverticulitis. The time to diagnosis by the sonographer physicians was shorter compared to standard care (97 ±â€Š102 vs. 330 ±â€Š319 minutes, p < 0.001). Clinical-sonographic assessment showed optimal sensitivity (92.7 %) and specificity (90.9 %) for diverticulitis. However, the sensitivity (50 %) for complicated diverticulitis was low. The sonographer physician would have proceeded to CT scan in 194 (49.4 %) patients and the CT scan request compared to the final diagnosis of complicated diverticulitis demonstrated 94 % sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Clinical-sonographic assessment is rapid and accurate for the diagnosis of diverticulitis. Even if POCUS has low sensitivity for complicated diverticulitis, it can be used to safely select patients needing CT.

Neisseria meningitidis with H552Y substitution on rpoB gene shows attenuated behavior in vivo: report of a rifampicin-resistant case following chemoprophylaxis.

We present the first Italian reported case of an invasive meningococcal disease with rifampicin-resistance (Rif-R)secondary to chemoprophylaxis. The case is entered in a cluster of two IMDs registered in Tuscany, Italy, in November 2019 caused by two non-differentiable group-C Neisseria meningitidis belonging to ST-11 clonal-complex. The contact case, differently from the index, harbored H552Y mutation on rpoB gene which is known to confer Rif-R putting a high-cost fee on bacterial fitness. The extremely mild clinical presentation in the contact can constitute an in vivo demonstration of the virulence attenuation observed in vitro for H552Ymutants. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of secondary cases with induced Rif-R and keep a high level of suspicion on contacts who received rifampicin-chemoprophylaxis. Molecular characterization of Rif-R should be performed routinely directly on biological samples and not only on isolates, in order to rapidly detect rare cases of resistance and consequently modify chemoprophylaxis for contacts.

Clinical picture of meningitis in the adult patient and its relationship with age.

To analyze the clinical characteristics of acute meningitis and their relationship with age in adult patients presenting to the emergency department. We retrospectively investigated consecutive adult patients admitted with a diagnosis of bacterial or viral meningitis from 2002 to 2006. Data about patient's history, symptoms and signs at presentation, etiology and clinical course were collected. To investigate the relationship of clinical presentation with age, we divided patients in four age quartiles (<30 years, between 30 and 36 years, between 37 and 56 years, >56 years). Among the 202 patients considered in the study (mean age 42.8 ± 18.7 years, range 14-90), 162 (80.2%) patients had viral and 40 (19.8%) bacterial meningitis. Specific signs, such as neck stiffness or Kernig or Brudzinski signs, were more common in the first than in the fourth quartile (73.1 vs. 45.7% P = 0.041). Conversely, altered consciousness expressed as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <15 was more frequent in the fourth (80.4%) than in the first (9.6%) quartile (P < 0.001). The linear regression analysis confirmed a significant decrease of GCS with the increasing of patient's age (r = -0.69, P < 0.001). At multivariate analysis, aging was associated with altered level of consciousness (OR 16.7, P < 0.001) independent of viral or bacterial etiology of the presence of comorbidities and of clinical severity (presence of severe sepsis or septic shock). Meningitis presentation largely differs with aging in adult patients. Level of consciousness is frequently altered in the older patients, when other specific signs become more rare, independent of etiology, comorbidities and clinical severity.

A new simple risk score in patients with acute chest pain without existing known coronary disease.

OBJECTIVE: To derive and validate a prediction rule in patients with acute chest pain (CP) without existing known coronary disease. METHODS: Cohort study including 2233 patients with CP. Based on clinical judgment, 1435 were discharged as very low risk and the remaining 798 underwent exercise tolerance test (ETT). END POINT: 6-month composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and revascularization. The prediction rule was derived from a randomly selected test cohort (n = 1106) summing factors of variables selected by multivariate regression analysis: CP score higher than 6 (factor of 3), male gender, age older than 50 years, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus (factor of 1, for each). The prediction rule was validated in the remaining cohort (n = 1127). All patients with CP were categorized into 3 groups: group A (prediction rule 0-1), B (2-4), or C (5-6). Outcomes and prognostic yield of ETT were compared among each group. RESULTS: In the test cohort, 55 patients (5%) reached the composite end point. Event rate increased as the prediction rule increased: 1% for group A, 6% for B, and 25% for C (P < .001). This pattern was confirmed in the validation cohort (P < .001). A normal ETT did not significantly improve the high (99%) negative predictive value in group A and did not succeed in excluding the composite end point (17%) in group C. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute CP without existing coronary disease, a prediction rule based on clinical characteristics provided a useful method for prognostication with possible implication in decision making.

Duplex ultrasound in the emergency department for the diagnostic management of clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy and safety of an emergency duplex ultrasound (EDUS) evaluation performed by emergency physicians in the emergency department. METHODS: Consecutive adult patients suspected of having their first episode of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) presenting to the emergency department were included in the study. All examinations were performed by emergency physicians trained with a 30-hour ultrasound course. Based on EDUS findings, patients were classified into one of three groups: normal, abnormal, and uncertain. Patients with abnormal and uncertain findings were initially treated as having a DVT. Patients with normal EDUS findings were discharged from the emergency department without anticoagulant therapy. A formal duplex ultrasound evaluation was repeated by a radiologist in all patients within 24-48 hours. Patients with normal findings on duplex ultrasound evaluation were followed up for symptomatic venous thromboembolism for up to one month. RESULTS: A total of 399 patients were studied. The EDUS findings were normal in 301 (75%), abnormal in 90 (23%), and uncertain in eight (2%). All abnormal test results were confirmed by the formal duplex ultrasound evaluation, and three patients (0.8%) with uncertain findings on EDUS examination were subsequently diagnosed as having a distal DVT (positive predictive value, 95% [95% confidence interval, 92% to 95%]; negative predictive value, 100% [95% confidence interval = 99% to 100%]). No patients with normal findings on EDUS examination died or experienced venous thromboembolism at the one-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: EDUS examination yielded a high negative predictive value and good positive predictive value, allowing rapid discharge and avoiding improper anticoagulant treatment.

Association of persistent right ventricular dysfunction at hospital discharge after acute pulmonary embolism with recurrent thromboembolic events.

BACKGROUND: In patients with acute pulmonary embolism, right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) on hospital admission is a predictor of adverse short-term clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of RVD persistence at hospital discharge with regard to the likelihood of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). METHODS: Echocardiography was used to assess RVD on admission and before hospital discharge in 301 consecutive patients with the first episode of acute pulmonary embolism occurring from January 1998 through July 2004. Right ventricular dysfunction was diagnosed in the presence of 1 or more of the following: right ventricular dilation (without hypertrophy), paradoxical septal systolic motion, and Doppler evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Patients were followed up at 2, 6, and 12 months and yearly thereafter. The primary end point was symptomatic, recurrent fatal or nonfatal VTE. RESULTS: Patients were categorized as those (1) without RVD (155 patients [51.5%]), (2) with RVD regression (RVD on admission but not at discharge; 87 patients [28.9%]), and (3) with persistent RVD (RVD on admission and at discharge; 59 patients [19.6%]). After a mean +/- SD of 3.1 +/- 2.7 years, patients with RVD persistence showed an increased risk of recurrent VTE (14 patients, 9.2% patient-years) compared with those without RVD (15 patients, 3.1% patient-years) or RVD regression (3 patients, 1.1% patient-years) (P = .001). Six of 8 deaths related to pulmonary embolism occurred in patients with RVD persistence. At multivariate analysis, adjusted by anticoagulant treatment duration, RVD persistence was an independent predictor of recurrent VTE (hazard ratio, 3.79; P<.001). CONCLUSION: Persistent RVD at hospital discharge after an acute pulmonary embolism is associated with recurrent VTE.

Effectiveness of a multidisciplinary chest pain unit for the assessment of coronary syndromes and risk stratification in the Florence area.

BACKGROUND: In patients seen at the emergency department (ED) with chest pain (CP), noninvasive diagnostic strategies may differentiate patients at high or intermediate risk from those at low-risk for cardiovascular events and optimize the use of high-cost resources. However, in welfare healthcare systems, the feasibility, accuracy, and potential benefits of such management strategy need further investigation. METHODS: A total of 13,762 consecutive patients with CP were screened, and their conditions were defined as high, intermediate, and low risk for short-term cardiovascular events. Patients at high and intermediate risk were admitted. Patients at low risk were discharged from the ED if first line (<6 hours, including electrocardiogram, troponins, and serum cardiac markers) or second line short-term evaluation (<24 hours, including echocardiogram, rest or stress 99m-Tc myocardial scintigraphy, exercise tolerance test, or stress-echocardiography) had negative results. Patients with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) were admitted. Patients without evidence of cardiovascular disease underwent screening for psychiatric and gastroesophageal disorders. Inhospital mortality rate was assessed in all patients. RESULTS: Among patients at high and intermediate risk (n = 9335), 2420 patients had acute myocardial infarction (26%, 10.6% mortality rate), 3764 had unstable angina (40%, 1.1% mortality rate), 129 had aortic dissection (1.4%, 23.3% mortality rate), and 408 had pulmonary embolism (4%, 27.6% mortality rate). The remaining 2614 had chronic coronary heart disease in the context of multiple pathology (n = 2256) or pleural or pericardial diseases (n = 358). Among patients at low risk (n = 4427), 2672 were discharged at <6 hours (60%, 0.2% incidence rate of nonfatal CAD at 6 months) and 870 patients were discharged at <24 hours (20%, no CAD at follow-up). The remaining 885 patients were recognized as having CAD (20%, 1.1% inhospital mortality rate). Finally, half of the patients without CAD had active gastroesophageal or anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: An effective screening program with an observation area inside the ED (1) could be implemented in a public healthcare environment and contribute significantly to the reduction of admissions, (2) could optimize the management of patients at high and intermediate risk and succeed in recognizing CAD in 20% of patients at low risk, and (3) could allow screening for alternative causes of CP in patients without evidence of CAD.