ABSTRACT
Impaired function of GABAergic interneurons, and the subsequent alteration of excitation/inhibition balance, is thought to contribute to autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Altered numbers of GABAergic interneurons and reduced expression of GABA receptors has been detected in the brain of ASD subjects and mouse models of ASD. We previously showed a reduced expression of GABAergic interneuron markers parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) in the forebrain of adult mice lacking the Engrailed2 gene (En2-/- mice). Here, we extended this analysis to postnatal day (P) 30 by using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR to study the expression of GABAergic interneuron markers in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of En2-/- and wild type (WT) mice. In addition, GABA receptor subunit mRNA expression was investigated by quantitative RT-PCR in the same brain regions of P30 and adult En2-/- and WT mice. As observed in adult animals, PV and SST expression was decreased in En2-/- forebrain of P30 mice. The expression of GABA receptor subunits (including the ASD-relevant Gabrb3) was also altered in young and adult En2-/- forebrain. Our results suggest that GABAergic neurotransmission deficits are already evident at P30, confirming that neurodevelopmental defects of GABAergic interneurons occur in the En2 mouse model of ASD.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder/pathology , GABAergic Neurons/pathology , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Hippocampus/pathology , Homeodomain Proteins/physiology , Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology , Receptors, GABA/metabolism , Somatosensory Cortex/pathology , Animals , Autism Spectrum Disorder/etiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Female , GABAergic Neurons/metabolism , Hippocampus/metabolism , Interneurons/metabolism , Interneurons/pathology , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Parvalbumins/metabolism , Somatosensory Cortex/metabolism , Somatostatin/metabolismABSTRACT
The maturation of the GABAergic system is a crucial determinant of cortical development during early postnatal life, when sensory circuits undergo a process of activity-dependent refinement. An altered excitatory/inhibitory balance has been proposed as a possible pathogenic mechanism of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The homeobox-containing transcription factor Engrailed-2 (En2) has been associated to ASD, and En2 knockout (En2 (-/-)) mice show ASD-like features accompanied by a partial loss of cortical GABAergic interneurons. Here we studied GABAergic markers and cortical function in En2 (-/-) mice, by exploiting the well-known anatomical and functional features of the mouse visual system. En2 is expressed in the visual cortex at postnatal day 30 and during adulthood. When compared to age-matched En2 (+/+) controls, En2 (-/-) mice showed an increased number of parvalbumin (PV(+)), somatostatin (SOM(+)), and neuropeptide Y (NPY(+)) positive interneurons in the visual cortex at P30, and a decreased number of SOM(+) and NPY(+) interneurons in the adult. At both ages, the differences in distinct interneuron populations observed between En2 (+/+) and En2 (-/-) mice were layer-specific. Adult En2 (-/-) mice displayed a normal eye-specific segregation in the retino-geniculate pathway, and in vivo electrophysiological recordings showed a normal development of basic functional properties (acuity, response latency, receptive field size) of the En2 (-/-) primary visual cortex. However, a significant increase of binocularity was found in P30 and adult En2 (-/-) mice, as compared to age-matched controls. Differently from what observed in En2 (+/+) mice, the En2 (-/-) primary visual cortex did not respond to a brief monocular deprivation performed between P26 and P29, during the so-called "critical period." These data suggest that altered GABAergic circuits impact baseline binocularity and plasticity in En2 (-/-) mice, while leaving other visual functional properties unaffected.
