ABSTRACT
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2, a trans-acting factor that mediates intracellular trafficking of myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA to the myelin compartment in oligodendrocytes, is most abundant in the nucleus, but shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, it is associated with granules that transport mRNA from the cell body to the processes of oligodendrocytes. We found that the overall level of hnRNP A2 increased in oligodendrocytes as they differentiated into MBP-positive cells, and that this augmentation was reflected primarily in the cytoplasmic pool of hnRNP A2 present in the form of granules. The extranuclear distribution of hnRNP A2 was also observed in brain during the period of myelination in vivo. Methylation and phosphorylation have been implicated previously in the nuclear to cytoplasmic distribution of hnRNPs, so we used drugs that block methylation and phosphorylation of hnRNPs to assess their effect on hnRNP A2 distribution and mRNA trafficking. Cultures treated with adenosine dialdehyde (AdOx), an inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, or with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), a drug that inhibits casein kinase 2 (CK2), maintained the preferential nuclear distribution of hnRNP A2. Treatment with either drug affected the transport of RNA trafficking granules that remained confined to the cell body.
Subject(s)
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B/metabolism , Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism , Oligodendroglia/cytology , Oligodendroglia/metabolism , Protein Transport/physiology , Animals , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Myelin Basic Protein/genetics , Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Rats , Spinal Cord/cytology , Spinal Cord/metabolism , Telencephalon/cytology , Telencephalon/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A sample of 100 women was clinically examined for a very various vulvovaginal symptomatology and an individual diagnosis of vulvovaginitis of different aetiology was established. METHODS: All women were treated with antibiotic and/or antimycotic drugs on the basis of individual diagnosis. Sixty women had only this treatment, while 40 women had also a supplementary treatment with a cleanser emulsion characterized by physiologic pH value and an antiseptic activity due to a vegetable extract (Saugella Attiva, Lab. Guieu). The symptomatologic changes due to the two treatments were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Combined treatment (drug + antiseptic) obtained better results mostly in subjective symptomatology; this combined treatment was very useful in the recovery of the Doderlein population.
