Induction of nuclear factor-kappaB in nucleus accumbens by chronic cocaine administration.

DeltaFosB is a Fos family transcription factor that is induced by chronic exposure to cocaine and other drugs of abuse in the nucleus accumbens and related striatal regions, brain regions that are important for the behavioral effects of these drugs. To better understand the mechanisms by which DeltaFosB contributes to the effects of chronic drug treatment, we used DNA microarray analysis to identify genes that are regulated in the nucleus accumbens upon DeltaFosB expression in inducible bitransgenic mice. One of the most highly regulated genes was that encoding a subunit of another transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Subsequent experiments confirmed the induction of NF-kappaB in the nucleus accumbens of mice overexpressing DeltaFosB as well as in wild-type mice treated chronically, but not acutely, with cocaine. These results establish NF-kappaB as a putative target for DeltaFosB and implicate NF-kappaB signaling pathways in the long-term adaptations of nucleus accumbens neurons to cocaine.

Cloning, expression, and type II collagenolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-13 from human osteoarthritic cartilage.

Proteolysis of triple-helical collagen is an important step in the progression toward irreversible tissue damage in osteoarthritis. Earlier work on the expression of enzymes in cartilage suggested that collagenase-1 (MMP-1) contributes to the process. Degenerate reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments, Northern blot analysis, and direct immunodetection have now provided evidence that collagenase-3 (MMP-13), an enzyme recently cloned from human breast carcinoma, is expressed by chondrocytes in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Variable levels of MMP-13 and MMP-1 in cartilage was significantly induced at both the message and protein levels by interleukin-1 alpha. Recombinant MMP-13 cleaved type II collagen to give characteristic 3/4 and 1/4 fragments; however, MMP-13 turned over type II collagen at least 10 times faster than MMP-1. Experiments with intact type II collagen as well as a synthetic peptide suggested that MMP-13 cleaved type II collagen at the same bond as MMP-1, but this was then followed by a secondary cleavage that removed three amino acids from the 1/4 fragment amino terminus. The expression of MMP-13 in osteoarthritic cartilage and its activity against type II collagen suggest that the enzyme plays a significant role in cartilage collagen degradation, and must consequently form part of a complex target for proposed therapeutic interventions based on collagenase inhibition.

In vivo augmentation of IFN-gamma with a rIL-12 human/mouse chimera: pleiotropic effects against infectious agents in mice and rats.

A heterodimer containing the mouse 35 kDa and human 40 kDa subunit of IL-12 was expressed in COS cells (cIL-12). Administration of 25-200 U of the cIL-12-COS supernatant to mice twice daily for 2 days augmented spleen cell IFN-gamma production in response to IL-2 and peritoneal macrophage activity (superoxide and nitrites) as compared to animals receiving mock transfected supernatants. cIL-12 also increased levels of IFN-gamma in serum but most dramatically following an LPS injection (50-fold over controls). Animals pretreated with cIL-12 suffered enhanced mortality following challenge with the Gram negative organism E. coli but enhanced survival or clearance following infection with the Gram positive organisms L. monocytogenes and S. aureus. Although daily treatment of mice with cIL-12 following an intranasal influenza A infection elevated levels of IFN-gamma in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid three-fold over controls, neither prophylactic or therapeutic treatment with the same dose level decreased viral titres in the lung. In addition, no effect was observed in animals infected with encephalomyocarditis virus or respiratory syncytial virus. Therefore, cIL-12 is a potent in vivo augmentor of IFN-gamma production. It has differential effects on infectious disease depending on the invading organism and time of administration; being efficacious for intracellular bacteria but ineffective at the same dose levels against viral diseases.