ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Levels of SRY-specific cell free fetal DNA (SRY-cffDNA) in maternal plasma were investigated in twin pregnancies with two male fetuses versus one male and one female fetus and singleton male pregnancies during second and third trimester. The aim was to evaluate at which gestational age the amount of SRY-cffDNA reflects the number of fetuses and placentas respectively. METHODS: 251 venous blood samples were analyzed from a total of 178 women with male or mixed-gender twin pregnancies and male singleton pregnancies in the second and the third trimester. The concentration of SRY-cffDNA was determined by quantitative real time PCR using the Y-chromosome specific SRY assay. For statistical analysis these three groups were divided into four subgroups according to their gestational age. RESULTS: During second trimester levels of SRY-cffDNA showed no differences between twin and singleton pregnancies. After 28 weeks SRY-cffDNA of male twin pregnancies was significantly increased compared to singleton male pregnancies and mixed-gender twin pregnancies with no differences between the latter two. CONCLUSION: The level of SRY-cffDNA in maternal serum of twin pregnancies reflects the number of fetuses only during the third trimester. Hence its use as a diagnostic tool for complications related to altered SRY-cffDNA levels in twin pregnancies should be evaluated at different weeks of gestation, especially during the second trimester.
Subject(s)
DNA/blood , Pregnancy, Twin/genetics , Sex-Determining Region Y Protein/genetics , Female , Fetus , Gestational Age , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Pregnancy Trimester, ThirdABSTRACT
We report on a measles outbreak originating in an anthroposophic community in Austria, 2008. A total of 394 (94.9%) cases fulfilled the outbreak case definition including 168 cases affiliated to the anthroposophic community. The source case was a school pupil from Switzerland. The Austrian outbreak strain was genotype D5, indistinguishable from the Swiss outbreak strain. A school-based retrospective cohort study in the anthroposophic school demonstrated a vaccine effectiveness of 97.3% in pupils who had received a single dose of measles-containing vaccine and 100% in those who had received two doses. The vaccination coverage of the cases in the anthroposophic community was 0.6%. Of the 226 outbreak cases not belonging to the anthroposophic community, the 10-24 years age group was the most affected. Our findings underline the epidemiological significance of suboptimal vaccination coverage in anthroposophic communities and in older age groups of the general population in facilitating measles virus circulation. The findings of this outbreak investigation suggest that the WHO European Region is unlikely to achieve its 2010 target for measles and rubella elimination.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Measles/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Austria/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Middle Aged , Minority Groups , Retrospective Studies , Schools , Young AdultABSTRACT
SETTING: In 2005-2006, the Austrian reference laboratory for tuberculosis (TB) identified multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates from four cases of TB showing genotypes indistinguishable from each other. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the chain of transmission of this MDR-TB strain. DESIGN: An epidemiological case series investigation by reviewing TB notification reports and hospital discharge letters. RESULTS: The 38-year-old primary case of the MDR-TB cluster had initially been identified as a case of non-MDR pulmonary TB in June 2004, 7 months after being detained for illegal immigration. In March 2005, he was lost to follow-up for 4 months. In June 2005, he presented with pulmonary and laryngeal TB due to MDR-TB. After discharge, the case was again lost to follow-up until April 2006, when he was readmitted with recurrent MDR-TB. A three-case cluster of pulmonary MDR-TB sharing the same strain as the primary case was detected in April 2006: the index case's 5-month-old daughter and a 25-year-old friend with a 6-month-old son. CONCLUSION: As MDR-TB has originated in the human immunodeficiency virus seronegative community in Austria, there is a clear need to implement national guidelines for the management of drug-resistant TB in Austria.
