ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To examine: (a) the effects of acculturation on a healthy lifestyle including problem behaviors (substance use and sex acts) and health-promoting behaviors (e.g., seat belt use, vitamin intake, hours of sleep per night) and (b) the interrelationships among problem and health-promoting behaviors among Latino adolescents. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with Latino adolescents (n = 609) with questions covering the following areas: acculturation, sociodemographics, problem behaviors, and health-promoting behaviors. The participants ranged in age from 11 to 19 (mean = 15) years. Bivariate correlations and factor analyses were used to examine the relationship between problem and health-promoting behaviors. A combination of one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), Chi-square tests, and Student's t-tests were used to analyze the effects of acculturation on problem and health-promoting behaviors. RESULTS: Higher levels of acculturation were associated with an increased likelihood of exhibiting problem behaviors and a decreased likelihood of exhibiting certain health-promoting behaviors. Foreign-born Latinos were significantly less likely to engage in problem behaviors. Problem behaviors were likely to co-occur; however, the co-occurrence of health-promoting behaviors was not evident. The results also revealed the co-occurrence of problem behaviors with selected health-promoting behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Among Latino adolescents, there seems to be evidence that problem behaviors and certain health-promoting behaviors do co-occur. To the extent that "healthy lifestyles" are conceptualized as the presence of health-promoting behaviors and the absence of problem behaviors, less acculturated Latino adolescents seem to fare better than those that are more acculturated. Interventions to promote "healthy lifestyles" among Latino adolescents should be tailored to take into consideration the effect of acculturation.
Subject(s)
Acculturation , Adolescent Behavior/ethnology , Health Behavior/ethnology , Health Promotion , Hispanic or Latino/psychology , Adolescent , Analysis of Variance , Chi-Square Distribution , Demography , Female , Health Promotion/statistics & numerical data , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Interviews as Topic/methods , Life Style/ethnology , Los Angeles , MaleABSTRACT
Differences in androgen-dependent forms of behavior and plasma testosterone levels in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its normotensive counterpart the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) are described here. Copulatory behavior (solitary test to avoid influence of experience) and certain androgen-dependent elements of sociosexual orientation were significantly attenuated in the SHR compared to the WKY male rat. After castration, the differences in sociosexual orientation were no longer apparent. In contrast, differences in other behavioral elements, such as locomotion, were unchanged after castration. Plasma testosterone levels were significantly higher in the SHR than in the WKY male rats. Taken together, the behavioral and hormonal data suggest a decreased central nervous responsiveness to androgens in the SHR rats. This could lead to reduced androgen-dependent behavior, and possibly also to a decreased testosterone feedback control.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure/physiology , Rats, Inbred SHR , Rats, Inbred WKY , Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology , Testosterone/physiology , Animals , Blood Pressure/genetics , Copulation/physiology , Estrus/physiology , Female , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Libido/physiology , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Male , Motor Activity/physiology , Orchiectomy , Rats , Social Environment , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Vasopressin-containing neurosecretory cells are partly regulated by GABAergic neurons present both at the hypothalamic and the pituitary level. In the present work, we compared GABA effects on vasopressin release from posterior pituitaries of Sprague-Dawley (SPD), Wistar (W), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Release of vasopressin was studied in vitro by placing neurointermediate lobes in perfusion chambers. It was stimulated twice by 50 mM KCl (S1 and S2) and the ratio between the first and the second stimulation was calculated (S2/S1). The basal and stimulated release of vasopressin was enhanced in the SHR. There was no difference in vasopressin content in the pituitary between the WKY and the SHR but the levels were lower compared to the SPD rat. Muscimol, a GABA-A receptor agonist, was added during S2. Muscimol inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the stimulated release of vasopressin, with an ED50 about 3 microM. The effect of muscimol was not statistically different between the strains expressed in ratios. The actual inhibition was apparently greater in the SHR, as both basal and stimulated vasopressin release was larger.
