Succussed Serial Dilutions in Water Carry Solute Information via Solute-Specific Water Structures-A Theory Based on Quantum Electrodynamics.

Active ingredients are unlikely to be present in homeopathic dilutions that surpass the Avogadro limit. Yet responses of biological systems to these substances-chemically equivalent to water and indistinguishable from one another-are specific to the materials that are diluted away. This article addresses this challenging problem of homeopathy by identifying its underlying cause through a quantum electrodynamics-based "structural model" stated as: Succussed serial dilutions in water carry information about the solute via solute-specific water structures. The model is verifiable by our three-stranded set of experiments-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, anomalous dielectric dispersion, and atomic force microscopy. The results, some of which are presented here, directly or indirectly indicate that even extremely diluted solutions, devoid of any gross presence of the solutes, contain solute-reminiscent water structures. Apart from contributing to understanding high-dilution phenomena, these findings are expected to create an impact in the areas of medicine, pharmacopeia, and biology. Succussed aqueous dilutions acquire altered water structures with change of starting material: thus, their altered properties may be ascribed to these water structures, akin to allotropes of carbon. This theory justifies water structures as potential information carrier through succussed serial dilutions.

A Fundamental Study to Observe Correlation at Molecular Level between Bio-Samples of Patients and Indicated Homoeopathic Medicines

Background: 'Like cures like' is the principle that is followed in homoeopathy. Substances whichcause disorder in healthy individuals are used as medicines to treat similar patterns of disorder in sick persons. This article aims to find out whether any similarity picture exists at molecular levelalso that can make a selection of medicines based on scientifically measurable parameters. Method: It consisted of getting frequency domain signatures for the dielectric functions of (i) biofluids(blood serums) of six arthritis patients and (ii) medicines selected for them on the basis of macroscopic similarity. Then, they were compared to find existence/absence of similarity betweenthem.Results: Medicines administered to the six patients were Rhus tox 200cH, Thuja 30cH, Medorrhinum 200cH. The dielectric loss at resonance for the bio-fluids of the patients and themedicines are given in the body of the article.Conclusion: It was observed that the patients who had beneficial results with their medicines havea similarity (resonance frequency matching) in spectral signatures of the two groups of substancesi.e. bio-fluids (blood serum) of patients and the indicated remedies. This similarity was not evidentin the cases where medicines failed to benefit the patients. These results are explorative andenthusiastic, but as the research is limited only to patients with arthritis, generalization could notbe drawn. Further work with more rigor is required to establish the facts and apply generalizationsto other disease condition. In future, this might be a new tool to integrate the fundamental researchwith clinical applications in homeopathy. (AU)

Interface properties of atomic layer deposited TiO2/Al2O3 films on In(0.53)Ga(0.47)As/InP substrates.

Electrical and interfacial properties of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors fabricated using atomic layer deposited bilayer TiO2/Al2O3 films on In0.53Ga0.47As/InP substrates are reported. Vacuum annealing at 350 °C is shown to improve the interface quality. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics with higher accumulation capacitance, negligible frequency dispersion, small hysteresis and low interface state density (∼1.5 × 10(11) cm(-2) eV(-1)) have been observed for MOS capacitors. Low frequency (1/f) noise characterization and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) studies have been performed to determine defects and interface traps and explain the lattice dynamics and trap state generation mechanisms. Both the IETS and 1/f noise studies reveal the spatial locations of the traps near the interface and also the nature of the traps. The IETS study further revealed the dynamic evolution of trap states related to low frequency noise sources in the deposited TiO2/Al2O3 stacks. It is shown that deposition of an ultrathin layer of TiO2 on Al2O3 can effectively control the diffusion of As in the dielectric and the oxidation states of In and Ga at the In0.53Ga0.47As surface.

Dielectric dispersion studies of some potentised homeopathic medicines reveal structured vehicle.

BACKGROUND: Avogadro's Number gives 12c as the limit beyond which no original substance can be present in a highly diluted and succcussed (potentised) homeopathic medicine, implying that chemically such dilutions consist of nothing but the vehicle. But there is evidence that living systems react to homeopathic medicines diluted even above 12c. To explain how such medicines differ from another I hypothesise that altered structure may cause the difference, such as that between diamond and amorphous carbon. Some scientists have argued that dilution followed by succussion may lead to altered structural arrangement of water molecules. This concept may be termed 'Induced Molecular Structure'. METHODS: Dielectric dispersion studies were conducted in a broad range with potencies below and above the Avogadro limit by taking 6c and 30c potencies of Graphites and Cuprum Metallicum in liquid form. Measurements were made with an Anomalous Dielectric Dispersion Detector (A3D), an instrument developed by the author. RESULTS: Experiments were carried out in a frequency range of 100 kHz to 50 MHz. Shifting of resonance frequencies as a function of medicine and potency, with potencies below and above the Avogadro limit, was observed. CONCLUSION: The range of resonance frequencies suggest that the phenomenon might originate from oscillation of dipoles caused by electric field in variously structured and polarised water. Also, there is reasonable evidence that frequencies change with materials and potency.

Surface passivation and interface properties of bulk GaAs and epitaxial-GaAs/Ge using atomic layer deposited TiAlO alloy dielectric.

High quality surface passivation on bulk-GaAs substrates and epitaxial-GaAs/Ge (epi-GaAs) layers were achieved by using atomic layer deposited (ALD) titanium aluminum oxide (TiAlO) alloy dielectric. The TiAlO alloy dielectric suppresses the formation of defective native oxide on GaAs layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows interfacial arsenic oxide (As(x)O(y)) and elemental arsenic (As) were completely removed from the GaAs surface. Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX) analysis and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis showed that TiAlO dielectric is an effective barrier layer for reducing the out-diffusion of elemental atoms, enhancing the electrical properties of bulk-GaAs based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices. Moreover, ALD TiAlO alloy dielectric on epi-GaAs with AlGaAs buffer layer realized smooth interface between epi-GaAs layers and TiAlO dielectric, yielding a high quality surface passivation on epi-GaAs layers, much sought-after for high-speed transistor applications on a silicon platform. Presence of a thin AlGaAs buffer layer between epi-GaAs and Ge substrates improved interface quality and gate dielectric quality through the reduction of interfacial layer formation (Ga(x)O(y)) and suppression of elemental out-diffusion (Ga and As). The AlGaAs buffer layer and TiAlO dielectric play a key role to suppress the roughening, interfacial layer formation, and impurity diffusion into the dielectric, which in turn largely enhances the electrical property of the epi-GaAs MOS devices.

Effect of dielectric dispersion on potentised homeopathic medicines.

BACKGROUND: This paper reports dielectric dispersion occurring in potentised homeopathic medicines subjected to variable frequency electric field using an instrumentation method developed by the authors. Oscillations occur in the direction of electric field, and are usually termed longitudinal/acoustic-mode vibrations. METHODS: The test material was lactose soaked with homeopathic medicine. Multiple resonance frequencies, forming a frequency-set, were observed repeatedly for each medicine. RESULTS: We report experimental results for three potencies of Cuprum metallicum (Cuprum met) in the frequency range of 100kHz-1MHz. Each exhibits a set of resonance frequencies, which may be termed as its characteristic set. As the frequency-set of each medicine is different from those of others, each medicine may, therefore, be identified by its characteristic frequency-set. This suggests that potentised homeopathic medicines, which are chemically identical with the vehicle, differ from one another in the arrangement of vehicle molecules.